中文摘要美国犹太作家索尔·贝娄是一位伟大的跨世纪作家，其一生创作了大批带有犹太文化色彩的现代派小说，展现出犹太知识分子在美国社会里所特有的生活经历和精神危机。
《更多的人死于心碎》是索尔·贝娄后期创作的一部小说，讲述了植物学教授贝恩和侄子肯尼斯两位犹太知识分子的生活困境。
沉迷于植物学的贝恩不被社会所认同，又因陷入婚姻的骗局，失去与植物之间的密切联系而陷入精神危机。
挣扎于两个不同女性之间的肯尼斯，则因无法保护贝恩免受伤害，无法实现对于爱情和家庭的渴望，而陷入精神危机。
小说刻画出美国犹太知识分子在焦虑、无根性、爱情与事业相矛盾，欲望与道德相冲突的困境下的精神回归历程。
本文采用文本细读的方法，结合社会背景和文化背景，从精神流浪和逃亡两个层面出发，分析迷茫于美国主流文化和犹太文化之间的知识分子形象，以及消费社会背景下二人面对婚姻、爱情的失败以及事业停滞的逃亡状态，从而加深对于贝娄型知识分子的精神危机的理解。
同时，本文探究了贝恩和肯尼斯摆脱精神困境的方式，二人通过回归自然和社会守护理想王国，并寻求人性中缺失的美好。
本文最终得出结论，贝恩和肯尼斯所面临的精神危机反映出整个美国犹太知识分子群体的思想现实，其生活历程为当代美国知识分子寻求生活意义提供了有益借鉴。
关键词：《更多的人死于心碎》，美国犹太知识分子，精神危机AbstractSaul Bellow, an American Jewish writer, is a great cross-century writer. During his lifetime, he created a large number of modern novels with Jewish cultural flavor, showing the unique life experience and spiritual crisis of Jewish intellectuals in American society. More Die of Heartbreak is a novel written by Saul Bellow in his later period, which describes the plight of two Jewish intellectuals, Benn, a professor of botany, and his nephew Kenneth. Benn is not recognized by the society because of the addiction to botany. And Benn loses in the spiritual crisis because he falls into the trick of marriage and loses the intimate connection with plants. Kenneth, struggling between two different women, loses in the spiritual crisis because he could not protect Benn from harm or realize his desire for love and family. The novel depicts the spiritual returning process of American Jewish intellectuals in modern society under the predicament of anxiety, rootlessness, contradiction between love and career, and conflicts between desire and morality.This thesis adopts the method of close reading. Based on the social and cultural backgrounds, starting from two levels of spiritual wandering and escape, this thesis analyzes the image of intellectuals who are confused between American mainstream culture and Jewish culture, as well as their escape from the failure of marriage and love and career stagnation, which deepens the understanding of the spiritual crisis faced by Bellow’s intellectuals. At the same time, this thesis explores the way Benn and Kenneth get rid of their spiritual predicament. By returning to nature and society, they protect the ideal kingdom and seek the missing beauty of human nature. Finally, the thesis comes to the conclusion that the spiritual crisis faced by Benn and Kenneth reflects the ideological reality of the whole American Jewish intellectuals, and their life course provides useful reference for contemporary American intellectuals to seek the meaning of life.Key words: More Die of Heartbreak; American Jewish intellectuals; spiritual crisisContents中文摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Contents ....................................................................................................................... I II Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Saul Bellow and More Die of Heartbreak (1)1.2 Literature Review (4)Chapter 2 Spiritual Wanderers in the Alien Land (11)2.1 Loneliness and Anxiety of Inner World (11)2.1.1 Benn: An outsider of American Society (11)2.1.2 Kenneth: A loser without Meaning of Life (14)2.2 Rootlessness and Homelessness in Culture (16)2.2 1 Losing Jewish Heritage (16)2.2.2 Refusing Mainstream Culture (18)Chapter 3 Absurd Escapists in the Consumer Society (22)3.1 Conflicts Between Love and Business (22)3.1.1 Benn: Mendacious Marriage and Interrupted Business (23)3.1.2 Kenneth: Failed Love and Stagnant Career (24)3.2 Confrontation of Morality and Desire (26)3.2.1 Benn: Pursuing the Lust and Betraying the Kinship (27)3.2.2 Kenneth: Struggling between Traditional Family Values and ModernFeminism (28)Chapter 4 Devout Protectors in the Ideal Realm (31)4.1 Benn: Returning to Research and Nature (31)4.2 Kenneth: Returning to Family and Society (34)Chapter 5 Conclusion (36)Bibliography (38)Acknowledgments (41)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Saul Bellow and More Die of HeartbreakSaul Bellow (1915-2005), one of the most important writers during postwar America, is regarded as the emerging heir of Hemingway, Faulkner and Fitzgerald. Norman Podhoretz claims that Bellow is “the leading novelist of the postwar period”①. Howard M. Harper, Jr. considers Bellow as a “contemporary classic”②. And Irving Malin believes that “Saul Bellow is probably the most important living American novelist”③.Bellow was born on July 10, 1915, in Racine, a suburb of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1913. Bellow was their fourth child. Bellow spent his childhood in Montreal. In 1924, Bellow moved to Chicago with his family and settled in the United States. Since then, Chicago had become Bellow’s second hometown, where