[管理学]管理学原理2

《管理学原理》教案一、课程简介1. 课程目标：使学生了解和掌握管理学的基本原理、理论和方法，培养学生分析和解决实际管理问题的能力。

2. 适用对象：本课程适用于工商管理、企业管理、财务管理、人力资源管理等专业本科生、研究生及企业管理人员。

3. 教学方式：采用讲授、案例分析、讨论、实践等方式进行教学。

4. 教学内容：本课程共分为十五个章节，涵盖了管理学的各个方面，包括管理概念、管理职能、组织结构、领导力、决策等。

二、教学目标1. 掌握管理学的核心概念和基本原理。

2. 理解管理的五大职能：计划、组织、领导、人员和沟通。

3. 学习组织结构和设计，了解各种组织类型的优缺点。

4. 掌握领导力的基本理论和实践方法，提高领导能力。

5. 学习决策过程和决策方法，提高决策能力。

三、教学内容第一章管理概述1.1 管理的定义和性质1.2 管理的目标和原则1.3 管理的历史和发展第二章管理职能2.1 计划职能2.2 组织职能2.3 领导职能2.4 人员职能2.5 沟通职能第三章组织结构与设计3.1 组织结构的类型3.2 组织结构的设计原则3.3 组织结构的案例分析第四章领导力4.1 领导力的定义和性质4.2 领导理论4.3 领导实践第五章决策5.1 决策的定义和过程5.2 决策方法5.3 决策案例分析四、教学方法1. 讲授：讲解管理学的基本概念、原理和理论。

2. 案例分析：分析实际案例，让学生深入了解管理的实践应用。

3. 讨论：分组讨论，培养学生的思考和分析能力。

4. 实践：组织学生进行实地考察，将理论知识应用于实际。

五、教学评价1. 平时成绩：包括出勤、作业、课堂表现等，占总评的30%。

2. 期中考试：测试学生对管理学基本知识的掌握，占总评的30%。

3. 期末考试：测试学生对整个课程的理解和应用能力，占总评的40%。

4. 案例分析报告：考察学生的分析和实际应用能力，占总评的10%。

六、第六章人力资源管理6.1 人力资源管理的概念与重要性6.2 人力资源规划与招聘6.3 员工培训与发展6.4 绩效管理6.5 员工关系与福利七、第七章组织行为7.1 组织行为的概念与重要性7.2 组织文化7.3 组织沟通7.4 团队建设与管理7.5 组织变革与发展八、第八章战略管理8.1 战略管理的概念与过程8.2 企业战略的类型与制定8.3 战略实施与评估8.4 战略管理案例分析九、第九章市场营销管理9.1 市场营销管理的概念与过程9.2 市场调研与分析9.3 市场细分与目标市场9.4 产品策略与定价策略9.5 营销渠道与推广策略十、第十章运营管理10.1 运营管理的概念与目标10.2 生产过程与布局10.3 质量管理10.4 供应链管理10.5 运营管理案例分析十一、第十一章财务管理11.1 财务管理概述11.2 财务报表与分析11.3 资本预算与投资决策11.4 融资决策11.5 股利政策与财务风险十二、第十二章信息管理与信息系统12.1 信息管理的重要性12.2 信息系统的基本概念12.3 信息系统的开发与管理12.4 信息技术在管理中的应用12.5 信息系统的案例分析十三、第十三章国际管理与全球化13.1 国际管理的基本概念13.2 跨文化管理13.3 国际贸易与投资13.4 全球化与管理13.5 国际企业案例分析十四、第十四章企业伦理与社会责任14.1 企业伦理的概念与重要性14.2 企业伦理问题与管理14.3 企业社会责任14.4 企业伦理与社会责任的案例分析十五、第十五章管理创新与变革15.1 管理创新的概念与重要性15.2 创新障碍与突破15.3 组织变革的过程与策略15.4 变革管理15.5 管理创新与变革的案例分析重点和难点解析一、课程简介：本章节主要介绍了课程的目标、适用对象、教学方式和教学内容。

第二编计划工作第四章计划工作概述第一节计划工作的含义一、计划工作的含义：1、计划工作的概念计划工作是指制定计划，就是根据组织内外部的实际情况，权衡客观需要的主观可能，通过科学地预测，提出在未来一定时期内组织所要达到的目标以及实现目标的方法。

