药学英语课文翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版

Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found.2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom.3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us.4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him.5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship.6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident.7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased.8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods.9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it.Unit 2 How does human body fight disease?People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion.Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells.Unit 3 Drug dependenceStudies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directlyor indirectly has become the main transmitting ways for many severe communicable diseases, AIDS, hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in particular, plus violent behaviors, etc. The drug addiction is such a complicated and widely health-associated problem that we must duty-boundly put the measures about the public health, extensively-launched education, prevention, treatment and scientific research into our total strategy. Science is offering the foundation to the exploration of public health, which keeps the opposite attitude to the extensively-accepted point of view. It thinks that the drug dependents are made to lose all abilities by drugs, so they cannot rectify their own behaviors. It also offers the suggestions of the foundation for revising the total strategy, so as to reduce the negative effects produced by injection of drugs on the individual and society.Unit 4 The scope of pharmacology1) The science that drugs act on the human body is known as pharmacology, while the scientists who studies this science is called pharmacologist.2) Pharmacology is not a science which can be studied alone, but one that is closely related to other sciences.3) Pharmacologist should not only learn the normal reaction process, but also know how the functions of the human body are affected by diseases.4) If the drug is properly used, it will be a boon to the human race, if not, it will destroy the human race.5) In the first half of the 20th century, the fantastic development has been achieved in the pharmacological field.6) The human race makes constant efforts not only for increasing life expectancy, but also for more healthy life.7) If a patient, the old in particular, constantly uses more than one therapeutic agent, the correlation of the drugs causing toxin tends to occur.8) The clinician is interested primarily in the drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.9) As most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemical drugs, the interests of the clinicians in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.10) Pharmacodynamics, as a border science, borrows greatly from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, pathology and so on.Unit 5 Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs1) To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2) In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemicals generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3) In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4) A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mixsynthesis, the related compound are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5) At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit 6 Drug discovery and natural products1) Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2) Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3) Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4) Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5) Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes：（1）bioactivity- or mechanism of action directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2)rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)mechanism of action studies.Unit 7 New drugs and drug delivery systems1) Every drug has its innate pharmacological characteristics. With the right dosage, frequency of administration and route of administration, most patients can get the expected pharmacological eficacy.2) But to different patients, there may be certain ,or even very obvious differences. Patients’physique, quality of drug, microorganisms and environmental factors can all affect drug fuctioning. They can enhance or decrease drug efficacy.3) The main factors that produce individual differences are the differences in drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination.4) In order to achieve the goal of maximum efficacy and minimum side effect for every patient, it is far from enough just to select drugs according to their pharmaceutical functioning.5) Other factors that influence the efficacy of different drugs must be taken into account, and appropriate therapies should be made according to the particular conditions of different patients. These therapies must be adjusted in time in the course of treatment to conform to patients’changed conditions until they recover.Unit 8 What analytical chemists do ?1) Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions:what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2) Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3) Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4) Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicateds the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5) The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit 9 Nonclinical development of biopharmaceuticals1) The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2) The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3) Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routesof adminstering systemically acting drugs involve the absoption of drug from the place of adminstration into the blood.4) Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco)proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5) In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit 10 The package insert and prescription1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceuticalfirm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must beprepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot requirea pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit 11 Development od new drugs(1)1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical and based on traditional experiences.2) The strategies of the drug research include occasional discoveries, random molecular combination, and a planned research of synthesis of a certain specific chemical element.3) Although this is a ideal method of the development of new drugs, it is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4) When a drug is used by millions of people, it is sure to develop unhealthy response, though this harm is not too big to particular people.5) Most drugs have a maximum safe dose, if the dose exceeds the limited extent, it will produce toxic side effects.6) Penicillin, one of the most powerful bacterium-killers in the world, was incidentally discovered by Fleming.7) The pharmacological experiment of a new drug will determine whether the drug has the desired medicinal functions in model systems.8) The addition of awareness of the biochemical mechanism will make the development of new drugs more rational.9) Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before new drugs can be used on patients.10) Now chemists and biologists attach importance to research fields of molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, and so on.Unit 12 Development od new drugs(2)1) The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs, better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2) The promotion representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been trained to promote a certain new product.3) The clinical evaluation of new drugs should be made after the study on animals proves effective.4) A new drug evaluation in man can be considered in four phases, each of which should be doneunder the strict supervision.5) Dose-ranging study should only be performed in volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6) As dose-ranging study may have a certain dangerous nature, it can only be carried out under medical supervision.7) A large scale of clinical trials in phase 3 will establish the new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8) The large cost of the drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoupe it when the product is finally marketed.9) Information about new drugs published in well-established journals is more believable than the introductions by the representatives living on promotion.10) Heavy investment used in promotion of new drugs has not only led to the use of undistinguished new drugs but also raised the cost of the drugs.Unit 13 The impact of pharmaceutical care on drug therapy1) The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems, and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to improve the patients’ quality of life.2) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Ultimately, it is likely to lead to complications.3) The Pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in the Intervention Group consists of three sections. One of them is provided at hospital, then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.4) Pharmaceutical care has a clear benefit and positive impact on patient’s HRQoL, which is feasible in the hospital and in the community setting.5) The result of the study demonsreates that patients who do not receive intensified PC have a higher chance of deteriorationg their quality of life.Unit 14 FDA’s responsibilities and activities1) Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency(Drug Safety Commiittee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA;Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc).2) The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan diseases in small scale trials.3) At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have been documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4) Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practolol for a comparative period of time may produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5) In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who had taken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.Unit 15 Good manufacturing practices(GMP)1) GMP is probably the most widespread quality system followed across the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. GMP compliance is a requirement within the R&D environment for the manufacture and testing of clinical trial materials (both drug product and API) and for commercial manufacture and testing of these materials.2) Although the FD&C Act requires all drugs (products and APIs) to be manufactured to cGMP, the regulations 21CFR parts 210 and 211 are only mandatory for the manufacture of drug products and not APIs. It is only with the issue of ICH Q7 A that the worldwide pharmaceutical industry finally received detailed guidance for manufacture of APIs for boh commercial and R&D purposes.3) There have been distinct and fundamental differences between USA regulation and EU/UK requirements for GMP. The US required all drugs to be made to GMP requirements and performed inspections throughout the world in support of these requirements. In the UK, only drug products and biological manufacturers (not APIs, except some specified antibiotics) were inspected by the regulatory authority fot compliance to GMP.4) An API is normally prepared by chemical processes and even if purification is involved at each stage of manufacture, impurities in APIs can not be removed thoroughly. Therefore, trace impurities are allowed to be present in drug product to a limited extent.5) Harmonization with the US through a Mutual Recognition Agreement（MRA）is seen as a big saving of inspection resources to both the EU and the USA, through mutual acceptance of API facility inspection reports.。

