张道真高中英语语法之
定语
担纲指导张道真
执行主编席玉虎
山西出版传媒集团山西教育出版社
2013年6月第2版2014年2第6次印刷
出版人雷俊林
出版策划苗补坤
责任编辑孙晓芳
LSBN 978-7-5440-6435-4
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丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？？？
不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。
对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：第一可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。
第二可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。
第三可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。
第四语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。
丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？
我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：
第一基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。
第二要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。
第三学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。
第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。
第五将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。
第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。
最后可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。
张道真高中英语语法之·定语
目录
A 定语的表示法
?形容词作定语
?代词作定语
?数词作定语
?名词或名词所有格作定语
?分词（短语）作定语
?不定式（短语）作定语
?介词短语作定语
?副词作定语
?词组或合成词作定语
10 从句作定语
B 定语从句
?关系代词引导的定语从句
?“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
?关系副词引导的定语从句
?限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
?关系代词和关系副词的选用
?定语从句与强调句的比较
学以致用
Unit 20 定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分，汉语中用“……的”表示。
A 定语的表示法
充当定语的主要是形容词。此外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。
1. 形容词作定语
She is a responsible girl. 她是一个负责任的姑娘。
The girl responsible was expelled. 对此负责的姑娘被开除了。
2. 代词作定语
Whose fault is it? 这是谁的错？
This could change our lives. 这可以改变我们的生活。
3. 数词作定语
She bought two kilos of apples. 她买了两公斤的苹果。
Our office is on the 12th floor. 我们的办公室在12层。
4. 名词或名词所有格作定语
[名词作定语]
They are going to send a trade delegation to China. 他们将派遣一个贸易代表团来中国。
[名词所有格作定语]
What's your government's view about it? 你们政府对此有何看法？
名词常可作定语，也可构成复合名词。如：
information desk 询问处heart attack 心脏病发作
alarm clock 闹钟air conditioner 空调机
blood pressure 血压family planning 计划生育
brain drain 人才外流welfare state 福利国家
5. 分词（短语）作定语
[现在分词作定语]
It was a pressing meeting and all the members had to attend.
这是一次紧急会议，所有成员都得参加。
[分词短语作定语]
There is a door leading to the garden. 有一扇门通往花园。
[过去分词作定语]
She is the daughter of a retired professor. 她是一位退休教授的女儿。
(1) 在不少情况下，现在分词短语起定语从句的作用，都放在所修饰的词之后。如：
People wishing (=who wish) to visit the caves may sign up here.
想去参观岩洞的人可以在这里签名。
There are a lot of children needing (=who need) medical attention.
有大量儿童需要医疗照顾。
There was a long line waiting (=who were waiting) outside the cinema.
有长长一行人在电影院外等候。
(2) 过去分词短语作定语，放在所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：
She bought a computer (which was) produced in Shanghai. 她买了一台上海生产的电脑。
What do you think of the play (which was) put on by the students?
你觉得学生们表演的戏剧怎么样？
She is a dancer (who was) trained in our college. 她是我们大学培养的舞蹈演员。
6. 不定式（短语）作定语
(1) 不定式作定语可用于固定的句型中。如：
I have several letters to write today. 今天我有好几封信要写。
I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西读读。
This has given me a lot to think of. 这令我深思。
(2) 在某些名词（像ability，ambition，attempt，decision，effort，failure，intention，plan，promise，reason，wish等）后，常可用不定式作定语。如：
We've got to think of a way to explain it. 我们得想个办法来解释这件事。
We're starting a movement to clean up the city. 我们将开展一场清洁城市的运动。
I had not the courage to tell you. 我没有勇气告诉你。
(3) 不定式也可代替一个定语从句作定语。如：
In the lectures to follow (which followed) she talked about South Africa.
在以后的报告中，她谈到南非的情况。
She was one of the girls (who were) to be sent to work in Columbia.
她是将要派往哥伦比亚工作的其中一个姑娘。
Do you know anything about the conference (which is) to be held next week?
