下载文档原格式
第46卷第4期2023年7月河北农业大学学报JOURNAL OF HEBEI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVol.46 No.4Jul.2023黄花菜维生素E含量遗传分析及QTL定位段春宇，熊 雄，景梦岳，高 阳，侯非凡，邢国明，李 森（山西农业大学 园艺学院/大同黄花产业发展研究院，山西 太谷，030801）摘要：维生素E是黄花菜中重要的营养成分。
本研究以黄花菜地方品种‘东庄黄花’和‘冲里花’杂交获得的F1群体为研究对象，对杂交后代连续2年的维生素E含量进行检测分析，结果显示黄花菜F1群体维生素E含量的变异系数为50.44%～54.23%，变异系数较大，整体呈现正态分布趋势，并出现了含量超过双亲的超亲后代个体；遗传分析显示黄花菜维生素E含量符合2对主基因-加性-显性模型（2MG-AD），第1对基因加性效应更为显著，主基因遗传效率高达95%以上；对黄花菜维生素E含量进行QTL定位，共检测到2个与黄花菜维生素E相关的QTL，分布于8号和10号连锁群上，LOD峰值的范围为2.96～3.60，单个QTL贡献率介于10.80%～13.00%。
本研究结果为黄花菜高维生素E含量的新品种选育和品种改良提供了数据基础。
关 键 词：黄花菜；维生素E；遗传分析；QTL定位中图分类号：S644.3 开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：文献标志码：AGenetic analysis and QTL localization of vitamin E content inHemerocallis citrina BaroniDUAN Chunyu, XIONG Xiong, JING Mengyue, GAO Yang, HOU Feifan, XING Guoming, LI Sen(College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural university/Datong Daylily Industrial Development Research Instiute,Datong 037004, China)Abstract: Vitamin E is an important nutrient in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. In this study, the F1 population obtainedby crossing the local variety of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni ‘Dongzhuang Huanghua’ and ‘Chonglihua’ was usedas the research object, and the vitamin E content of the cross progeny was examined and analyzed for 2 consecutiveyears. The results showed that the vitamin E content in the F1 pulation of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni displayedan normal distribution with a large coefficient of variation that ranged from 50.44% to 54.23%. There were super-parental progeny whose content exceeded that of both parents. Genetic analysis showed that the vitamin E contentof Hemerocallis citrina conformed to the additive-dominance model controlled by two major genes(2MG-AD). Thegenetic efficiency of the main genes are over 95%. QTL analysis has identified two locus related to vitamin E inHemerocallis citrina Baroni. The two locus distributed on the linkage group 8 and 10, and the range of LOD peak was收稿日期：2023-01-01基金项目：2021年山西省研究生创新项目（2021Y323）；国家重点研发计划项目子课题（2021YFD1600301-2）；山西农业大学生物育种工程项目（YZGC122）；2021年度大同黄花产业发展研究院科研合作项目（2022QT003-1）.第一作者：段春宇（1996-），男，山西朔州人，硕士研究生，主要从事园艺植物种质资源创新与利用.E-mail:****************通信作者：李 森（1982—），男，山西高平人，博士，教授，主要从事园艺植物种质资源创新与生物技术应用研究.E-mail:****************本刊网址：文章编号：1000-1573(2023)04-0038-08DOI：10.13320/ki.jauh.2023.005739第4期2.96-3.60. The contribution rate of individual QTL ranged from 10.80% to 13.00%. The results of this study provide a data base for the selection of new varieties and variety improvement of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni with high vitamin E content.Keywords: Hemerocallis citrina Baroni; vitamin E; genetic analysis; QTL localization位于大豆1、4、9、13、14、15、17以及20号连锁群上［16］。
一般化妆品生产常用成分分析表从1998年起，欧盟规定，所有化妆护肤品要在包装上标明所用的所有成份，以便消费者们鉴定自己使用的化妆护肤品是否对自己皮肤的健康有益处。
化妆护肤品包装上所列成份必须采用国际统一命名的化学名称（英文简称为：INCI）。
在这份表里，所有化妆品成份均用中英对照列出。
因为许多进口的化妆品包装上没有中文标签，只有英文标签。
为方便各位，我们也将化妆品成份的英文名称列出。
目前，中国仍未有规定化妆护肤品要在包装上标明所用的所有成份，但做为一个消费者，我们应该意识到许多化妆品中所含成份是对皮肤有害的。
为了我们皮肤的健康，我们在购买一个化妆品时，必须向生产商或销售商索取化妆品所含成份的资料，以保证未将有害的成份涂在自己皮肤上。