he completed primary and secondary school education. Bellow spent his juvenile and youth time in this industrial city. At that time, American society was experiencing a transition from production-oriented to consumption-oriented. Consumption had become the pillar of the society and economic order. As a result, everything was judged through its exchange value, including interpersonal relationship. Saul Bellow witnessed the social transformation. He realized that the materialistic tendency of the society had deepened the inner confusion and the bitterness of people living in it. To some extent, the social and economic transformation and moral diversion influenced the writing of Bellow, making him deeply concern about the fate of characters and paying more attention to the self-dilemma of Jewish intellectuals in American society.In 1933, Bellow was admitted to the University of Chicago and he transferred to Northwestern University after two years. “He originally planned to study literature, but①Norman Podhoretz, “The Adventures of Saul Bellow”, Doings and Undoings (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1964), 205.②Howard M. Harper Jr. Desperate Faith, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 64③Irving Malin, Saul Bellow’s Fiction, (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969), xi.he felt the English department was anti-Jewish. Instead, he graduated with honors in anthropology and sociology” (Chen, 2009: 10). In the same year, he entered the University of Wisconsin for the master's degree. In 1941, Bellow became a naturalized US citizen. At the beginning of next year, he married his first wife, interrupted his studies and returned to Chicago. Bellow spent most of his rest life teaching in the universities, which helped him to know more about the sufferings of intellectuals and he always tried his best to show the tragic life full of wandering consciousness, life conflict and frontal confrontation.Saul Bellow wrote continuously throughout his life, publishing a total of ten novels, four novellas, more than twenty short stories, and two plays. The novels and novellas are Dangling Man (1944),The Victim (1947), The Adventures of Augie March (1953), Seize the Day (1956), Henderson the Rain King (1959), Herzog (1964), Mr. Sammler’s Planet (1970), Humboldt’s Gift (1975), The Dean’s December (1982), More Die of Heartbreak (1987), A Theft (1989), The Bellarosa Connection (1989), The Actual (1997), and Ravelstein (2000). Four short story collections are Mosby’s Memoirs (1968), Him with His Foot in His Mouth (1984), Something to Remember Me By: Three Tales (1991) and Collected Stories (2001). His prose, essays and travel notes all had a place in his creation.For his literary work, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts. “He was the only writer to win the National Book Award for Fiction three times” (Cao, 2013: 2). In 1965, he won the International Literature Award for Herzog. In 1968, France awarded him the “Knight of Literature and Art”④. In 1990, he received the National Book Foundation's lifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters⑤. In the words of the Swedish Nobel Committee, his writing exhibited “the mixture of rich picaresque novel and subtle analysis of our culture”⑥. Bellow was widely regarded as one of the 20th century’s greatest authors⑦.More Die of Heartbreak is the tenth novel published by Saul Bellow in 1987. In 1985, Bellow was in a trough after learning that his first wife and brother Morris had④ https:///item/索尔·贝娄/1358229?fr=aladdin#7⑤Distinguished Contribution to American Letters”. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 12 March 2012.⑥Nobel Prize in Literature 1976-Press Release”. nobelprize. org. Retrieved 26 august 2015⑦Obituary: Saul Bellow. BBC News, Tuesday, 5 April 2005.died away. In the following year, Bernard Malamud, Bellow’s best friend, also went to another world. What worst is that his fourth marriage ended in divorce. All these together made Bellow sad and helpless. After his four marriages, Bellow was forced to think about his shortcomings as a husband, but he still thought he was a victim. It was in such a state of mind that Bellow created this novel.Although it is not Bellow’s best work, it continues to follow the typical Bellow’s pattern: the intellectual and idealist quest for a fixed home (Ji, 2012) and permanent values in the changeable world. The novel opens with an introduction of Kenneth, describing his complex relationship with his maternal uncle Benn, the spiritual partner in life.As a professor of botany, Benn used to live with plants, not with people. Kenneth, his nephew, is the only man who has close relationship with him.Benn is clumsy