你对下星期召开的会议有什么了解吗？
7. 介词短语作定语
That has no relation to the matter under discussion. 这与讨论的问题没有关系。
Plans for the weekend are still tentative. 关于周末的计划还只是暂时的。
There's no business like show business. 没有一种行业能比得上娱乐界。
注意
有些名词后可直接跟介词短语作定语。如：
How can I express my gratitude for your help?
对于你们的帮助，我怎么表达感激之情呢？
He showed great jealousy of their success.
对于他们的成功，他表现出强烈的妒嫉。
His separation from his family made him sad.
他离开了自己的家人感到很伤心。
8. 副词作定语
This is the Out Patient Department. 这是门诊部。
Tickets are cheaper during the off season. 淡季，机票比较便宜。
The buildings around were badly damaged. 附近的建筑物受到严重破坏。
9. 词组或合成词作定语
(1) 由“名词+of”构成的词组作定语。如：
a glass of bear 一杯啤酒 a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶
a cup of tea 一杯茶 a loaf of bread 一大块面包
a pile of earth 一堆土 a roll of paper 一卷纸
a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 a pair of pants 一条短裤
a bit of advice 一点忠告 a series of problems 一系列问题
a piece of research 一项研究 a crowd of people 一群人
(2) 有些由of构成的短语不带冠词a作定语。如：
lots of people 很多人plenty of time 大量时间
loads of friends 许多朋友miles of swamps 大片的沼泽地
rows of houses 一排排房子masses of work 大量工作
groups of children 一群孩子great numbers of tourists 大量游客
(3) 合成名词作定语。如：
a long-distance call 长途电话 a full-page advertisement 整版广告
one-way traffic 单向交通last-minute arrangement 最后一分钟的安排
present-day life 现今的生活 a part-time job 部分时间的工作
front-page news 头版新闻third-world countries 第三世界国家
day-to-day teaching 日常教学one-parent families 单亲家庭
10. 从句作定语
There are a number of factors which we're to consider. 有很多因素需要我们考虑。
This is the only reference book (that) I find useful. 这是我发现的唯一有用的参考书。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
那个在读书的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
B 定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某个名词、代词或整个主句，所以也称为形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句通常紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句代替先行词指人指物既指人也指物
作主语who which that
whom which that
作定语whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) who
指人，在定语从句中作定语。如：
The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.
告诉我这件事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。（定语从句修饰先行词the man）
He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后，谁就笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）
whom
指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词之后和非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。如：
These are some people (whom / who) we like and others (whom / who) we dis-like.
有些人是我们喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。
（定语从句修饰先行词people和others）
The man with whom I travelled (that I travelled with) couldn't speak English.
和我一起旅行的这个人不会说英语。（定语从句修饰先行词the man）
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan. 昨晚，和我在电话里交谈过的卡特先生对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中通常不用who 代替whom）
whose
通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。如：
There are some people whose faces you can never forget.
有些人，他们的容貌你永远不会忘记。（定语从句修饰先行词people）
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的叶子由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰先行词trees）
which
(1) 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。如：
English is a language which is very easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。
（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。（关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略）
(2) which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。如：
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。
（定语从句修饰的是整个从句，而不是his driving test）
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）(3) which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可作定语。如：
John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.
约翰在这里待了一星期，在此期间，我们一起游览了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们将不去北京了。
that
指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。如：
He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
（定语从句修饰先行词the man，that作主语）
Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么？
（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）
其他关系代词
as和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
(1) 在限制性定语从句中，as可用于由such，so，the same修饰的先行词之后。如：
Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming. 那些认识汤姆的女人都认为他很迷人。（as在定语从句中作knew的主语）
I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。
（as在定语从句中作tells的宾语）
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
他搬起了别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中作lift的宾语）
(2) 在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句的整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.
索菲娅并未失去知觉，这从她的眼睛里可以看出。
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
弗雷迪在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
(3) but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于that...not，who...not或which...not。其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。如：
There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.