这对一家美容院在定购和加盟一个品牌时，尤为重要；美容院盲目定购和加盟一个品牌，使美容院的客人皮肤受到损害，后果是不堪设想的。
在此，我们要澄清两个化妆品的误区：1.天然化妆品成份；“天然”从字面上来说，也就是地球自然生长的。
我们知道，并不是所有天然的成份都对人体有好处。
2.低敏感或抗敏化妆品; 目前，国际上对此类产品仍没有统一的标准，完全有生产厂商自定。
许多生产厂商为了扩大销售，也进入低敏感或抗敏化妆品的市场，但他们所谓的低敏感或抗敏化妆品中，含有许多香精香料成份，以及人造防腐剂；而这两种成份是目前引起皮肤过敏的主要原因。
应当避免的化妆品成份要评价一个化妆品的好坏，以及是否货真价实，我们必须对这个产品所用的每一个成份进行评价。
原装进口的化妆品（如面霜，淋浴液，洗发液和润发液等）在包装上均标有所用成份，如看到有与本表列出的成份相同的成份，请方框里打勾。
假如在本栏目里，有一个或几个成份被打勾，说明您目前使用的化妆品质量不是很可靠，应选用更好一些的产品。
如是国产化妆品，您则需要向生产商或销售商索取化妆品所含成份的资料，以上述方式，对自己使用的产品进行评价。
小灵通：一个好的化妆品常常仅含有几种成份，而且，所含的每一个成份均有非常明确的功能，并尽可能是皮肤自有的或类似的成份。
维生素 E维生素E(Vitamin E)又名生育酚(tocopher01)，是6-羟基苯并二氢吡喃环的异戊二烯衍生物，包括生育酚和生育三烯酚(tocotrien01)两类共8 种化合物，即α、β、γ、δ生育酚和α、β、γ、δ生育三烯酚。
前四者之间的不同之处是环状结构上的甲基数目和位置不同，生育三烯酚与生育酚之间的区别是前者侧链上有三个双键，而生育酚的侧链上无双键。
虽然维生素 E 的8 种异构体化学结构极为相似，但其生物学活性却相差甚远。
α-生育酚是自然界中分布最广泛、含量最丰富、活性最高的维生素 E 的形式，β-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚的活性分别为α-生育酚的50％、10％和2％。
α-生育三烯酚的活性大约为一生α-育酚的30％。
一、理化性质与体内分布(一)性质维生素 E 为油状液体，橙黄色或淡黄色，溶于脂肪及脂溶剂。
各种生育酚都可被氧化成生育酚自由基、生育醌及生育氢醌。
这种氧化可因光照射、热、碱，以及一些微量元素如铁和铜的存在而加速。
各种生育酚在酸性环境比碱性环境下稳定。
在无氧的条件下，他们对热与光以及碱性环境相对较稳定。
有氧条件下，游离酚羟基的酯是稳定的。
膳食中天然的维生素 E 仅有一个异构体，其 3 个旋光异构位的构型均为R 型(用RRR 表示)，RRR 异构体是α生育酚的天然形式(又称d-α-生育酚)。
机体组织和食物中维生素 E 的含量以RRR-α-生育酚当量(α-tocopherol equivalents，α-TEs)表示。
估计混合膳食中维生素E 的总α-TE，应按下列公式折算：膳食中总α-TE 当量(mg)=(1×-αα生育酚mg)+(0.5×β-生育酚mg)+(0.1×γ-生育酚mg)+(0.02×δ-生育酚mg)+(0.3×α-三烯生育酚mg)(二)体内分布维生素 E 在血液中分布于各种脂蛋白中，成年男性维生素 E 在低密度脂蛋白(LDL)中含量稍多于高密度脂蛋白(HDL)，成年女性则相反。
医药行业英文翻译医药行业的英文翻译是：Pharmaceutical industry。
例句：1、中国鼓励外商投资医药行业China encourages foreign businesses to invest in pharmaceuticals industry2、影响我国医药行业创新能力关键因素分析&美国的经验和启示Research on the Key Influencing Factors of Innovation Ability of Pharmaceuticals Industry in China3、医药行业非常复杂，很难进入。
The drugs industry is complex and hard to penetrate.4、圣安德鲁学院的毕业生超过了75万人,其中许多人在工程、航空、教育、医药等各个行业工作。
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions ．5、维生素E及其衍生物维生素E聚乙二醇1000琥珀酸酯在医药行业中的应用琥珀酸二烷基酯磺酸盐Application of Vitamin E and its derivatives tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 on Medication dialkyl sulfosuccinic salt6、美国也有一家类似的植入物回收公司（Implant Recycling），融化重塑金属后，重新卖给医药行业。
A similar US company, Implant Recycling, sells the melted and recast metals back into the medical industry.7、此次的收购控股，可以令三星和菲利普，西门子，和GE一样，在医药行业，有更开放的竞。
气相色谱—质谱法测定化妆品中维生素E 作者：陈宝虹李秀英来源：《当代化工》2017年第04期摘要：建立了气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）同时检测化妆品中α-生育酚和α-生育酚醋酸酯的分析方法。
样品采用乙腈水溶液-正己烷分散提取，以HP-5MS色谱柱分离，GC-MS 选择离子监测模式测定。
实验表明，α-生育酚和α-生育酚醋酸酯在0.05 ～ 10 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系，相关系数均大于0.999；此方法检出限（S/N = 3）分别为0.6和0.5 mg/kg，定量限（S/N = 10）分别为1.9和1.8 mg/kg；阴性样品的2个添加水平的平均回收率在88.7% ～106.3%之间，相对标准偏差（RSD， n = 6）小于8.2%。
关键词：化妆品；生育酚；生育酚醋酸酯；气相色谱-质谱联用法中图分类号：TQ 458 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1671-0460（2017）04-0789-04Determination of Vitamin E in Cosmetics byGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryCHEN Bao-hong， LI Xiu-ying（Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute， Guangdong Guangzhou 511447，China）Abstract： A sensitive method was established for the determination of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate in cosmetics