第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。

The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。

Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。

The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。

Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。

So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。

Unit One Text A Introduction to Physiologybuilding block connective tissue epithelial tissue anabolism catabolism deoxyribonucleic acid glucoseglycogengonad homeostasismatrixnitrogenosmolality osmoreceptor potassiumtracheabronchiplasma membrane blood clottingglial cellatriaventricle cardiovascular system respiratory system gastrointestinal tract urinary tract reproductive system endocrinefecesglucagongangliaembryobody fluidfertilized egg课文中句子（英译汉）:1. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities; how it feeds, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations.2. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology-the replication of the genetic code for example-many are specific to particular groups of organisms.3. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs.4. The heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles, which form a pair of pumps arranged side by side. The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.5. The carbon dioxide produced by the respiratory activity of the tissues is carried to the lungs by the blood in the pulmonary artery where it is excreted in the expired air.6. This activity depends on electrical signals which, in turn, depend on the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.7. If the body tissues are being built up, as is the case for growing children, pregnant women and athletes in the early stages of training, the daily intake of protein is greater than the normal body turnover and the individual is in positive nitrogen balance.8. A negative feedback loop is a control system that act to maintain the level of some variables within a given range following a disturbance. A feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables. Thus an osmoreceptor should respond to changes in osmolalityof the body fluids but not to changes in body temperature or blood pressure.9. The body is actually a social order of about 100 trillion cells organized into different functional structure, some of which are called organs. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostasis conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.课后汉译英：1.我们每天摄入的食物必须满足需要，任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。