我们班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点东西的。
There is nothing in the world but is influenced by the sun.
世界上没有任何东西不受到太阳的影响。
2. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是一种非常常见，但也比较复杂的定语从句。
“介词+关系代词”中介词的位置
关系代词whom，which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that，who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。如：
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.
=He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多东西。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.
=The school (which / that) he once worked in is a key school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
“介词+关系代词”的常见结构
(1) 介词+which / whom
Ashdown forest, through which we'll be driving, isn't a forest any longer.
我们将开车穿过阿斯顿森林，可是现在它已经不再是一片森林了。
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。
This is an undoubted social evil against which many voices were to be raised.
这无疑是一种社会邪恶，势必遭到人们的强烈反对。
(2) 名词+of+which / whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝色封面的书递给我。
There are twenty students in this class, the backgrounds of whom are different.
在这个班有20个学生，他们各自的家庭背景是不同的。
(3) 数词+of+which / whom
In our school there are 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.
我校大约有200名教师，其中30%是女教师。
The committee consists of 20 members, 5 of whom are workers.
委员会是由20个成员组成的，其中5个是工人。
(4) 代词+of+which / whom
I picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised.
我捡起那些桃子，其中有些已经碰伤了。
I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students.
我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好几个是大学生。
(5) 最高级+of+which / whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。
(6) 介词+which+名词
He usually returns home at 10：00, at which hour is his father locks all the doors and windows.
他通常10点回家，这时候他父亲会锁好所有的门窗。
Don't call between 12 o'clock and 1 o'clock, at which time I am usually having lunch.
不要在12点和1点之间给我打电话，那个时候我通常在吃午饭。
关系代词前介词的选择
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
(1) 根据动词和介词的搭配关系选择。如：
The things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair.
他们引以自豪的东西是吉姆的手表和黛拉的头发。（feel proud of是固定搭配）
In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配）
(2) 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。如：
I'll never forget the day on which I first met him.
我永远也忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。（the day前面通常用介词on）
Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used?
你能设想一个使用这个词语的适当场合吗？（a situation前面通常用介词in）
(3) 有时需要同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。如：
Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky
（=study the sky through the telescope）.
伽利略制作了一个望远镜，通过它可以研究天空。
Is that the house in which you once lived（=live in the house）?
那就是你曾经居住过的房子吗？
(4) 根据所要表达的意思来决定。如：
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.
这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
3. 关系副词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系副词有when，where和why等。when，where，why在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于“介词+which”结构，分别代替表示时间、地点和原因的先行词。（见下表）
关系副词先行词功能使用范围
When (=during / in / on which)表示时间的名词作时间状语限制性定语从句和非限制性定
语从句
Where (=in / at which) 表示地点的名词作地点状语限制性定语从句和非限制性定语
从句
why (=for which reason）作原因状语限制性定语从句
(1) when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：
1994 was the year when (=in which) he was born. 1994是他的出生年。
I still remember the day when(=on which) I first came to this school.
我仍然记得我第一次来这所学校的那一天。
(2) where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：
That's the hotel where(=in which) we were staying last summer.
这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
What's the name of the place where(=at which) you spent your holiday?
你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？
(3) why指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。如：
Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs.
告诉我你为什么竟对他的事这样感兴趣。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意
无论是关系代词还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不再出现。如：
This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday. （误）
This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. （正）
这就是我昨天借的书。（that在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borrowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it。）
The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.
（误）
The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. （正）英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where在定语从句中取代了先行词the place，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there。）
4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
(1) 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词隔开。如：
This is the boy who broke the window. 这就是打破窗户的那个男孩。
（the boy是先行词，who broke the window是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗户的那个男孩。）
I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本讲解英语语法的书。
（a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰a book。）Boys who attend this school have to wear uniforms. 在这所学校上学的男孩必须穿校服。
（boys是先行词，who attend this school是限制性定语从句，修饰boys。）
(2) 非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词隔开。如：My daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.