using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC - MS）. Sample were dispersed and extracted with acetonitrile water solution - n-hexane. Then the n-hexane layer was separated by HP-5MS capillary chromatographic column and detected by selected ion monitoring （SIM） mode of GC-MS under the optimized condition. The results showed that the calibration curves of target analytes were linear in the range of 0.05～10 mg/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. Detection limits （LODs， S/N = 3） of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate were 0.6 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg， respectively， and quantification limits （LOQs， S/N=10） were 1.9 mg/kg and 1.8 mg/kg， respectively. Mean recoveries of 76.3%～99.7% for two concentrations spiked were achieved， the relative standard deviations （RSD，n=6） were less than 8.2%.Key words： Cosmetics；Tocopherol；Tocopheryl； Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry維生素E（Vitamin E）是一种脂溶性维生素，具有良好的抗氧化性能，作为功能性成分被广泛用于化妆品中。
甜玉米维生素E含量变异及杂种优势分析作者：谢利华胡建广李春艳肖颖妮李武于永涛卢文佳文天祥李高科来源：《南方农业学报》2021年第12期摘要：【目的】分析不同甜玉米雜交种的杂种优势，筛选高维生素E（VE）组合及优异亲本，为高效创制高VE甜玉米品种提供材料基础和理论依据。
【方法】采用正相高效液相色谱法（NP-HPLC），对11份不同来源且表型差异明显的甜玉米自交系及其11个杂交种进行VE组分含量测定，并分析其杂种优势，筛选高VE甜玉米材料。
【结果】甜玉米自交系及杂交种中的VE组分间含量差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01，下同）。
自交系26F白、金皇和杂交种粤甜41号、粤甜29号、粤甜35号的总生育酚（TTF）、总生育三烯酚（TT3）和总VE （TVE）含量较高。
杂交种VE组分含量与双亲均值和高值亲本相关，其中α-生育酚（αT）和α-生育三烯酚（αT3）含量与高值亲本和双亲均值呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著正相关。
11个杂交种VE组分含量的杂种优势主要表现为负向中亲优势，TVE含量的中亲优势变幅为-39.07%～56.97%，超亲优势变幅为-52.44～49.28%。
11个杂交种中有4个表现出超亲优势，其中TY6和农宝2021白组配的杂交种粤甜41号、粤甜38号和粤甜35号具有较强的超亲优势，且TVE含量较高。
【结论】不同基因型甜玉米间VE组分含量存在明显差异，VE含量的杂种优势主要表现为负向中亲优势;高VE亲本间杂交并不一定能够获得具有强杂种优势的杂交种。
要提高甜玉米杂交种VE含量，选择高VE含量尤其是高αT和αT3含量的材料进行组配或许可加速品种培育进程。
关键词：甜玉米;自交系;维生素E;杂种优势中图分类号： S513 文献标志码： A 文章编号：2095-1191（2021）12-3350-08Analysis of vitamin E content and heterosis in sweetcorn（Zea mays L.）XIE Li-hua， HU Jian-guang， LI Chun-yan， XIAO Ying-ni， LI Wu， YU Yong-tao，LU Wen-jia， WEN Tian-xiang， LI Gao-ke*（Crops Research Institute， Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratoryof Crop Genetic Improvement， Guangzhou 510640， China）Abstract：【Objective】The heterosis of hybrids derived from different sweet corn inbred lines were analyzed to excavate the combination and parents with high vitamin E（VE） content，so as to provide materials and theoretical basis for efficiently breeding high VE content sweet corn varieties. 【Method】Normal phase high performance liquid chromatography （NP-HPLC） was used to determine the content of VE components in 11 sweet corn inbred lines with different origins and obvious phenotypic differences and their 11 hybrid combinations. The heterosis of VE components was analyzed to screen the high content sweet corn materials. 