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第52卷分析化学（FENXI HUAXUE）评述与进展第3期2024年3月Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry297~305DOI:10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231215评述与进展低聚果糖定量检测方法的研究进展柳玉蓉1,2李秀琴2陈智*1周霞*2张庆合*21（中国计量大学材料与化学学院，杭州310018）2（中国计量科学研究院化学计量与分析科学研究所，北京100029）摘要低聚果糖（Fructooligosaccharide，FOS）具有调节肠道菌群、降低血糖等多种生理功能，作为一种功能性低聚糖广泛应用于食品和营养领域，常作为营养强化剂添加到婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中。
近年来，用于植物和食品中FOS分离分析的技术得到了快速发展，然而FOS的结构和组成多样性对其准确定量检测提出了挑战。
建立FOS的准确定量检测方法对于提升FOS的质量、功效研究和相关食品质量的监管尤为必要。
本文综述了近年来FOS定量检测方法的研究进展，对当前FOS定量检测方法存在的问题和面临的挑战进行了分析，并展望了其未来的发展方向。
关键词低聚果糖；益生元；膳食纤维；定量检测；食品基质；一测多评；评述低聚果糖（Fructooligosaccharide，FOS）是由2~10个单糖通过糖苷键形成的直链或支链聚合糖，是一种功能性低聚糖，被归类为益生元和可溶性膳食纤维。
根据来源和糖单元之间连接键型，FOS主要分为三大类型：菊粉型、Levan型和混合型。
菊粉型FOS中果糖基之间为β（2→1）连接键，主要以菊粉为原料生产，菊粉经内切酶或外切酶酶解生成FOS，使用菊粉内切酶产生的FOS包括蔗果型FOS（GF n）和果果型FOS（FF n）[1]；使用菊粉外切酶产生的FOS只有GF n型。
另外，以蔗糖为底物，在果糖基转移酶作用下生产得到的FOS也为GF n型，GF n型的末端通过α（1→2）键连接D-吡喃葡萄糖单元[2]。
2024届广东省开平市忠源纪念中学高三下学期一模英语试卷一、阅读理解A city can become famous and experience a significant increase in visitors due to the influence of a well-liked film or a TV drama. For audiences, stepping into the scenes and experiencing the daily lives of the characters has become a new travel trend. Over the past year, several films and TV dramas have put their shooting locations into the public spotlight.Qingdao in Shandong provinceThe Wandering Earth 2, a sci-fi that explores digital life and space journey, showcases impressive sci-fi scenes.90 percent of the film was shot in different places of Qingdao city, including the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge-the world’s longest cross-sea bridge, and the TAG Art Museum. For sci-fi fans, visiting Qingdao to explore the movie’s filming locations has become a popular trend.Jiangmen in Guangdong provinceThe hit show The Knockout made Jiangmen an important tourism destination. As the hometown for many overseas Chinese, the city features historical cultural street scenes and South Asian-style architecture. The city has recorded more than 3.34 million trips in the past two months, which has generated over 3.4 billion yuan of tourism income, reflecting a notable rise of 124.3 percent compared to the same period the previous year.Ningbo Museum in Zhejiang provinceThe primary setting for the sci-fi TV drama Three-Body Problem, Ningbo Museum, has caught significant attention. The museum integrates regional cultural features, traditional architectural elements, and modern techniques. Following the TV show’s release, daily visitor numbers rocketed to 5,000, marking a remarkable 220 percent year-on-year increase.Taiyuan Ancient County in Shanxi provinceFull River Red, directed by Zhang Yimou, set the Taiyuan Ancient County on fire with excitement. The movie highlights the county’s complex and narrow streets. The county now draws over 40,000 tourists every day, a significant rise compared to the daily 20,000 previously. Notably, one-third of these tourists were from outside Shanxi province, according to local statistics.1．Which place best suits visitors who appreciate buildings of foreign style?A．Qingdao city.B．Jiangmen city.C．Ningbo Museum.D．Taiyuan Ancient County.2．What aspect of Taiyuan Ancient County does Full River Red emphasize?A．Its characteristic streets.B．Its disastrous fire.C．Its increasing population.D．Its economic growth.3．What do the four places have in common?A．Their income depends heavily on tourism.B．Their architecture integrates different cultures.C．They are famous for their historical landmarks.D．