我女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。（my daughter是先行词，who is in Boston now是非限制性定语从句，对先行词my daughter起附加说明的作用。）
She gave me this sweater, which she had knitted herself. 她给我的这件毛衣，是她自己织的。（which she had knitted herself是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明。）非限制性定语从句的用法
(1) 当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。如：
The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star. 太阳是一颗恒星，它给我们带来光和
热。
Last year I visited the People's Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every year. 去年我参观了人民大会堂，每年许多重要的会议都在那里举行。
(2) 当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如：
Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
他说他从未见过她，这是不真实的。
(3) 当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身表示的意义十分明确时。如：
Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China，the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam，which is also in Egypt.
世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。
I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election.
我祝贺我的邻居，他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。
5. 关系代词和关系副词的选用
定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的选用比较复杂，除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成分外，还要根据习惯用法而定。
只用who的情况
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查尔斯·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
The children, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.
那些孩子想踢足球，都因下雨而感到失望。
(2) 先行词是one，anyone，those时：
One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be punished. 任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
(3) 在there / here be开头的句子中：
Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有个男孩想见你。
(4) 先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时：
Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know.
不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道的人。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
只用which / whom的情况
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中：
Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.
她的房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
(2) 关系代词紧跟在介词或介词短语后：
Chaplin went to the states in 1910，by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies.
卓别林在1910年去了美国，那时他已学会跳舞和表演喜剧了。
They talked about a movie，the name of which I've never forgotten.
他们谈论过一部电影，我决不会忘记这个电影名。
只用that的情况
(1) 当先行词为everything，anything，nothing，all，none，few，little等词时，或当先行词被every，any，all，some，no，little，much等词修饰时。如：
Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。
Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？
This is all that I want to say at the meeting. 这就是我想在会上说的一切。
(2) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：
You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我想见的第一个人。
She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.
她也许是我教过的学生中学习最勤奋的。
(3) 当先行词被the very，the only修饰时。如：
This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。
The only book (that) I want to read is missing. 我唯一想看的书不见了。
(4) 当先行词为who或前面有who，which等疑问代词时。如：
Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn't far from my company. 我弟弟在我们城市最美丽的学校读书，学校离我们公司不远。
(5) 当先行词为人与事物或动物时。如：
The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.
我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。
Let's talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.
让我们谈论能够想起的人物和事情。
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning.
被认为在树林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
(6) 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如：
He is all (that) a man should be. 一个人应有的品质，他都有。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。
关系代词和关系副词的选择
当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系代词还是关系副词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。其选择的依据有：
(1) 弄清楚代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，是主语、宾语还是状语；
(2) 辨别先行词表示的人、物、时间、地点还是原因；
(3) 判断从句是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。试比较：
This is the place where the traffic accident occured.
这就是发生交通事故的地方。（where作状语）
This is the place which the foreign guests are going to visit.
这就是外国朋友要参观的地方。（which作宾语）
The reason which she gave is unbelievable. 她提出的理由是不可信的。（which作宾语）The reason why he refused her is not known.没人知道他拒绝她的原因。（why作状语）The tree which has been cut down is 300 years old.
那棵被砍倒的树已有300年的历史了。（which作主语）
The tree whose leaves have fallen is 300 years old.
那棵落了叶子的树已有300年的历史了。（whose作定语）
关系词的省略
(1) 关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中作动词宾语或介词位于句末作介词宾语时，可以省略。如：
Is there anything (that) you wanted? 你想要什么东西呢？
Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 和你讲话的男人是谁？
(2) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：
I don't like the way (that / in which) she walks. 我不喜欢她走路的样子。
The way (that / in which) he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
(3) 在the time when，the place where，the reason why等结构中，when，where，why可省略。如：
This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天见面的地方。
That's the reason why / for which / that he came. 那就是他来的原因。
6. 定语从句与强调句的比较
(1) 强调句型中的it属于引导词，本身没有意义。如果去掉it is / was...that结构，句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整。定语从句中的it是指示代词，作主句的主语。如果去掉it is / was...that，句子结构不完整，意思也不完整。如：
[that引导的定语从句作主语]
It is a question that needs careful consideration. 这是一个需要慎重考虑的问题。
[强调句型]
It is novels that she enjoys reading. (=She enjoys reading novels.)