【Result】The contents of VEcomponents in inbred lines and hybrids indicated extremely significance level（P<0.01， the same below）. The contents of total tocophenol （TTF），total tocophenol （TT3） and total VE （TVE） in inbred lines 26F Bai，Jinhuang and hybrids Yuetan 41， Yuetan 29 and Yuetan 35 were high. The contents of all VE components in hybrids were correlated with the mean values of parents and high-value parents;of which the contents of α-tocopherol （αT）and α-tocoptrienol （αT3）were significantly（P<0.05） or extremely positively correlated with the mean values of parents and high-value parents. In terms of heterosis analysis， the heterosis of VE content in 11 hybrids mainly showed negative heterosis; the TVE content mid-parentheterosisranged from -39.07% to 56.97%，and the over-parent heterosis ranged from -52.44 to 49.28%. Four hybrids showed super-parent heterosis，and the hybrids Yuetian 41，Yuetian 38 and Yuetian 35 which derived from inbred lines TY6 and Nongbao 2021 Bai presented stronger heterosis and higher TVE content. 【Conclusion】There are differences in VE content among different genotypes of sweet corn. The heterosis of VE content is mainly negative mid-parent heterosis. The parents with high VE contents may not obtain hybrid with strong heterosis. For improving the VE content in sweet corn，the materials with high VE content，especially those with high αT or αT3 contents，can be selected as parents to accelerate the breeding process.Key words： sweet corn; inbred line; vitamin E; heterosisFoundation item： Key Area Research and Development Project of Guangdong（2018B020202008）; Guangdong Provincial Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Project （Yuecainong〔2020〕100）; Project of 2021 Rural Revitalization Stra-tegy Special Fund of Guangdong （Yuecainong〔2021〕37）; Construction Project of Discipline Team of Agricultural Advantage Industry for 14th Five-year Plan of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences （202115TD）0 引言【研究意义】甜玉米（Zea mays L.）作为特色、健康、营养型作物的典型代表，近年来发展迅速，全国年种植面积接近60万ha，已成为扶贫攻坚、效益农业和乡村振兴的优势农作物（李坤等，2020）。
韦博士菇菌柔肤水没有负担和粘腻的高机能调理水，提升肌肤修护力第一步。
能迅速温和渗透，修护舒缓疲累肌肤，扑灭潜在内火，增强肌肤抵御力；同时镇静、滋润，帮助肌肤吸收后续保养品。
麦角硫因，一种人工难以合成的天然成分，源自珍稀菇菌之中，它能保护细胞和蛋白质免受氧化侵害，并能中和细胞中有害的重金属离子，抵抗外界污染；冬虫夏草、灵芝、榆干玉蕈等综合菇菌萃取，帮助肌肤迅速舒缓镇静因外在刺激所引起的发炎、红肿或不适；郁金根、姜根及圣罗勒植物精粹，健全肌肤对抗老化的防御机制，提升肌肤在"上火、发炎"时的耐受度，不让肌肤因此受到伤害；海藻糖及植物甘油成分，提供卓效保湿效果；芦荟液及甜菜萃取蔗糖，迅速舒缓肌肤，润泽肌底；小麦萃取磷脂质，修护肌肤天然保湿屏障。
所有肤质适用。
特别针对泛红敏感肌肤。
海藻醣：海藻醣提取自玉米，已被证明能有效激活受损的肌肤细胞。
海藻糖已经被证明是维持生命的分子之一，当植物吸收水分时就会生成。
当植物失去水分时，它被转化成一种简单的糖分，保护植物的组织结构不会因干旱而萎缩。
由海藻糖转化为蔗糖的过程，使得植物能够在无法行动的状态下生存，从而实实在在的成为无法摧毁的生物。
Lngredients 主要成分1 .Water aqua eau 、作为其他成份之溶媒、溶剂，一般常见的为纯水(Pure Water)、蒸馏水(Distilled Water)及去离子水(Deionized water)。
2.butylene glycol 丁二醇, 保湿剂及溶剂，质地温和之多元醇类，十分广泛的被用于化妆用品。
卸妆乳(霜)中常见之亲水保溼成份，真正功效为协助溶解污垢、避免卸妆过程中太快干涸。
属小分子保溼成分，可将水分留在角质层，但抓水比例不高3.peg-4 聚乙二醇-4湿润剂、溶媒、溶剂4.hypsizygus ulmarius mycelium extract 榆菇菌丝体提取肌肤调理剂榆干玉蕈榆干玉蕈是由韦博士安德鲁发现的，一种来自日本的具有治疗效用的蘑菇。
药品英文Antibiotics 抗生素chloromycetin 氯霉素Sedatives and Tranquilizers 镇静、安定药chlordiazepoxide, librium 利眠宁chlorpromazine, wintermine 氯丙嗪,冬眠药diazepam, valium 地西泮，安定fluphenazine 氟奋乃静meprobamate, miltown 甲丙氨酯，眠尔通oryzanol 谷维素pentobarbital 戊巴比妥perphenazine 奋乃静phenobarbital, luminal 本巴比妥，鲁米那Analgesics 镇痛药dolantin, pethidine 度冷丁，哌替啶opium tincture 阿片酊atropine 阿托品ranitidine 雷尼替丁magnesium sulfate 硫酸镁glucurone 肝泰乐glutamic acid 谷氨酸Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases 心血管疾病用药lidocaine 利多卡因mexiletine 美西律oxprenolol 氧烯洛尔，心得平procainamid hydrochloride 盐酸普鲁卡因胺propranolol dinitrate 