1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from theexperiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。

F2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells.细胞被组合在一起形成的组织，因此，包括大量的细胞。

F3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for otheractivities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动，被称为分解代谢。

F4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗感染防御中起重要作用。

Y5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygenfrom the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空气中的氧气。

F6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly tospecific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。

T7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cellsbecome too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高，心肌细胞的兴奋性，可能成为合同。

药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

Foods That Fight Cancer抗癌症的食物Foods That Fight CancerDiet is now considered a major weapon(武器) against cancer. The National Cancer Institute （协会）estimates that about one-third of all cancers are linked to diet, and recent research indicated（指出）that what you eat may help to significantly reduce your risk.Cancer develops over a long time, which means that you have years-typically decades（数十年）-in which to hinder（阻碍）or promote it. Researchers are finding that what you eat may interfere（妨碍）with cancer growth at various stages. For example, certain foods can block (v.阻碍) the chemicals that initiate（开始）cancer. Antioxidants（抗氧化剂）, found in some vitamins and minerals（矿物）, can snuff（消灭）out oxygen free radicals（基础；原子团）, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible（易受影响的）to cancer, and they can even repair some of the cellular damage that has been done. And some food-wheat bran in particular-has been shown to shrink（收缩）precancerous（癌症前期的）cells.A recent review（评论）of 17 studies from 17 nations reveals that people who eat the most fruits and vegetables have about half the cancer rates of those who eat the least. That includes cancers of the lung, colon（结肠）, breast, cervix（宫颈）, esophagus（食道）, oral cavity（口腔）, stomach, bladder（膀胱）, pancreas（胰腺）and ovary（卵巢）. In fact, some research suggests that frequent consumption（肺痨;消耗）of fruits and vegetables can cut the risk of lung cancer even in smokers. “It is almost mind-boggling（难以理解的）,” says Tim Byers, an epidemiologist （流行病学家）with the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “that ordinary fruits and vegetables can be so effective against such a potent（有效的）carcinogen（致癌物质）as cigarette smoke.”One of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits thought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene（B-胡萝卜素）, concentrated（聚集）in deep green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach（菠菜）. Fruits high in beta-carotene include apricots （杏）and cantaloupes（哈密瓜）. In test-tube（试管）studies at Harvard University, beta-carotene had a direct toxic effect on cells taken from malignant（有害的）tumors（肿瘤）. It also reduced the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered（改变）the proteins needed for tumors to grow.Research also shows that beta-carotene can change in the body to retinoid acid（视黄酸）, a substance used in clinical trials to treat certain cancers.Here are some of the foods that contain cancer-fighting chemicals.Tomatoes. One of the compounds in tomatoes that is thought to reduce the risk of cancer is lycopene（番茄红素）, the pigment（色素）that makes tomatoes red. Lycopene, an antioxidant that is also found in watermelons and apricots, quenches（结束）certain cancer- triggering oxygen free radicals.Having little lycopene in your blood is associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, according in a Johns Hopkins University study. People with pancreatic cancer showed lower levels of lycopene compared with healthy individuals. Those with the least blood lycopene had over five times the risk of pancreatic cancer as healthy people with the most blood lycopene.Lycopene is present in tomato products, including sauces（酱油）, tomato paste and even ketchup（番茄酱）.Green Vegetables. A recent Italian study showed that dark-green leafy vegetables lower the risk of many cancers. Spinach, broccoli（西兰花）, kale（甘兰）and