They become a hit through films or TV dramas.Growing up in a small village in Ghana, Osei Boateng watched many of his family members and neighbors struggle to access basic health care. In many regions of the country, it can take hours to get to the nearest hospital. “My grandmother was a very big part of my life,” said Boateng. “It was very hard when we lost her, and it was due to something that could have been easily prevented. That is the painful part of it.”Feeling an urgent call to help, Boateng decided he would make it his life’s mission to bring health care to remote communities in Ghana. He started his nonprofit, OKB Hope Foundation, and in 2021, he converted a van into a mobile doctor’s office called the Hope Health Van and started bringing health care directly to those in need. A few times a week, the mobile clinic and medical team travel long distances to remote communities in Ghana and provide routine medical care for free. On each trip, Boateng’s team consists of a nurse, a physician’s assistant, a doctor, and an operation assistant. In the van, they can run basic labs like bloodwork and urinalysis as well as prescribe and provide medications.Since its launch, Boateng says the Hope Health Van has served more than 4,000Ghanaians across more than 45 rural communities who otherwise don’t have easily accessible medical care.Boateng has big plans for the future. He hopes to expand to provide more consistent and high-quality medical care not only to those living in remote areas of Ghana but in other countries as well. He has gone all in on his OKB Hope Foundation, recently quitting his job to dedicate histime to bringing health care to his home country. But for him, the sacrifices are well worth the reward.4．Why is Boateng’s grandmother mentioned?A．To show his deep love.B．To highlight the poor health care.C．To call for equality.D．To blame the government.5．What cannot patients get in the van?A．Routine medical checks.B．Prescribed medicine.C．Minor operations.D．Mental therapy.6．What can best describe Boateng?A．Conservative and cautious.B．Selfless and risky.C．Caring and tolerant.D．Devoted and ambitious.7．What’s the best title for this passage?A．Hopeless health care in Ghana B．Nonprofit organizations booming in Ghana C．Doctor’s office on wheels D．Empowering medical schoolsIf you’re eating protein (蛋白质), you could be swallowing hundreds of tiny pieces of plastic each year, research finds.A new study by researchers with the nonprofit Ocean Conservancy and the University of Toronto found microplastics — tiny particles ranging from one micrometer to a half-centimeter in size — in nearly 90 percent of protein food samples tested.The researchers analyzed more than a dozen different types of common proteins that could wind up on the average American’s plate, including seafood, pork, beef, chicken, to fu and several plant-based meat alternatives. They estimated that an American adult could consume, on average, at least 11,000 microplastic pieces per year.The study’s findings provide further evidence of the availability of small plastic particles — which have been discovered everywhere from Antarctic snow to inside human bodies — and how they can end up in the food we eat and the water we drink.“While we still really don’t have any idea what the human health consequences of this are, if there are any at all, we need to take this seriously because this is a problem that’s not going away on its own, and it’s only going to get worse the more plastic we use and throwaway,”Leonard said. But Leonard and other experts cautioned against using the findings to draw final conclusions about how microplastics can dirty food and the amount of plastic that could be hiding in proteins.The study’s sample size was not big enough and the researchers noted that there was high variability in microplastic concentrations in the samples. The researchers also only counted microplastic particles that were larger than or equal in size to 45 micrometers. “It just highlights that we need to do more research,” said Bianca Datta, a food scientist not involved in the new research.8．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A．The nature of plastic particles.B．The researchers’ discovery.C．The variety of foods on a dining table.D．The conclusion of the research.9．What is Leonard’s attitude towards the findings?A．Cautious.B．Critical.C．Confident.D．Concerned. 10．What is the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph?A．To show the limitation of the research.B．