普萘洛尔，心得安quinidine 奎尼丁nitroglycerine 硝酸甘油nifedipine 硝苯地平，心痛定isosorbide dinitrate 硝酸异山梨酯，消心痛digoxin 地高辛digitoxin 洋地黄毒甙cedilanid 西地兰Antihypertensive Drugs 抗高血压药atenolol 氨酰心安captopril 开博通，卡托普利furazosin 派唑嗪methyl dopa 甲基多巴nimodipine tablet尼莫地平片reserpine 利血平sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠vertical 降压灵Antituberculosis Drugs 抗结核药ethambutol 乙胺丁醇isoniazid 异烟肼para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) 对氨基水杨酸pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺rifampin利福平ferric ammonium citrate 枸橼酸铁胺，柠檬酸铁胺ferrous sulfate 硫酸亚铁，硫酸低铁Anti-allergic Agents 抗过敏药calcium gluconate 葡萄糖酸钙chlorpheniramine 扑尔敏diphenhydramine, benadryl 苯海拉明，苯那君promethazine, phenergan 异Anthelminthics 驱肠虫药areca 槟榔pyritinol hydrochloricde 脑复新vitamin C, ascorbic acid 维生素C，抗坏血酸vitamin D2, calciferol 维生素D2，骨化醇vitamin D3, cholecalciferol 维生素D3，胆维丁vitamin E, tocopherol 维生素E，生育酚Hormones 激素corticotrophin (ACTH) 促肾上腺皮质激素cortisone 可的松dexamethasone 地塞米松fluocinolone acetonide 肤轻松hydrocortisone氢化可的松prednisolone强的松龙，去氢氢化可的松prednisone 强的松，去氢可的松chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 绒毛膜促性腺激素，绒膜激素progesterone 黄体酮Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Drugs on the Immune System 肿瘤化疗制剂及免疫系统用药Adriamycin 阿霉素azathioprine(AZP) 硫唑嘌呤cyclophosphamide(CTX) 环磷酰氮芥cyclosporine A 环孢霉素A，环孢灵fluorouracil 氟尿嘧啶hydrocortisone 氢化可的松，氢可的松interferon 干扰素methotrexate 甲氨蝶呤thymosin 胸腺素vincristine(VCR) 长春新碱Agents Used for Metabolic Diseases 治疗代谢性疾病用药insulin 胰岛素propylthiouracil 丙基硫氧嘧啶Fluids for Infusion 静脉输液concentrated sodium chloride injection 浓氯化钠注射液5% glucose in normal saline (GNS) 5％葡萄糖盐水5% glucose solution (GS) 5％葡萄糖溶液Normal saline(NS) 生理盐水10% potassium chloride 10％氯化钾Ringer’s solution 林格溶液，复方氯化钠溶液5% sodium bicarbonate 5％碳酸氢钠28.75% sodium glutamate 28.75％谷氨酸钠11.2% sodium lactate 11.2％乳酸钠Biological Products 生物制品aprotinin 抑肽酶bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine 卡介苗cytochrome C 细胞色素C Gamma globulin 丙种球蛋白Hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶streptokinase(SK) 溶栓酶，链激酶tetanus antitoxin 破伤风抗霉素urokinase 尿激酶atropine 阿托品procaine 普鲁卡因sodium pentothal 硫喷妥钠lidocaine 利多卡因Amoxicillin阿莫西林,羟氨苄青霉素Albuterol沙丁胺醇levofloxacin左氧氟沙星Lansoprazole南索拉唑,兰索拉唑alprazolam阿普唑仑amitriptyline阿米替林Amlodipine氨氯地平,阿洛地平lorazepam劳拉西泮,氯羟去甲安定amphetamine安非他明,苯丙胺losartan氯沙坦meclizine氯苯甲嗪,美克洛嗪Atenolol阿替洛尔,氨酰心安atomoxetine阿托西汀atorvastatin阿伐他汀Metaxalone美他沙酮,methylphenidate哌醋甲酯,利地林mirtazapine米尔塔扎平（抗抑郁症）Bupropion丁氨苯丙酮Nifedipine硝苯地平,心痛定Citalopram西酞普兰,西他罗仑,olanzapine奥氮平,奥兰氮平olopatadine奥洛他定Omeprazole奥美拉唑,沃必唑clonazepam氯硝西泮,氯硝安定oxybutynin奥昔布宁（解痉药）Paroxetine帕罗西丁codeine可待因,甲基吗啡Phenytoin苯妥英diazepam安定diltiazem地尔硫卓promethazine普鲁本近,异丙嗪Divalproex双丙戊酸钠donepezil多奈哌齐Propranolol普萘洛尔,心得安,萘心安drospirenone屈螺酮quetiapine喹硫平escitalopram依他普仑rabeprazole雷贝拉唑esomeprazole艾美拉唑Risperidone利哌酮Sertraline舍曲林finasteride非那司提Fluoxetine百忧解,盐酸氟西汀sumatriptan舒马曲坦Temazepam羟基安定,3-羟基安定Topiramate托吡酯tramadol曲蚂多,祛痛,反式胺苯环醇trazodone曲唑酮,三唑酮venlafaxine文拉法辛<抗抑郁药> Zolpidem唑吡坦,佐尔吡啶anti-tuberculous drug: 抗结核药oral contraceptive; pill: 口服避孕药good medicine; a good remedy:良药laxative: 轻泻药antipyretic: 退热药for oral administration: 内服药specific medicine; specific: 特效药for external use: 