in communication and struggles with relationships. After the death of his first wife, he loses the happy family and his longing for romantic and pure love is never accomplished. He wants to return to society through the establishment of a family, but he never realizes that his great hope of family relations is a constraint on his life. He has relationships with different women and ends in heartbreak each time. However, he is brought down by the second marriage completely. Without informing Kenneth, he decides to marry Matilda Layamon, a charming woman, because he thinks that they are bound together in love and kindness and they can have a romantic and happy life. However, instead of love, Matilda marries him just because his academic achievements and reputation as a scientist can provide a solid backing for her social activities. To flatter his wife, Benn gradually decreases his time with plants and his work. However, Matilda and her father even forces Benn to dun his uncle and extort money. In order to keep the family, Benn agrees with them, even if he doubts in his heart whether Matilda is the true lover. After his uncle’s death, Benn finds that the whole marriage is a swindle and the only thing he can to is to return to the kingdom of plants. In fact, Kenneth has participated in the whole life of Benn and he has the strong and profound emotional attachment to Benn. When Benn lives in a terrible life by himself, Kenneth talks with him on the phone at midnight every day. Kenneth tries his best to prevent Benn from being hurt, even regards it as his career. However, his own life is also a mess. He can’t have a marriage with Treckie, the mother of his daughter, because of their differentthoughts about love and marriage. And he also can’t fall in love with Dita, a woman loves him deeply, because of his entanglement, which is influenced by the relationship between teacher and student and his misunderstanding of love.The frustrations and failures that they experience in the process of pursuit make them feel a sense of loss. In fact, what Bellow wants to express is a predicament commonly encountered by contemporary people, especially intellectuals in the highly developed society of material civilization. The intellectuals are deeply influenced by the traditional education and have an unconscious attachment to the traditional civilization. This kind of attachment will be transformed into an endless sense of loss when encountering a realistic dilemma. The literary world he created is closely related to his Jewish identity. It is a world full of strong humanistic spirit and Jewish national characteristics. As an American Jewish writer, Bellow is unavoidably influenced by the Jewish traditional culture and an obvious Jewish ethical orientation shows in his novels. In his creation, he is deeply concerned about the existential dilemma of the intellectuals. To some extent, this novel is the journey of Benn and Kenneth to seek the spiritual homestead with belief cries and spiritual anxiety.1.2 Literature ReviewAfter winning the Nobel Prize in Literature, as the research focus in literary circle, Saul Bellow has exerted great influence not only in American literature but also in world literature, receiving widespread attention in academic circle both at home and abroad. The complexity of Saul Bellow’s writing in theme and technique has led to the plurality and multiplicity of Saul Bellow criticism.Abroad, according to the rough statistics, there are more than 50 English critical monographs and over 3000 relevant articles related to Saul Bellow. And there are still 5 biographies on him. For better study, scholars set up the International Saul Bellow Society in the United States. This organization “not only hosts annual conferences, but also has published Saul Bellow Journal periodically since 1981” (Zhou, 2012: 3), with each issue carrying more than six monographs on Saul Bellow. After 1988, the International Saul Bellow Society publishes the Saul Bellow Society Newsletter on the website annually. In addition to the studies of Bellow in the United States and Europe,the studies in Asia, India and Japan have also yielded positive results, particularly academic research in India.When the time latitude is used to sum up foreign studies on Bellow, we can say that at least three generations of Bellow critics have appeared. In the late 1960s, the first generation of critics regarded Bellow as a positive humanist (Zhu, 70). In the 1970s, the second generation of critics regarded Bellow as an anti-modernist and affirmative humanists. The voice demanding reconsideration of this argument has come from third-generation critics since the 1980s. The studies are carried out from