To highlight the danger of microplastic concentrations.C．To appeal for environmental protection.D．To stress the urgency of the study.11．Which of the following would be the best title?A．Stay away from plastics B．Possible effects of food processingC．You may be eating plastics D．A poisoned food systemSchools need to give students all the tools they need to navigate the world when they graduate. Besides teaching the basics of reading, writing, and arithmatic, teaching about mindfullness, and mental health are important life skills for young people to have. The state of Florida agrees.Now, public schools in Florida have been required to teach five or more hours about mental health for students in grades 6-12. This new directive was approved by the Florida Board of Education in July and is being carried out as a potential lifesaver.The new curriculum requires students to learn about the symptoms of mental illness andwhere to find help if they are feeling depressed or have other issues and even teaches the adolescents how to help their friends and classmates if they see them struggling.“We know that 50 percent of all mental illness cases begin by age 14, so we are being active in our commitment to provide our kids with the necessary tools to see them through their successes and challenges. Providing mental health instruction is another important step forward in supporting our families,” Education Commissioner Richard Corcoran said.Florida is the third state, following New York and Virginia in 2020, to pass laws that require mental health education in schools. According to CNN, the New York law updated the health curriculum to include mental health for elementary, middle and high school students. The Virginia law required that mental health education be provided for 9th and 10th graders.These three states in the US are taking bold steps to help youth deal with the intricacy of life as they grow from adolescents into adults. It is a confusing world they face and giving them the tools to navigate it safely is essential. Mental health is something that should be taught in schools in all the US and across the globe.12．What can the new curriculum bring students?A．Basic professional skills.B．The ability to use language.C．Emotional management skills.D．Diagnosis of physical diseases.13．What does Richard Corcoran intend to stress in paragraph 4?A．The effect of mental illness cases.B．The content of the health curriculum.C．The step of mental health instruction.D．The importance of mental health education.14．What does the underlined word “intricacy” mean in paragraph 6?A．Complexity.B．Purpose.C．Contribution.D．Significance. 15．Where is the text probably taken from?A．A technology report.B．A natural science magazine.C．An educational website.D．A government document.How to Plan the Graduation TripGraduation is around the corner, and so is the trip of your lifetime. There are many amazingreasons to plan your perfect graduation trip. You may want a break from school. 16 . Or you may want some quality time away from your regular schedule with your friends. Whatever the reason, taking a graduation trip is a great boost for you before you leave your home and head to the big world. Here are some expert tips for planning the trip of your life.17Before you start your research on your trip, it will be a good idea to set your budget. You have to estimate the cost of flights, accommodations, food, taxi rides, gifts, and so on.Adding a 10％buffer (缓冲) to each line item won’t harm you in any way if you end up spending a little more. 18 .Research destinationsOnce you have set your budget, start to explore various destinations within your budget.19 . You might need to explore a place in-depth, go to a place with lots of sports and activities, or a place where you want to relax while enjoying it. Please read the reviews of the travelers who have enjoyed the destination trip and find out about their attractions, dining, and sights.Get your documents readyDon’t wait until the last moment to have your documents in order. Take enough time to work on all your proper forms and documents beforehand. 