外用药preventive medicine; prophylactic: 预防药sedative: 镇静药change dressings:换药decoct herbal medicine: 煎药fill a prescription: 配药have a prescription made up(filled):（患者）抓药medicinal materials; crude drugs: 药材medicinal herbs: 药草medicines and chemical reagents: 药品remedies: 药石liquid medicine; medicinal liquid: 药水lotion: 洗液pill: 药丸bolus: 大药丸herbal medicines in a prescription: 药味（中药方中的药）flavor of a drug: 药味（药的味道或气味）drug allergy: 药物过敏materia medica: 药物学drug poisoning: 药物中毒(medicinal)powder: 药粉ointment; salve: 药膏apply a plaster: 上药膏。
食品活性包装技术综述The Summary of active packaging technologies摘要：本文简单介绍了活性包装的概念，分类、阐述了目前一些不同形式的活性包装技术及其原理并对其应用与前景进行展望。
Abstract:This paper introduces the concept of active packaging, sorting, describing current number of different forms of active packaging technology and its principles and its application with the prospect.关键字：食品包装活性包装技术综述Keywords:active packaging technologies food packaging Summary一、活性包装概述传统的食品包装主要通过物理方式使被包装食品与外界相对隔绝而保持食品品质的,是一种静态的包装方式称为惰性包装。
但是随着食品加工、运输和贮存一体化技术的大规模发展，食品的流通扩展到世界各地，不仅需要食品维持较长的货架寿命,而且还要保持营养新鲜的品质，同时随着人们对身体健康的关注以及对食品质量要求的不断提高，又希望食品加工中尽量减少化学添加剂，因此这对从加工产地流通到销售市场的食品的安全和质量提出了新的挑战,在这种时代前提下具有特定功能的活性包装就应运而生。
活性包装最先出现的形式是在包装袋内加入各种气体吸收剂和释放剂，除去多余的CO2、乙烯及水蒸气，及时补充02，使包装袋内维持一种适合于具有生物活性的食品贮藏保鲜的适宜气体环境，从而在保持食品原有品质的同时,提高食品的安全性和感官特性,延长食品货架期的一种包装方法。
这种包装最先一般用于具有生命产品的包装，也称“维持生命包装”其包装特点是维持其产品所具有的生命，而不是单纯地保护其色、香、味，是一种动态的包装。
Separation of Vitamin E (tocopherol,tocotrienol, and tocomonoenol) in Palm OilMei Han Ng b, Yuen May Choo a,*, Ah Ngan Ma a,Cheng Hock Chuah b, and Mohd. Ali Hashim ca Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, and Departments ofb Chemistry andc Chemical Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCopyright © 2004 by AOCS Press1031Lipids, Vol. 39, no. 10 (2004)Sembilan, Malaysia. The Phytonutrient concentrate was ob-tained as the residue from vacuum distillation of CPO methyl esters. All solvents used were of analytical or chromato-graphic grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt,Germany) and J.T.Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). Solvents for chromatography were degassed before use. Tocopherol and tocotrienol standards were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA).Extraction of residual oil from palm pressed fiber . Palm pressed fiber obtained fresh from the palm oil mill was soaked overnight in absolute ethanol. The extract was then filtered to sep-arate the fiber from the solvents. The ethanol in the extract was distilled off, and the palm pressed fiber oil was dried in vacuo .HPLC .A Waters 600 Controller equipped with a Waters 996 PDA high-performance liquid chromatograph system (Milford, MA) was used. The column was a Develosil RP Aqueous 4.6 mm i.d. ×250 mm length purchased from Phe-nomenex (Torrance, CA). The mobile phase was 100%methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Samples were dis-solved in ethanol prior to injection. NMR spectra of samplesdissolved in CDCl 3(Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were recorded using a JEOL GSX270 spectrometer.Sample pretreatment . CPO (5 g) was dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol and centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm. The su-pernatant was separated from the sediment, the ethanol in the supernatant was distilled off, and the sample was redissolved in 5 mL of ethanol prior to injection into the high-perfor-mance liquid chromatograph. The same procedures were fol-lowed using 3 g of palm pressed fiber oil and 1 g of phytonu-trient concentrate.