Lecture3

Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。

外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。

翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。

The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。

翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。

即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。

课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。

【托福听力资料】托福TPO15 听力文本-Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 15 Lecture 3 Art HistoryNarrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor:Now in Europe in the Middle Ages before the invention of printing and theprinting press, all books, all manuscripts were hand-made. And the materialtypically used for the pages was parchment, which is animal skin that’sstretched and dried under tension, so it become s really flat and can be writtenon . During the 1400s, when printing was being developed, paper became thepredominant material for books in Europe, but prior to that, it was parchment.Parchment is durable, much more so than paper, and it could be reused which camein handy since it was a costly material and in short supply, so it wasn ’ tuncommon for the scribes or monks who produced the manuscripts .Ah, remember before printing books were made mainly in monasteries . Well,the scribes often recycled the parchment that’d been used for earliermanuscripts. They simply erased the ink off the parchment and wrote somethingnew in its place A manuscript page that was written on, erased and then usedagain is called a palimpsest.Palimpsests were created, well, we know about two methods that were used forremoving ink from parchment. In the late Middle Ages, it was customary to scrapeaway the surface of the parchment with an abrasive, which completely wiped outany writing that was there. But earlier in the Middle Ages, the original ink was usually removed by washing the used parchment with milk. That removed the ink.But with the passing of time, the original writing might reappear. In fact , it might reappear to the extent that scholars could make out and even decipher the original text.Perhaps, the most famous example is the Archimedes’ palimpsest.Archimedes lived in Greece around 200 BCE, and as you probably know, he’s considered one of the greatest Mathematicians who ever lived, even though many of his writings had been lost , including what many now think to be his most important work called The Method .But in 1998, a book of prayers from the Middle Ages sold in an art auction for a lot of money, more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the12th century. Beautiful or not, why? It had been discovered that the book was apalimpsest, and beneath the surface writing of the manuscript laid, guess what?Mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes.Archimedes’ writings were originally done on papyrus scrolls. Then in the 10 th century, a scribe made a copy on parchment of some of his texts and diagrams including, as it turns out, The Method . This was extremely fortunate, since later on, the original papyrus scrolls disappeared. About 200 years later in the12 th century, this parchment manuscript became a palimpsest when a scribe usedthe parchment to make a prayer book. So the pages, the pieces of parchmentthemselves, had been preserved. But the Archimedes’ text was erased and written over, and no one knew it existed.It wasn’t until 1906 that a scholar came across the prayer book in a library and realized it was a palimpsest, and that the underlying layer of texts could only have come from Archimedes. That was when his work The Method was discovered for the first time.Um... the palimpsest then went through some more tough times, but eventually it ended up in an art auction where was bought and then donated to an art museum in Baltimore, for conservation and study. To avoid further damage to the manuscript, the research team at the art museum has had to be extremely selective in the techniques they used to see the original writing. They’ve used ultraviolet light and some other techniques, and if you’re interested in that sort of thing, you can learn more about it in an art conservation class.But actually, it was a physicist who came up with a method that was a breakthrough. He realized that the iron in the ancient ink would display if exposed to a certain X-ray imaging method, and except for small portions of the text that couldn’t be deciphered, this technique’s been very helpful in seeing Archimedes’ texts and drawings through the medieval overwriting.。

Lecture 3外汇市场和汇率国际交易、外汇与汇率•国际交易产生了以货币表示的国与国之间的债权、债务关系，其清偿需要外汇；•外汇（foreign exchange）是以外币表示的支付手段，如银行存款、银行汇票；•例：机械进出口公司从英国某出口商买进一台机器，双方约定以美元支付（实际中，只有机器的跨国境流动，无美元跨国境流动）。

•汇率：以一种货币表示另一种货币的价格（即两种货币的交换比率）如：6.83 Ұ/$•汇率的两种表示方法–直接标价法：6.83 Ұ/$–间接标价法：0.15 $/Ұ•汇率与相对价格：汇率使我们可以计算以不同货币计价的商品的相对价格（？要~）•例：某学生要决定是购买一条国产牛仔裤还是一件美国产毛衣，其价格分别为150元人民币和75美元，设汇率为6.83Ұ/$，则美国产毛衣的相对价格为75* 6.83 /150=3.42（国际贸易中只有相对价格才是重要的）•汇率的变动：贬值与升值•例：如果人民币升值到6.00Ұ/$，则美国产毛衣的相对价格为3.00•普遍原则：其他条件不变时，一国货币升值使进口商品的相对价格（相对于？）下降；使出口商品的相对价格上升。

•因为汇率对净出口和其它宏观变量有重要影响，所以汇率是开放经济中最重要的变量之一。

汇率对进出口的重要性取决于它在多大程度上影响相对价格。

•基本汇率和套算汇率（152种货币、11476种汇率）例：SF/$=2.000JҰ/$=120.000JҰ/SF=60•电汇、信汇汇率；现汇价、现钞价.•汇率是在何处、如何决定的？外汇市场•外汇市场的参与者–商业银行–从事国际贸易的公司、个人–非银行金融机构–中央银行–外汇经纪人•外汇市场的组织–批发市场（银行间市场）–零售市场（店头市场）•通常所说的汇率是在批发市场上决定的。

•批发市场中的做市商与经纪人（后者自身不持有外汇头寸）。

•经纪人的特殊作用•外汇市场的特征–外汇市场为分散化的市场–外汇市场交易量巨大且主要是交易商间交易–外汇市场交易的透明度低•批发市场中的做市商（大型商业银行）不仅在国内银行间市场上进行外汇交易，而且通过其海外的代理、分支机构在海外的银行间市场上进行交易，形成全球一体化的外汇市场。