many different perspectives and the critics draw many different conclusions. Instead of limiting to the Americans and Europeans, critics all over the world make researches from different perspectives. Lots of important critics have found that the transcendental and religious perspectives in Bellow's novels are of great significance. Some critics discuss the absurdity and extreme innocence of Bellow’s characters from the perspectives of psychoanalysis and existentialism. The researches about the Jewish intellectuals are also popular.However, most of the researches and studies are devoted to the masterpieces of Saul Bellow, such as Henderson the Rain King, Herzog and Humboldt’s Gift. The novel More Die of Heartbreak is less studied. Searching on the database of EBSCO, there are about 20 papers on this novel. These studies are conducted mainly on theme analysis. Theories of existentialism, materialism and transcendentalism have also been employed to analyze the novel.For thematic researches, themes like marriage, love, and alienation are explored and discussed. “Some scholars such as Paul Gray, Jeffrey Meyers, Alfred Kazin and William Gaddis have been studying this novel since 1987, mainly focusing on the studies of tragic relations between men and women by using Freudian psychological analysis and so on” (Jin, 2018: 5). The failed marriage between Benn and Matilda is the focus in the researches of William Gaddis, Paul Grey and Jeffery Meyer. In An Instinct for Dangerous Wife, William Gaddis concludes that women are always the cause of man's death, be it spiritual or physical⑧. In Victims of Contemporary Life, Paul Grey summarizes Benn’s marriage as “a botanist looking for a wife, and he found a⑧/nonfiction/reviewbellow.shtmlwife who wanted just such a botanist to be a host to celebrities”⑨. In The Marriage Hearse, Jeffery Meyer thinks that More Die of Heartbreak expresses Bellow’s bitter disillusionment with sex and marriage⑩. In the essay “More Die of Heartbreak: Bellow's Later Works”, Daniel Forsyth discusses love, family relations, disapproval of women, transcendentalism (Ji, 2012) and the most important parody. In “From Poetry to Cartoon: The Comic Irony of Saul Bellow’s More Die of Heartbreak”, B. S. Elaine pays more attention to the irony reflected in the novel, and the greatest irony in the novel comes from the fundamental inconsistency between the retaliation of the intellectuals and their social relations. In Euan Gallivan’s thesis, “The Simplified Consciousness, Main Experiences and the Restoration of Community of Bellow’s Later Works”, he explores the plight of the intellectuals who is alienated from the human society. The alienation of Bellow’s protagonist is the differentiation and aggravation brought about by the degeneration of modern city, family, love relationship and the disordered discourse produced by media.Theories of existentialism, materialism and transcendentalism have been used in the reading and studying of this novel. In “The Demonic Hegemonic: Exploitative Voices in Saul Bellow’s More Die of Heartbreak”, Faye Irene Kuzma pays attention to the cultural crisis exemplified in the novel and studies the novel from the perspective of existentialism. Ellen Pifer emphasizes the characters in the novel are looking for something hidden beneath the surface, which is actually something that transcends physical existence in Saul Bellow Against the Grain. And he thinks that Bellow is looking for a revelation of exploration, a transcendence, a kind of human secret, and the hidden plan of mankind. John Jocab Clayton analyzes the novel from the perspective of materialism and points out its bad influence on people in Saul Bellow: in Defense of Man. In Saul Bellow’s Moral Version: A Critical Study of the Jewish Experiences, L. H. Goldman points out that emotion and love are the necessary paths leading to transcendentalism by comparing More Die of Heartbreak and Humboldt’s Gift of Saul Bellow with Immortality of Milan Kundera.⑨ /ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=b805f64c-ddf5-408e-8064-8e6bfc4c37e1%40pdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=Jmxhbmc9emgtY24mc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#AN=57891824&db=aph⑩ /ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=b805f64c-ddf5-408e-8064-8e6bfc4c37e1%40pdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=Jmxhbmc9emgtY24mc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#AN=12562020&db=aphIn a word, researches abroad focus mainly on the analysis of themes. There is no systematic analysis of the characters in the novel, especially combining with the social and cultural backgrounds. Moreover, scholars focus mainly on the tragic relationship