这正是她喜欢阅读的小说。
(2) 在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句；在定语从句中先行词通常是名词、代词或名词短语。如：
[强调句型]
It was because she was ill that we decided to return. 正是因为她生病了，我们才决定回来。
[where引导的定语从句作宾语]
Was it the place where the party was held? 这是举行聚会的地方吗？
(3) 有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句，这往往给理解带来一定的难度。因此，要仔细分析that或who在句中的作用。如：
It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment. 他们是在去年建造的实验室里完成这个实验的。（that was set up last year是定语从句，that在从句中作主语，并可被which替换。）
It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest.
来自我们学校的学生获得了竞赛一等奖。
（who came from our school是定语从句，who在从句中作主语。）
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
O(∩_∩)O~人教版高一英语词组Unit1 1.argue about 争论….. 2. be fond of 喜欢….. 3. all the time 一直，始终 4. make fire 生火 5. develop a friendship建立友谊 6. care about 关心，担心 7. in order to 为了…… 8. hunt for 搜寻；追寻；寻找 9. such as 例如 10. make friends交朋友 11. be regard as被当作….. 12. click …away 点击……发送 13. make a difference有所不同 14 .drop sb. a line给某人写信 15 keep in mind记住 16.at the end of 在…..的末尾 wake up醒来 wander off 漫步 most of the time 大部分时间 either…or… 或……或……
each other 互相 spend…(in)doing s th 花费时间做某事 be determined to do 决定做…… think about 看法 for example 举例子 work out 得出；解决 argue for 为……辩护 argue with 与……争论/争辩 argue against 争辩…… set up （具体）设置；安装/（抽象）建立do some research 做研究 choose to do sth. 宁愿、偏要、决定做某事catch one’s eye 引起某人的注意 care for 照顾 be intended for/to do 为……而准备、预定reach a doctor 找到医生 must have done 一定是；想必是 get a training 得到训练 as well as ……也 second to 次于 get sb. into使某人进入/陷入 story after story 一个故事接着一个
Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17th century, British people began to move to other ___66___ (country). Gradually, English was spoken there. At present ___67___ (many) people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. ___68___ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. English ___69___ (change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries. The English ___70___ (speak) in England between about AD450 and 1150 was very different ___71___ the modern English we speak today. It was the new settlers that enriched the English language and ___72___ (especial) its vocabulary. The English language was settled by the 19th century ___73___ two big changes in English spelling happened. English now is also spoken as a foreign ___74___second language in South Asia. China may have the ___75___ (large) number of English learners. 66.countries 【答案】countryother修饰用复数形式，指其他的国家。故是可数名词，此处由【解析】考查名词。countries. 填67. more 【答案】than ever before可知含有和以前比较的意思，要用比较级考查比较级。根据句中的【解析】more. 表示更多的人，故填68. Luckily 【答案】“”Luckily. ，故填【解析】考查副词。此处单独使用作状语要用副词形式，指幸运的是69. has changed 【答案】over the past centuries可知与现在完成时连用，主【解析】考查时态。根据句意和时间状语has changed. 语是单数，故填70. spoken 【答案】Englishspeak是被动关系，此处是过去分词作定语，故填和动词【解析】考查过去分词。． spoken. 71. from 【答案】be different from“…”from. ，是固定短语。故填和【解析】考查固定短语。不同72. especially 【答案】especial“”especially“”。特殊的，特别的是副词是形容词；尤其，特别【解析】考查副词。“”especially. ，故填尤其，特别此处指新的定居者丰富了英语，尤其是它的词汇。表示73. when 【答案】“…”，从句时态是过去时，故填当【解析】考查连词。此处引导时间状语从句，表示时候when. 74. or 【答案】or. 【解析】考查连词。此处表示选择，指作为第一语言或第二语言被说，故填 75. largest 【答案】【解析】考查形容词最高级。因为中国人口最多所以说英语的人也最多，此处由the修饰用 I had just visited my best friend in hospital with my mum,___41___hadn't seen my friend since she'd gone into hospital six months earlier. I knew where she was coming from as she was___42___(grave)ill, but as I'd been visiting her every week I had stopped seeing the obvious; my friend___43___(lose)most of her body weight