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONVitamin E isomers were separated from palm oil samples, and comparison with authentic standards showed that these com-pounds corresponded to δ-T 3, γ-T 3, α-T 3, and α-T. Figures 1–3 show the HPLC profiles of vitamin E in CPO, PFO, and the phytonutrient concentrate. An unknown compound was found to elute between α-T 3and α-T. Mass and NMR spectra confirmed this compound to be α-T 1.As shown in Scheme 1, α-T 1has the same chroman struc-ture as α-T and α-T 3. Thus, its major mass spectral data are typical of these tocols with the common tropylium ion of m/z 165. From the mass spectra (Fig. 4), the m/z of the molecular ion of α-T 1is 428: 2 mass units less than α-T (M += 430) and 4 mass units more than α-T 3(M += 424). An ion with m/z 69distinguished α-T 3and α-T 1from α-T. This ion arises from the fragmentation of the α-T 3isoprenoid side chain or termi-nal allenic side chain of α-T 1. The mass spectral data of α-T α-T 1, and α-T 3are depicted in Table 1.α-T 1 was distinguishable by means of MS, whereby its molecular mass and fragmentations showed it to be an αiso-mer of the tocols with a monounsaturated side chain. NMR spectra provided further confirmation of the identity of this compound.1032NG, M.H. ET AL.Lipids, Vol. 39, no. 10 (2004)SCHEME 1FIG. 1.HPLC profile of vitamin E in crude palm oil. Separation by De-velosil RP (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) aqueous column with 100%methanol. δ-T 3, δ-tocotrienol; γ-T 3, γ-tocotrienol; α-T 3, α-tocotrienol;α-T 1, α-tocomonoenol; α-T, α-tocopherol.SEPARATION OF VITAMIN E IN PALM OIL 1033Lipids, Vol. 39, no. 10 (2004)FIG. 2.HPLC profile of Vitamin E in the phytonutrient concentrate. Forconditions and abbreviations see Figure 1.FIG. 3.HPLC profile of vitamin E in palm fiber oil. For conditions and abbreviations see Figure 1.FIG. 4.Mass spectra of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, and α-tocomonoenol. Major mass spectral data are shown in Table 1.1034NG, M.H. ET AL.Lipids, Vol. 39, no. 10 (2004)total vitamin E present, which is even higher than the δ-T 3content in PFO. α-T 1has been shown to be present in hard-ened palm oil, although no data on its concentration are re-ported (15).Both the esterification/transesterification process of CPO and the vacuum distillation of CPO methyl esters permit the retention of most of the vitamin E except for α-T and γ-T 3.The relative content of α-T in the total vitamin E present dropped from 36% in CPO to 10% in the phytonutrient con-centrate. On the other hand, the content of γ-T 3 doubled from 31% in CPO to 60% in the phytonutrient concentrate.REFERENCES1.Goh, S.H., Choo, Y.M., and Ong, A.S.H. (1985) Minor Con-stituents of Palm Oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62, 237–240.2.Choo, Y.M., Yap, S.C., Ooi, C.K., Ma, A.N., Goh, S.H., and Ong, A.S.H. (1996) Recovered Oil from Palm-Pressed Fiber: A Good Source of Natural Carotenoids, Vitamin E and Sterols, J.Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73, 599–602.3.Qureshi, A.A., Mo, H.B., Packer, L.A., and Peterson, D.M.(2000) Isolation and Identification of Novel Tocotrienols from Rice Bran with Hypocholesterolemic, Antioxidant and Antitu-mor Properties, J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 3130–3140.4.Sundram, K., Khor, H.T., Ong, A.S.H., and Pathmanathan, R.(1989) Effect of Dietary Palm Oil on Mammary Carcinogenesis in Female Rats Induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene,Cancer Res. 49, 1447–1451.5.Yurttas, H.C., and Addis, P.B. (2001) Antioxidant Activity of Palm Tocotrienols in Meat Systems, in 2001 PORIM Interna-tional Conference , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.6.Goh, S.H., Hew, N.F., Norhanom, A.E., and. Yad ar, M.C.(1994) Inhibition of Tumour Growth Promotion by Various Palm Oil Tocotrienols, Int. J. Cancer 57, 529–531.7.Guthrie, N., Nesaretnam, K., Chambers, A.F., and Carroll, K.K.(1993) Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Tocotrienols,FASEB J . 7, A70.8.Nesaretnam, K., Kor, H.T., Ganesan, J., Chong, Y.H., Sundram,K., and Gapor. A. (1992) The Effect of Vitamin E Tocotrienols from Palm Oil on Chemically-Induced Mammary Carcinogene-sis in Female Rats, Nutr. Res. 12,63–75.9.Kato, A., Yamaoka, M., Tanaka, A., Komiyama, K., and Umezawqa, L. (1985) Physiological Effects of Tocotrienols,Abura Kagaku 34, 375–376.10.Komiyama, K., Izuka, K., and Yamaoka, M. (1989) Studies on Biological Activity of Tocotrienols, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37,1369–1371.11.Kamar, J.P., Sarma, H.D., Devasageyam, T.P.A., Nesaretnam,K., and Basiron, Y. (1997) Tocotrienols from Palm Olein as Ef-fective Inhibitors of Protein Oxidation and Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Liver Microsomes, Mol. Cell. Biochem.170, 131–138.12.Yamamoto, Y., Maita, N., Fujisawa, A., Takashira, J., Ishiii, Y.,and Dunlap, W.C. (1999) A New Vitamin E (α-tocomonoenol)from Eggs of the Pacific Salmon Oncorhynchus keta , J. Nat.Prod. 62, 1685–1687.13.Yamamoto, Y., Fujisawa, A., Hara, A., and Dunlap, W.C.(2001) An Unusual Vitamin E Constituent (α-tocomonoenol)Provides Enhanced Antioxidant Protection in Marine Organisms Adapted to Cold-Water Environments, Proc. Natl. Acad. A 98, 13144–13148.14.Matsumoto, A., Takahashi, S., Nakano, K., and Kijima, S.(1995) Identification of a New Vitamin E in a Plant Oil, J. Jpn.Oil Chem. Soc. 44, 593–597.15.Drotleff, A.M., and Ternes, W. (1999) Cis/trans Isomers of To-cotrienols—Occurrence and Bioavailability, Eur. Food Res.Technol. 210, 1–8.16.Tay, B.Y.P., and Choo, Y.M. (2000) Valuable Minor Con-stituents of Commercial Red Palm Olein: Carotenoids, Vitamin E, Ubiquinones and Sterols, J. Oil Palm Res. 12, 14–24.[Received May 12, 2004, and in revised form September 28, 2004;revision accepted October 3, 2004]SEPARATION OF VITAMIN E IN PALM OIL 1035Lipids, Vol. 39, no. 10 (2004)。