between Benn and Matilda, while ignoring Kenneth, another important character in the novel.For a variety of reasons, the study at home on Bellow started much later. At present, there are about 800 articles related to Saul Bellow. The researches on Saul Bellow have experienced three stages of development: the 1970s-1980s (the embryonic stage), the 1990s (the developing stage), and the 21st Century (the flourishing stage). Critics have studied the themes of father and son, wandering, history, religion, alienation and post-Alienation, culture, identity, ethics, Jewishness and so on in his novels (Zhang, 77).However, most of the studies and researches still focus on the masterpieces of Saul Bellow. The researches on the novel More Die of Heartbreak is quite limited in its quantity and perspective.Searching in CNKI with More Die of Heartbreak as the keyword, there are 71 papers. Reading these essays, we can find that themes, characters, dialogues are the major focuses of their researches. Scholars study this novel by employing theories of postmodernism, existentialism, dialogue theory, feminism and cultural studies.For the thematic researches, themes like marriage, ethical conflicts and conflicts between marriage and career are explored and discussed. In her essay“Bellow and the Jewish Ethics”, Liu Xiying points out that the marriage of Jewish intellectuals, in addition to family life, has a certain tendency to be patterned, which intertwined with the contradiction and confrontation between the Jewish marriage ethics and the modern marriage ethics. In the article “The Power Relationship between the Intellectuals and Couples in Bellow's Novels”, Liu Wensong concludes that there are three modes of power relationship between the intellectuals and couples in Bellow’s Novels: competition, control and equality. There are two kinds of characters, repressive and productive. He believes that when the wife feels that she never reaches the level of her husband’s knowledge, she often uses other ways to use her husband’s reputation as a scientist to attract guests to the salon she has founded. She tries to control her husband through money, status rather than knowledge, or affecting her husband's behavior.Cultural studies have been used in the analysis of cultural conflicts between the Jewish traditional cultural values and the mainstream American cultural values. In the article “A Brief Comment on the Mechanism of Masochism and its Social Function in Saul Bellow’s Two works”, Zhang Jun analyzes the masochism in Jewish culture and discuss its correction concept. He thinks that looking back upon the course of Jewish existence and development in Europe and America can reveal the mechanism of masochism and its far-reaching social function. In the article “Enchant and Heartbreak: Plant Kingdom and the Labyrinth of City”, Zhang Tian thinks that More Die of Heartbreak offers not only striking insights into humanism as in Saul Bellow’s other works, but also presents a compelling case of his sense of social responsibility. She thinks that the novel is a perfect combination of Jewish pagan thoughts, metropolitan personalities and nostalgic melancholy. In the essay “Pursue, Flee and Assimilate—On Saul Bellow Trilogy of the Intellectuals Theme”, Jiang Shuli discusses the theme of “escape” in the novel, pointing out that Professor Benn is the representative of escaping intellectuals. When the love and ideal world he looks for proves to be a trap of desire and money every time, he has to escape to his beloved plant kingdom. In his essay “Ethical Interpretation of Life and Traditional Redemption of Self: A Review of the Consciousness of Suffering and Jewish Ethical Orientation: A Study of Sol Bellow’s Novels”, Wu Yueming evaluates the suffering consciousness and the Jewish ethical orientation in Saul's novels, and uses the Noah Ark as the ethical line to show the ethical dilemma and outlet of the Jewish intellectual Benn.Consumerism has been a perspective of study. In her essay “An Analysis of More die of Heartbreak from the Perspective of Consumerism”, Wang Lixia analyzes the survival crisis of the post-industrial society in More Die of Heartbreak, discussing Bellow’s humanistic concerns. In the essay “An Interpretation of More Die of Heartbreak—Under the Horizon of Consumer Society”, Zheng Zhihui thinks that Saul Bellow shows us the possibility for humans to seek a promising paradise with peace and order through the description of Benn’s persistent pursuit of the Garden of Eden, his never giving up hopes, and his resolute determination to leave Matilda and fly to the North Pole for pole moss researches.Feminist theories have been used to interpret the female images and the relationships