2017年最新高一英语语法填空练习系列（一） 第一章名校模拟 一 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式 One day, a tramp(流浪汉) was sleeping on a park bench, 1 (satisfy) with the afternoon sunshine. A couple walked by. The man stopped, woke the tramp up and asked him, ”Excuse me . 2 you have the time?” The tramp replied ,” I?m sorry. I don?t have a watch, so I don?t know the time.” The man apologized and walked away with his wife. The tramp lay down went back to sleep. Just then, a woman 3 was out walking her dog, shook the tramp?s shoulder until he woke up , 4 said ,”I?m sorry to trouble you, but do you happen 5 (know) the time?” The tramp was a little annoyed at 6 (wake) up again, but he politely told the woman he didn?t have a watch and had no idea7 the time. After the woman left, an idea 8 (occur) to the tramp . He opened his bag and took out a pen and a piece of paper. He wrote down with all his strength, “I do not have a watch. I do not know the time.” He then hung the paper round his neck thinking that nobody would hold him 9 in his sleep. Fifteen 10 (minute) later, a policeman noticed the tramp and the sign around his neck. Out of a sense of responsibility, he woke the tramp up and said,” It? s 2:30 pm.” （辽宁营口高一上学期期末考试）Answers: 1 satisfied 2 Do 3 who 4 and 5 to know 6 being woken 7 of 8 occurred 9 back 10 minutes 二 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式If you have much money, you need to put it away in the bank. Maybe you never opened that account(账户)，but someone else 1 someone who used your name, your credit card number or your 2 (person) information to commit fraud(造假) without 3 (let) you know, 4 is actually a crime. The biggest problem is that you may not know that someone has taken away your identity 5 you notice something is wrong : you may get bills from a(n) 6 (familiar) account you never opened , your credit report may include debts you never knew you had, 7 you may see charges on your bills that you didn?t sign for. If your identity has really 8 (steal) like that, the FTC(Federal Trade Commission) suggests that you take at least two 9 (measure) immediately. First , contact the FTC at once and ask them 10 (stop) that fake account at once. Second, not only review your report often, but also take good care of your own information. （黑龙江双鸭山市高一下学期期末考试）Answers: 1 did 2 personal 3 letting 4 which 5 until/till 6 unfamiliar 7 or 8 been stolen 9 measures 10 to stop 三 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式 Once there lived a rich man 1 wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted 2 (find ) out whether they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town, he placed 3 very large stone. Then he 4 (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.