20A．Create your budgetB．Try your best to save moneyC．Check out what kind of destinations would suit youD．You may want to celebrate all the hard work in a fun wayE．It’s always important to check the reviews before you go somewhereF．Also, it would be an excellent idea if you set aside some money for emergenciesG．Also, check if the paperwork needs to be done while entering your chosen destination二、完形填空Kwane Stewart, a devoted vet (兽医) in San Diego, had reached a point of burnout in his career. The animal 21 where he worked was full of abandoned pets as people 22 to deal with the ongoing economic decline. In those days, animals would be euthanized (安乐死) ifthey weren’t 23 in seven days. The cruel reality deeply troubled Stewart, even leading him to consider 24 his profession.One fateful day, outside a convenience store, he 25 a homeless man with a dog suffering from a visible skin issue. The man, 26 for a solution, shared his dog’s suffering. Stewart examined the dog and then 27 some medicine to him. In tears, the man thanked Stewart, saying “Thank you for not 28 me”. The very words served as a wakeup call to Steward and inspired his next 29 .Stewart began working as a street vet during his free time, determined to 30 on his own. Over a nine-year period, he provided 31 medical care for over 1,000 homeless people and their pets and in 2020, he created a nonprofit organization Project Street Vet.For Stewart, the most rewarding aspect of his work lies in the one-on-one 32 with the homeless. By 33 helping their cherished companion, Stewart helps 34 their faith in humanity. Their gratitude fuels him to continue his mission, offering 35 to those facing awful circumstances.21．A．shop B．shelter C．lab D．farm 22．A．struggled B．managed C．intended D．hesitated 23．A．trained B．examined C．adopted D．selected 24．A．assessing B．advancing C．delaying D．quitting 25．A．mentioned B．interviewed C．recognized D．encountered 26．A．regretful B．desperate C．grateful D．responsible 27．A．delivered B．sold C．offered D．returned 28．A．ignoring B．hurting C．blaming D．bothering 29．A．game B．chapter C．firm D．research 30．A．have a try B．keep a balance C．make a difference D．set an example 31．A．free B．safe C．expensive D．private 32．A．decisions B．connections C．discussions D．competitions 33．A．slightly B．hardly C．simply D．generally 34．A．celebrate B．follow C．test D．restore 35．A．hope B．freedom C．pride D．respect三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
复生康复生康是一种以天然植物为原料研制的保健品。
它主要由蔓越莓、绿茶提取物、大豆深层发酵提取物等组成，具有多种益处，例如提高免疫力、抗氧化、抗炎症等。
下面，我将从复生康的原料、功效和使用方法等方面进行详细介绍。
复生康的原料中，蔓越莓是其中的重要成分之一。
蔓越莓被公认为非常营养丰富的小红果，它富含维生素C、维生素E、多酚类化合物等，具有极强的抗氧化作用，可以清除体内的自由基，减缓细胞老化，增强免疫力。
同时，蔓越莓还含有一种叫做酸橙酸的物质，它可以有效预防尿路感染，改善膀胱健康。
除了蔓越莓，复生康中还含有绿茶提取物。
绿茶是一种富含多种生物活性物质的茶叶，其中最具代表性的就是儿茶素。
儿茶素是一种有效的自由基清除剂，能够中和体内的有害氧化物质，增强细胞的抗氧化能力。
此外，绿茶还富含维生素C、维生素E、维生素B群等，具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗疲劳等功效。
大豆深层发酵提取物也是复生康的重要成分之一。
大豆是一种优质蛋白质的来源，其中富含大豆异黄酮、大豆卵磷脂等活性物质。
大豆异黄酮具有抗氧化和激素调节作用，可以改善皮肤粗糙、疲劳等问题。
而大豆卵磷脂则可以调节胆固醇代谢，降低血脂，预防心血管疾病。
综合来看，复生康具有多种保健功效。
首先，它可以提高免疫力，增强身体抵抗力。
现代生活中，人们常常处于高强度的工作和生活压力下，免疫功能下降是常见问题。
而复生康中的原料成分可以增强免疫细胞的活力，提高身体的自我防御能力，降低患病风险。
其次，复生康还具有抗氧化的作用。
人体内产生的自由基是导致多种疾病的重要原因之一，包括癌症、心脑血管疾病等。
而复生康中的蔓越莓、绿茶提取物和大豆深层发酵提取物都具有抗氧化功能，可以清除体内的自由基，减少氧化损伤，维护健康。
此外，复生康还能够抗炎症。
炎症是许多疾病的基础，例如关节炎、肠胃炎等。
复生康中的蔓越莓和绿茶提取物都具有抗炎症作用，可以有效缓解炎症反应，改善相关疾病的症状。
在使用方法上，复生康一般以胶囊的形式供应。
2玉米花粉3松花粉4向日葵花粉5紫云英花粉6荞麦花粉7芝麻花粉8高梁花粉9魔芋10钝顶螺旋藻11极大螺旋藻12刺梨13玫瑰茄14蚕蛹15嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus 16低聚木糖Xylo-oligosaccharide 17透明质酸钠Sodium Hyaluronate18叶黄素酯Lutein Esters19L-阿拉伯糖L-Arabinose20短梗五加Acanthopanax sessiliflorus 21库拉索芦荟凝胶Aloe Vera Gel22低聚半乳糖Galacto-Oligosaccharides 23副干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus paracasei24嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus 25鼠李糖乳杆菌Lactobacillus rhamnosus26水解蛋黄粉Bonepep27异麦芽酮糖醇Isomaltitol28植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus Plantarum 29植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus Plantarum30植物甾烷醇酯Plant stanol