也即5W1H：计划工作就是预先决定要做什么，讨论为何做，确定何时做，何地做，何人做，以及如何做。

2、工作计划的基本特征：①目的性；②主导性；③普遍性；④经济性；3、计划工作的意义：①弥补不肯定性和变化带来的问题；②有利于管理人员把注意力集中于目标；③有利于更经济的进行管理；④有利于控制。

第二节计划的种类与程序一、计划的种类：1、按企业职能分类：生产计划、财务计划、供应计划、劳资计划、安全计划、人员培训计划。

2、按计划所涉及的范围分类：上层管理计划、中层管理计划、基层管理计划。

3、按计划的内容分类：专项计划、综合计划。

专项计划以综合计划作指导，是综合计划中某些重要项目的特殊安排。

4、按计划所涉及的时间分类：长期计划、中期计划、短期计划。

5、按计划的表现形式分类：目的或使命、目标、战略、政策、程序、规则、规划、预算等。

二、计划工作的程序1、估量机会。

2、确定目标。

3、确定前提条件。

4、确定可供选择方案。

5、评价各种方案。

6、选择方案。

7、制定派生计划。

8、用预算形式使计划数字化。

第三节计划工作的原理一、限定因素原理：在计划工作中，越是能够了解和找到对达到所要求目标起限制性和决定性作用的因素，就越是能准确地、客观地选择可行性方案。

二、许诺原理：任何一项计划都是对完成某项工作所做出地许诺，许诺越大，所需要的时间越长，因而实现目标的可能性就越小。

三、灵活性原理：是指计划工作中体现的灵活性越大，则由于未来意外事件引起的损失的危险性就越小。

四、改变航道原理：是指工作计划为将来承诺越多，管理者定期地检查现状和预期前景，以及为保证所要达到的目标而重新制定计划就越重要。

第五章目标与战略第一节目标的含义一、目标的概念目标是根据组织的使命而提出的组织在一定时期内所要达到的预期成果。

管理学原理作业2单项选择题第1题美国学者肯尼迪和迪尔认为，企业文化除了价值观、英雄人物、文化网络因素外，还包括A、组织结构B、领导方式C、礼仪和庆典D、企业行为答案：C第2题企业发展多角化经营，最主要目的是：A、降低成本B、分散风险C、扩大市场D、增加利润答案：B第3题企业经营方案决策最终所选出的方案一般为：A、成本最低的方案B、较为满意的方案C、各个目标都最佳的方案D、实现利润最大的方案答案：B第4题面对动态变化、竞争加剧的世界经济，管理者必须注意考虑环境因素的作用，以便充分理解与熟悉环境,从而能够做到有效地适应环境并A、进行组织变革B、保护组织的稳定C、减少环境变化D、推动环境变化答案：A第5题环境研究对组织决策有着非常重要的影响，具体表现在可以提高组织决策的A、有效性、及时性、稳定性B、前瞻性、有效性、稳定性C、正确性、及时性、稳定性D、有效性、正确性、及时性答案：C第6题一家企业生产的某种产品销售量增长速度出现负数，而市场调查却显示该产品的市场需求量仍然在快速增长，由此可得结论：A、该产品正处于生命周期成熟期B、该企业的生产能力有所萎缩C、该企业产品的竞争优势有所下降D、该产品市场需求正在下降答案：C第7题（）是管理发展的一种新趋势A、从强调直觉到重视理性B、从小公司到集团化(从分散到集中)C、从软管理到硬管理D、从外延式管理到内涵式管理答案：D第8题决策过程中的限定目标是指A、限定目标必须达到的水平B、限定目标活动的成本水平C、限定目标结构D、限定目标执行中可能出现的不利结果答案：D第9题在市场经济中，价格和供给需求的关系有着十分密切的关系，假如在该市场上在消费者总需求下降的情况下，下列情况都有可能发生，但是下列哪种情况最可能发生：A、商品或服务的价格下降，消费者需求上升B、商品或服务的价格上升，消费者需求上升C、商品或服务的价格上升，消费者需求下降D、商品或服务的价格下降，消费者需求下降答案：D第10题 "三个和尚没水喝"说明的是，人浮于事可能反而不如人少好办事。