《高中英语语法大全》(word下载版) 本文件内容丰富，讲解详细，层次分明，重点突出，包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等，是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。 《高中英语语法大全》第01章名词 一、概说 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy 男孩，mother 母亲，news 消息，progress 进步，computer 计算机，Tom 汤姆，Paris 巴黎，Japan 日本，furniture 家具，等。 名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary 玛丽，Mr Green 格林先生，Beijing 北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl 女孩，pen 钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood 木头，meat 肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family 家庭，crowd 人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work 工作，happiness 幸福，等。 二、名词的数 1.名词复数的构成方法 (1)在一般情况下，加词尾 -s： book / books 书 pen / pens 钢笔 face / faces 脸 (2)以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 -es： bus / buses 公共汽车 box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子 注：有些以 ch 结尾的名词，由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach / stomachs 胃。 (3)以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies；以―元音字母＋y‖结尾的名词，直接加词尾s： city / cities 城市 boy / boys 男孩 key / keys 钥匙
高一英语语法填空简单(附答案)
语法填空 A I was always told that the three “P”s, patience, positive thinking and perseverance (毅力), were a sure path ___26___ success. But this advice does not always work as planned. My high school maths exam is one example. The exam, ___27___ was originally to be held in our classroom, ___28___(change) to the library at the last minute. This, ___29___, didn’t bother me because maths had always been my strongest subject. I patiently walked to the library, took my seat and did some deep breathing to help relax ___30___. But my mood quickly changed when I saw ___31___first question. I had no idea how to do it. I tried to stay positive and persevered ___32___ I finally found the solution. With the problem ___33___ (solve), I felt proud of my achievement. ___34___ (fortunate), I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left ___35___ (complete) the rest! B The Internet is the biggest source of information in the world, consisting of millions of pages of data. In 1969, DARPA, 66____ ___ US defence organization, developed a way for all their computers to “talk” to each other through the telephone. They created a network of computers and only the US army could use 67___ ____ in the following 15 years. Then in 1984, the US National Science Foundation started the NSF network, also known 68____ ___the Inter-network or ”Internet”. It then became possible for universities to use the sy stem as well. The World Wide Web, 69____ ___ (invent) in 1991 by an English scientist, Tim Berners-Lee, is a computer network that makes the information from millions of websites accessible to computer users. At the moment, about 80 % of web traffic is 70____ ___English, but by 2020, Chinese could take the lead. Obviously, it was Berners-Lee 71____ ___made it possible for everyone to use the Internet, not just the universities and the army. He designed the first “web browser”, 72____ ___allowed computer users to access documents from other computers. With the web and the Internet 73____ ___ (grow), the number of Internet users rose 74____ ___ (rapid) from 600,000 to 40 million within 5 years. So far, the Internet 75____ ___ (create) thousands of millionaires all over the world, but Berners-Lee is not one of them. C Christopher Reeve was born in September, 1952. He was in his first school play ___51___ he was eight and he started to act in TV shows and films while he was still in college. He made many ____52____ (success) films and TV shows but he is most famous ____53___ his Superman films.
（1） In the United States, there were 222 people ____1____ (report) to be billionaires(亿万富翁) in 2003. The ____2_____ of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $ 41 billion, who made his money ____3____ starting the company Microsoft. Mr. Gates was only 21 years old _____4____ he first helped to set up the company in 1976. He was a billionaire _____5___ the time he was 31. ____6____, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even ____7____ (young) ages. Other young people who have struck it rich include Jackie Coogan and Shirley Temple. ____8____ of these child actors made over a million dollars ___9____ (act) in movies before they were 14. But ___10___ youngest billionaire is Albert von Thurn und T axis of Germany, who, in 2001, inherited (继承) a billion dollars when he turned 18! (2) Finishing their shopping at the mall, a couple discovered that their new car ____1_____ (steal) .They filed a report____2____ the police station and a detective drove them ____3____ to the parking lot to look for evidence. To their ____4____ (amaze), the car had been returned ___5____ there was a note in it that said: “I apologize for taking your car. My wife was having a baby and I had to rush her to the ____6_____. Please forget the inconvenience. There are two tickets ____7____ tonight's Mania Twain concert.” Their faith in humanity restored. The couple attended ____8____ concert. But when they returned home, they immediately found ____9______their house had been ransacked (洗劫). On the bathroom mirror was ____10_____ note: “I have to put my kid