dark-green lettuces（油麦菜）are chock-full of antioxidants, including beta-carotene, folate and lutein，. A good rule ofthumb: the darker the vegetable, the more antioxidants within.Citrus（柑橘类）Fruit. “Eat oranges, grapefruits（葡萄柚）, lemons and limes as often as possible,”says toxicologist Herbert Pierson, a former project officer with the National Cancer Institute. He calls citrus fruit an all-around cancer package because it possesses every class of natural substances (carotenoids（类胡萝卜素）, flavonoids（黄铜）and others) that individually have neutralized（中立的）powerful chemical carcinogens in animals.Citrus fruit may be particularly effective in reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer. One study found that in a group of Swedes, those who ate a citrus fruit almost daily reduced the risk of pancreatic cancer by one-half to more than two-thirds, as compared with eating citrus fruit less than once a week.Cruciferous（十字花科的）Vegetables. Cruciferous vegetables, such as cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, mustard greens and turnips, may reduce the risk of breast cancer. In fact, researchers at Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied diseases at the University of Nebraska at Omaha found that feeding animals cabbage and collard greens (also a cruciferous vegetable), along with a low-fat diet, reduced the incidence（发病率）of mammary（乳腺癌）cancers. Eat cruciferous vegetables raw（生食）or lightly cooked. Overcooking may destroy the indoles（吲哚）, compounds found in these vegetables that may protect against cancer.Cruciferous vegetables may also work to head off stomach and colon cancer. Research conducted in Utah revealed（显示）that men who ate the most cruciferous vegetables had a 70 percent lower risk of colon cancer than those who ate the least of such vegetables.Soybeans. Soybeans contain at least five compounds believed to（抑制）cancer. In fact, one of the compounds is chemically similar to the drug tamoxifen （三苯氧胺）, which is routinely used to treat estrogen-dependent（雌性激素）breast cancer and is now being tested in a large clinical trial to see if it can prevent the disease. In animal studies, soybean constituents have been found to block colon, skin and other cancers by possibly slowing the growth and division（分割）of cancer cells.Wheat Bran. Wheat bran may lower the risk of colon cancer. A double-blind（双盲）study of patients at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center found that two one-ounce servings of wheat bran cereal（谷类）a day caused premalignant colon polyps（息肉）to shrink within six months. Most remarkable, say researchers, is that such a small amount of food could have such an impact within a short period of time, illustrating（图解）that dietary intervention（饮食干预）may work even after precancerous warning signs have appeared.Low-Fat Milk. While the saturated（饱和的）fat in milk seems to promote certain cancers, another substance in milk may deter（阻止）them. Researchers at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, N. Y., discovered, not surprisingly, that drinkers of whole milk had higher odds than non-milk-drinkers of developing cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, bladder, breast and cervix. But they also found that those drinking low-fat milk were less likely than non-milk-drinkers to develop cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, rectum and cervix. Why? Scientists suspect（猜想）that elements（基础）such as calcium, riboflavin, or vitamins A, C, and D (present in whole milk, too, but apparently less effective) may act as anti-cancer agents in ways not yet understood.To get the most cancer-protective compounds from your diet, strive（努力）for five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, advises the National Cancer Institute. One serving means one-half cup of most cooked or raw fruits or vegetables, one cup of raw leafy vegetables, onemedium（半生的）piece of fresh fruit, or six ounces of fruit juice or vegetable juice. The ideal diet is low in fat and calories, high in fiber, and it includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, seeds, nuts（坚果）and, if desired, low-fat animal proteins.翻译：抗癌的食物现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。