between the males and females in the novel. In her essay “A Threnodyfor Describing Heterosexual Relations at the end of Twentieth Century—On the Theme of More Die of Heartbreak”, Feng Huaying analyzes the feminine writing tendency of Saul Bellow in More Die of Heartbreak and the shift of gender roles with the anti-traditional characters. In her essay “Bellow’s Gender Identity Construction in Herzog, Humboldt’s Gift, and More Die of Heartbreak”, Cao Yanyan studies the male images and the female images in the novel to explore the reason for Bellow’s gender identity construction from the perspective of cultural and personality analysis.Postmodernist theories have also been used in the studies on Saul Bellow. In the essay “The Spiritual Wasteland of Modern Westerners, the Postmodernist Interpretation of More Die of Heartbreak”, Zheng Li interprets the postmodern dimension of the novel from the analysis of the use of black humor, exaggerated satire, ironic allusion and absurdity.New theories have been introduced into the research of this novel. In “The Loss of Home: Interpretation of More Die of Heartbreak from the Perspective of Space”, Ji Xiaoqing attempts to interpret the impact of the ideologies and values contained in the space on intellectuals from three levels: global space, urban space and family space.Some scholars focus on writing techniques of the novel. In the essay “On the ‘Meeting’ Philosophy in More Die of Heartbreak”, Liu Xiying believes that the use of the second-person perspective also embodies dialogism and draws on close relationship between readers and texts. In the “Narrative Perspective and Character Relations in More Die of Heartbreak”, Shu Qingyun thinks More Die of Heartbreak shows the static “I－you” relationship and “I－it” relationship, and the dynamic change from “I to you” relationship to “I to it” relationship, from the narrative perspective of the second person. The metaphors in the novel also catch the researchers’ attention. In the essay “Electronic Tower and the Village of Hometown --On Some Images in More Die of Heartbreak”, Ji Xiaohong thinks that the recurring central images of the electric tower and some other tall buildings in the novel More Die of Heartbreak symbolize the devastating power of the industrial civilization, materialism, and pragmatism. And the village of Benn’s hometown is the representation of the traditional civilization, humanistic spirit, and its moral value.The researchers have studied this novel from different perspectives, which helps us know about Saul Bellow and the whole novel. However, there is little informationabout the analysis of spiritual crisis of Jewish intellectuals in the novel. The analysis of another character, Kenneth, in the novel is also limited.As a middle-class intellectual, Saul Bellow used to define the protagonists in novels as Jewish intellectuals. The intellectuals are scapegoats for anti-Semitism or the surrounding environment, as well as victims of their own infatuation, stubbornness and stupidity. But they hide the power of human nature in their hearts (Qiao, 51). Saul Bellow hopes to show his consideration of reality and concern for intellectuals through the narration of characters. Therefore, the analysis of the image of intellectuals is conducive to deepen the understanding of the hidden meaning of the works. From the beginning, Saul Bellow has created the mode of the protagonist's active exploration and reflection on his own destiny. Influenced by the social and cultural background, the Jewish Intellectuals need to experience three processes, pursuing, escaping and assimilating, and they gradually lose in spiritual cries (Jiang, 184). In More Die of Heartbreak, Benn is one of the most representative escaping characters. And as the witness of terrible life of Benn, Kenneth also loses in spiritual crisis.Therefore, this thesis explores the spiritual crisis of two Jewish intellectuals, Benn and Kenneth. As a form of identity crisis, spiritual crisis is where an individual experiences drastic changes to their meaning system typically because of a spontaneous spiritual experience. A spiritual crisis may cause significant disruption in psychological, social, and occupational functioning. As Jewish intellectuals, Benn and Kenneth both face the dilemma of love, marriage, business and isolation. After analyzing the loneliness and anxiety of their inner world, rootlessness and homelessness in culture, conflicts between love and career, and confrontation of morality and desire, this thesis studies the different ways they adopt to protect the ideal realm, returning to nature and society, which can help us understand the struggling and wandering of Bellow’s intellectuals.。