through college somehow, don't I?” (3) People _____1___ (live) in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred _____2_____ in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four ___3___ five hundred thousand words. But we do not need ____4____ these. To read short stories you need to know only about two thousand words. ____5_____ you leave school, you will learn only one thousand or more. The words you know are called your vocabulary. You should try to make your vocabulary ______6___ (big). Read as many books as we can. There are a lot of books _____7____ (write) in easy English. You will enjoy them. When you meet _____8____ new word, look it ____9_____ in your dictionary. Your dictionary is your _____10_____ (much) useful book. (4) When you are in England you must be very careful in the streets ____1_____ the traffic drives on the left. Before you cross a street you must look to the right first _____2____ then the left. In the morning and in the evening when people go to or come from ____3____, the streets are very busy. Traffic is most ____4___ (danger) then. When you go by bus in England, you have to be careful, ____5____. Always
高中英语语法知识点总结 一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 1、The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains、 A、 which was B、 it was C、 which were D、 them were 【陷阱】 容易误选A或B，将 A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】 最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops、 A、 which is B、 it is
C、 which are D、 them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are 2、 A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A、 that B、 which C、 where D、 what
《高中英语语法大全》 本文件内容丰富，讲解详细，层次分明，重点突出，包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等，是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。 《高中英语语法大全》第01章名词 一、概说 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy 男孩，mother 母亲，news 消息，progress 进步，computer 计算机，Tom 汤姆，Paris 巴黎，Japan 日本，furniture 家具，等。 名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary 玛丽，Mr Green 格林先生，Beijing 北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl 女孩，pen 钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood 木头，meat 肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family 家庭，crowd 人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work 工作，happiness 幸福，等。 二、名词的数 1.名词复数的构成方法 (1)在一般情况下，加词尾 -s： book / books 书 pen / pens 钢笔 face / faces 脸 (2)以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 -es： bus / buses 公共汽车 box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子 注：有些以 ch 结尾的名词，由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach / stomachs 胃。 (3)以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies；以“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾s： city / cities 城市 boy / boys 男孩 key / keys 钥匙
（英语）高中英语语法填空技巧小结及练习题含解析 一、高中英语语法填空 1．阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 With the development of modem technology, people can stay ________ (connect) with their families and friends easily, however far apart they are from each other. WeChat is one of the most ________ (frequent) used means of communication in China. It is reported that the number of the WeChat users ________ (reach) over 1.1billion so far. Once joining the WeChat, people can find more and more people start to add them ________ friends. They don't have to consider time ________ (zone) when communicating. Another reason why ifs so popular is that it costs nothing. It's also very convenient for people to immediately update ________ they are doing by WeChat. However, addiction to WeChat will rob people of the time that should otherwise ________ (spend) on something more important. And the many so-called friends on it are not really friends at all, who simply want ________ (put) ads or sell items on Moments. Besides, people on the Wechat are more likely to compare ________ (they) with others, which will make them feel bad when finding some people seem to be ________ (success). 【答案】connected；frequently；has reached；as；zones；what；be spent；to put；themselves；(more) successful 【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了微信给人们带来方便的同时，也存在着一些弊端。 （1）句意：随着现代技术的发展，人们可以很容易地与家人和朋友保持联系，不管他们相距多远。系动词stay后，用形容词connected“有联系的”，stay connected with“与……保持联系”。故填connected。 （2）句意：微信是中国最常用的交流方式之一。修饰形容词used，用副词。故填frequently。 （3）句意：据报道，到目前为止，微信的用户数量已经超过11亿。so far做时间状语时，应使用现在完成时，the number of做主语时，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填has reached。 （4）句意：一旦加入微信，人们可以发现越来越多的人开始添加他们作为朋友。根据句意，此处使用介词as表示“作为”。故填as。 （5）句意：他们在交流时不需要考虑时区。“时区”是复数意义，前面没有冠词，应用名词复数形式。故填zones。 （6）句意：人们可以很方便地通过微信立即更新他们正在做的事情。____6____ they are doing by WeChat是一个宾语从句，引导词在从句中做doing宾语，表“正在做的事情”，应使用what引导。故填what。 （7）句意：然而，沉迷于微信将会剥夺人们原本应该花在更重要事情上的时间。“时间”和“花费”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，由空前should可知，此处be动词使用原形。故填be spent。 （8）句意：而许多所谓的朋友根本不是真正的朋友，他们只是想在朋友圈里放广告或卖
高中英语语法知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4 on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…
18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例： Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→ He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” → He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化