药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。

Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。

药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依照他们的产品或来源药物能够被分为三种：Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由部分合成产物（半合成产物）本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。

然而，这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。

它们能够被用作有价值的先导化合物，同时它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。

合成而更加经济的。

在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，差不多变得极其重要。

通过现代技术和基因的选择结果，导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生，发酵差不多变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。

真核细胞（酵母和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细菌细胞和放线菌）都被用作微生物。

以下为可获得的生产形式:1.细胞原料（单细胞蛋白质）2.酶3.初级的降解产物（初级酶代谢物）4.次级的降解产物（次级的代谢物）在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范畴内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。

大约有5000种抗生素差不多从微生物中分离出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。

然而，一定明白，那些衍生物通过部分合成被改进用于治疗。

在过去十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。

发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行，幸免了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。

（倒数第五段开始）大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸（盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸），还有无机和有机碱（氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶）。

还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。

所有这些补充的化学物质（比如中间体）在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。

在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品安全质量爱护”的论述。

名目2是有关“药品赔偿和安全爱护质量的规定”（世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，名目2；1975年第567号名目1A）这同时变为众所周知的“药品质量治理规范”或GMP规范，同时这些规定在现在药品生产中也应遵守。

药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依据他们的产品或来源药物可以被分为三种：Ⅰ、全分解Ⅱ、自然产物和Ⅲ、由局部分解产物〔半分解产物〕本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物分解。

但是，这并不意味自然产物和其他的药物就不重要。

它们可以被用作有价值的先导化合物，并且它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要分解产物的中间体。

分解而愈加经济的。

在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，曾经变得极端重要。

经过现代技术和基因的选择结果，招致了微生物高突变体演化的发生，发酵曾经变成了对物质普遍围的选择方式。

真核细胞〔酵母和霉菌〕和原核细胞〔单细菌细胞和放线菌〕都被用作微生物。

以下为可取得的消费方式:1.细胞原料〔单细胞蛋白质〕2.酶3.初级的降解产物〔初级酶代谢物〕4.次级的降解产物〔次级的代谢物〕在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。

大约有5000种抗生素曾经从微生物中分别出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗运用。

但是，一定知道，那些衍生物经过局部分解被改良用于治疗。

在过去十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半分解的就有五万种药物。

发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中停止，防止了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个进程必需在无菌条件下停止。

〔倒数第五段末尾〕少量运用的试剂不只仅是酸〔盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸〕，还有无机和无机碱〔氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶〕。

还有辅佐化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。

一切这些补充的化学物质〔比如中间体〕在最终产物中能够是杂志的来源。

在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于〝药品平安质量维护〞的论述。

目录2是有关〝药品赔偿和平安维护质量的规则〞〔世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，目录2；1975年第567号目录1A〕这同时变为众所周知的〝药质量量管理规范〞或GMP规范，并且这些规则在如今药品消费中也应遵守。

.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1. 研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c 水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。

2. 虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c 缺乏症还是普遍存在的。

3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。

4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。

5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。

6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。

7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。

8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。

9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。

10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。

Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。

2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。

3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。

4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。

5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。

Unit One1.A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs.2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained.3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally.4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities.5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.Unit Two1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands ofdifferent biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms.2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc.5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.Unit Four1.The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribedfrequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparation.5.The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology.Unit Five1.To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop aspecialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2.In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3.In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4.A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of container required.5.At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all themolecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit Six1.Plant natural products has had, and continued to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2.Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells.”3.Nevertheless,the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and thesmall percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4.Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5.Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1) bio-activity or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3) mechanism of action studies.Unit Seven1.Absorption is the process of a drug entering （现在分词作后置定语）systemic circulation from its site of administration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routsof administration involve the transport of cell membrane.2.Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many factors, such as the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patient age and the like.3.The distribution of a drug in the body is even and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, that is, it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug.4.After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding is loose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.5.Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which are absorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with the intensity and speed of drug action.Unit Eight1.Analytical chemistry aims to resolve twoquestions: what it is and how much it is, that is qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2.Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3.Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4.Qualitative test may be performed by selectivechemical reaction or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5.The first phase in the testing of banned substance is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is adopted for accurate quantification.Unit Nine1. The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2. The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3. Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.4. Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5. In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit Eleven1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus thephysician’s judg ment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot require pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit Twelve1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from naturalplant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was based on traditional experiences.2) Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc.3) When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.4) The pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile in model system.5) Chemists and biologists have now attached importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.。

本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。

药学英语Unit14TextB注释及译文Text B How Does FDA Approve New Drugs?Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing. But it’s important to realize that no drug is absolutely safe. There is always some risk of an adverse reaction. It’s when the benefits outweigh the risks that FDA considers a drug safe enough to approve.1.outweigh [a u tˊwe?] vt. 在重量上超过；在重要性或价值方面超过根据现行法规，对于所有新药，只有经确认安全、有效，才会被批准上市。