管理学原理课后题答案第二版第一章：管理学的基本概念和演变1.什么是管理学？管理学是一门研究如何有效地组织和管理组织的学科，旨在提高组织的效率和绩效。

2.管理学的基本概念有哪些？管理学的基本概念包括组织、管理、效率、效益、权力、决策、计划、组织结构等。

3.管理学的演变历程有哪些阶段？管理学的演变历程可以分为科学管理学阶段、人际关系学阶段、决策理论阶段和现代管理学阶段。

4.科学管理学的核心观点是什么？科学管理学的核心观点是以科学方法来研究和改进工作流程，以提高工作效率。

5.人际关系学强调什么？人际关系学强调人与人之间的关系对组织绩效的影响，注重人的行为、态度和满意度。

第二章：管理的基本功能1.管理的基本功能有哪些？管理的基本功能包括规划、组织、领导和控制。

2.规划是管理的第一步，其目的是什么？规划的目的是确定组织的目标，并制定达到这些目标的策略和计划。

3.组织是什么？组织是指将人力、物力和财力等资源合理地分配和调配，以实现组织目标的过程。

4.领导是管理的核心功能，其要素有哪些？领导的要素包括领导者、员工和情境。

领导者需要具备良好的领导能力，员工需要对领导者有信任和遵循，情境则会影响领导的行为。

5.控制是什么？控制包括哪些步骤？控制是指通过监测和测量组织的绩效，对比预定的标准，然后采取必要的措施来纠正偏差。

控制包括制定标准、测量绩效、比较与标准的偏差和采取纠正措施。

第三章：组织的基本特征和类型1.组织的基本特征有哪些？组织的基本特征包括目标、活动、结构、技术和人员等。

2.组织的目标有什么特点？组织的目标应具备明确性、实际性、可衡量性和实现性。

3.组织的技术特征包括哪些方面？组织的技术特征包括生产技术、工艺和设备等。

4.组织的结构有哪些形式？组织的结构包括线性结构、职能结构、事业部结构和矩阵结构等。

5.组织的类型可以分为哪些类别？组织的类型可以分为功能性组织、事业部组织、矩阵组织、虚拟组织和网络组织等。

Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。

第二章管理的昨天和今天管理实践总是要反映时代和社会的环境。

一、管理与其他研究领域的联系管理学具有来自人文和社会科学的丰富遗产，它们对管理理论和实践有着直接的影响。

人类学是研究社会的学科，它有助于了解人类及其活动。

人类学有助于管理者更好的理解不同国家和不同组织中人们基本的价值观、态度和行为的差异。

经济学关于资源配置的学科，提供了理解变化中的经济以及竞争和自由的全球市场环境的作用。

理解自由贸易和保护政策对于在全球市场上运作的任何管理者都是绝对必要的。

哲学考察事物的本质，特别是价值观和伦理道德。

道德直接涉及组织的存在以及什么行为对一个组织是适当的命题。

洛克的自由伦理理论认为自由、平等、正义和私有财产是法定的权利。

卡尔文的新教伦理鼓励个人努力工作获得成功，亚当斯密认为市场和竞争而不是政府才应该是经济活动的唯一调节者。

政治学研究个人或群体在政治环境中的行为，主要包括：在经济系统中权利的分配，个人如何为了自己的利益而操纵权力。

管理者受到一个国家政府的组成形式的影响，也就是这个国家是否允许公民拥有财产，是否通过公民介入和强化契约的能力来实现他们权利。

一个国家在财产契约方面立场，会决定它的组织的形式和政策。

另外，心理学和社会学和管理学也存在联系，不能忽视。

二、管理的历史背景负责计划、组织、领导和控制活动的专门人员的指挥下所做的组织性的努力，已经存在了几千年。

埃及的金字塔、中国长城、威尼斯的早期企业雏形。

组织早在几千年前就存在，管理也付诸实施。

20世纪前两件事情在促进管理研究方面扮演着重要的角色。

1）1766年亚当斯密《国富论》，主张组织和社会将从劳动分工中获得经济利益，即将工作分解为狭窄的、重复性的任务。

2）始于18世纪英国的工业革命，工业革命的主要贡献是以机械力代替了人力，从而使在工厂中生产商品比在手工作坊中生产更经济。

大型公司的发展要求建立正式的管理系统，于是，产生了正式的管理理论以指导管理者运行这类组织。