但是，我们应该意识到没有所谓绝对安全的药物，认识到这一点是很重要的。

任何药物都可能有不良反应。

因此，只有认定某种药物的益处大于其风险时，FDA 才会认为某种药物足够安全，可批准其上市。

In fact, it was only 25 years ago that U.S. drug law first embraced the idea of risk vs. benefit that now the key to new drugs approval. Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in 1938, but not until the Drug Amendments of 1962 did firms also have to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing. Before any drug gets on the market today, FDA decides—as quickly as a thorough evaluation allows—whether the studies submitted by the drug’s sponsor(usually the manufacturer) show it to be safe and effective for its intend use.1.embrace [im'breis] vt. 包括; 包含；接受；信奉, 皈依vt. & vi.拥抱n.拥抱, 怀抱2.cosmetic [k?z'metik]n.化妆品adj.化妆用的; 美容的；装点门面的Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act联邦食品、药品和化妆法案3.Drug Amendments [?'mendm?nts] 药品法修正案4.thorough ['θ?r?u] adj.彻底的；十足的；考虑周到的5.sponsor ['sp?ns?] vt.赞助, 发起, 主办n. 申办者事实上，直到25年前美国药品管理法才刚刚引入“风险-益处评估”的概念。

Lead CompoundsBefore any medicinal chemistry project can get underway, a lead compound is required. A lead compound will have some property considered therapeutically useful. The property sought will depend on the tests used to detect the lead compound, which in turn depends on the drug's target. The level of biological activity may not be particularly high, but that does not matter. The lead compound is not intended to be used as a clinical agent. It is the starting point from which a clinically useful compound can be developed. Similarly, it does not matter whether the lead compound is toxic or has undesirable side effects. Again, drug design aims to improve the desirable effects of the lead compound and to remove the undesirable effects.1.seek [si:k] vt. & vi.寻找; 探寻vi.企图; 试图vt.请求, 征求;2.in turn ①依次, 轮流地；②相应地；转而3.target ['tɑ:ɡit]n. (射击的)靶子；(欲达到的)目[指]标；(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物4.intend [in'tend] vt.意欲, 打算；打算使, 想让…做5.undesirable [,ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbəl] n.不受欢迎的人;不良分子adj.可能招致麻烦或不便的;不想要的；不受大家欢迎的;讨厌的找到先导化合物是开展任何一项药物化学课题研究的前提。

Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。

药学英语翻译Pharmaceutical Science is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge from various disciplines such as chemistry, biology, pharmacy, and medicine to study the development, production, and use of drugs. With the advancement of medicine and the increasing demand for healthcare, the importance of pharmaceutical science has become more prominent.In the field of pharmaceutical science, researchers study chemical compounds and their effects on the human body. They use various techniques such as drug design, synthesis, and testing to develop new drugs. This process involves conducting experiments in the laboratory and clinical trials on human subjects to determine the safety and efficacy of the drugs.Once a new drug is developed, it goes through a rigorous process of testing and approval by regulatory authorities. This ensures that the drug is safe and effective for use in patients. Pharmaceutical science also includes the study of drug delivery systems, which involve the formulation and development of dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, and injections.Pharmaceutical science plays a crucial role in public health by providing medications for the prevention and treatment of diseases. It also plays a vital role in the development of personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup and disease characteristics. This personalized approach allows for more effective and targeted treatments, minimizing the risk of adverse effects.Furthermore, pharmaceutical science is involved in the study of drug interactions and side effects. Researchers investigate how drugs interact with other substances in the body, such as food, alcohol, and other medications. They also study the long-term effects of drug therapies on patients, ensuring that the benefits outweigh any potential risks.In addition to drug development and safety, pharmaceutical science also encompasses the study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics involves the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body. Pharmacodynamics, on the other hand, focuses on how drugs interact with targets in the body to produce a therapeutic effect.Pharmaceutical science is a dynamic field that keeps evolving with advancements in technology and research. With the advent of new techniques such as genomics and proteomics, researchers can better understand the molecular mechanisms of diseases and develop more targeted therapies.In conclusion, pharmaceutical science is a vital field that plays a crucial role in the development, production, and use of drugs. It combines knowledge from various disciplines to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications. Through continuous research and innovation, pharmaceutical science contributes to the improvement of public health and the development of personalized medicine.。