ester31珠肽粉Globin Peptide32菊粉Inulin33多聚果糖Polyfructose34γ-氨基丁酸Gamma aminobutyric acid35初乳碱性蛋白Colostrum Basic Protein36共轭亚油酸Conjugated Linoleic Acid37共轭亚油酸甘油酯Conjugated Linoleic Acid Glycerides38植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum39杜仲籽油Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Seed Oil 40茶叶籽油Tea Camellia Seed Oil41盐藻及提取物Dunaliella Salina （extract）42鱼油及提取物Fish Oil （extract）43甘油二酯油Diacylglycerol Oil44地龙蛋白Earthworm Protein45乳矿物盐Milk Minerals46牛奶碱性蛋白Milk Basic Protein47DHA藻油DHA Algal Oil48棉籽低聚糖Raffino-oligosaccharide49植物甾醇Plant sterol ester50植物甾醇酯Plant sterol51花生四烯酸油脂Arochidonic Acid Oil52白子菜Gynura divaricata(L.)DC53御米油Poppyseed oil54玫瑰花Rose rugosa cv. Plena55凉粉草Mesona chinensis Benth56夏枯草Prunella vulgaris L.57布渣叶Microcos paniculata L.58鸡蛋花Plumeria rubra L.cv.Acutifolia 59金花茶Camellia chrysantha(Hu) Tuyama 60显脉旋覆花(小黑药)Inula nervosa wall.ex DC.61诺丽果浆Noni Puree62酵母β-葡聚糖Yeast β-glucan63雪莲培养物Tissue culture of Saussurea involucrata 64蔗糖聚酯Sucrose Ployesters65玉米低聚肽粉Corn oligopeptides powder66磷脂酰丝氨酸Phosphatidylserine67雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis68表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯Epigallocatechin Gallate(EGCG)69水苏糖70费氏丙酸杆菌谢氏亚种71翅果油Elaeagnus Mollis Diels Oil72β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙Calcium β- hydroxy -β- methyl butyrate（CaHMB）73乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种74乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种75乳酸乳球菌双乙酰亚种76元宝枫籽油Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Oil 77牡丹籽油Peony Seed Oil78玛咖粉Lepidium meyenii Walp79蚌肉多糖Hyriopsis cumingii polysacchride80肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种Leuconostoc.mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides81平卧菊三七Gynura Procumbens (Lour.)Merr82大麦苗Barley Leaves83中长链脂肪酸食用油Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol oil 84小麦低聚肽Wheat oligopeptides85抗性糊精Resistant Dextrin86菊芋87人参（人工种植）Panax Ginseng C.A.Meyer88蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidesa89乌药叶Linderae aggregate leaf90辣木叶Moringa oleifera leaf91蔗糖聚酯Sucrose Ployesters92梨果仙人掌Opuntia ficus-indica(Linn.)Mill93茶树花Tea blossom94盐地碱蓬籽油Suaeda salsa seed Oil95美藤果油Sacha Inchi Oil96盐肤木果油Sumac Fruit Oil97广东虫草子实体Cordyceps guangdongensis98阿萨伊果99茶藨子叶状层菌发酵菌丝体100裸藻Euglena gracilis1011,6-二磷酸果糖三钠盐D-Fructose 1,6-diphosphate trisodium salt 102丹凤牡丹花103狭基线纹香茶菜Isodon lophanthoides(Buchanan-Hamilton ex D.Don)H.Hara var.gerardianus(Bentham)H.Hara104长柄扁桃油Amygdalus pedunculata Oil 105光皮梾木果油Swida wilsoniana Oil 106青钱柳叶107低聚甘露糖Mannan oligosaccharide(MOS) 108显齿蛇葡萄叶109磷虾油Krill Oil110马克斯克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus111壳寡糖Chitosan Oligosaccharide112水飞蓟籽油Silybum marianum Seed oil113柳叶蜡梅Chmonathus salicifolius S.Y.H 114杜仲雄花Male flower of Eucommia ulmoides 115乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici116戊糖片球菌Pediococcus pentosaceus117塔格糖Tagatose118奇亚籽Chia seed119圆苞车前子壳Psyllium seed husk120罗伊氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus reuteri121蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris122植物甾烷醇酯Plant stanol ester123线叶金雀花124茶叶茶氨酸Theanine125海藻糖126番茄籽油Tomato Seed Oil127枇杷叶Eriobotrya japonica （Thunb.）Lindl. 128阿拉伯半乳聚糖Arabinogalactan129湖北海棠（茶海棠）叶Malus hupehensis(Pamp.)Rehd. leaf130竹叶黄酮Bamboo leaf flavone131燕麦β-葡聚糖Oat β-glucan132清酒乳杆菌Lactobacillus sakei133产丙酸丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium acidipropionici 134低聚木糖Xylo-oligosaccharide135小牛葡萄球菌Staphylococcus vitulinus136木糖葡萄球菌Staphylococcus xylosus137肉葡萄球菌Staphylococcus carnosus138发酵乳杆菌CECT5716Lactobacillus fermentum139短双歧杆菌M-16V Bifidobacterium breve140凝结芽孢杆菌Bacillus coagulans141乳木果油Shea butter (Sheanut oil, Shea oil) 142(3R,3'R)-二羟基-β-胡萝卜素Zeaxanthin143宝乐果粉Borojo powder144N-乙酰神经氨酸Sialic acid145顺-15-二十四碳烯酸Cis-15-Tetracosenoic Acid 146西兰花种子水提物Aqueous Extract of Seed of Broccoli 147米糠脂肪烷醇Rice bran fatty alcohol148γ-亚麻酸油脂（来源于刺孢小克银汉霉）Gamma-linolenic Acid Oil149β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙Calcium β- hydroxy -β- methyl butyrate（CaHMB）150木姜叶柯Lithocarpus litseifolius folium151黑果腺肋花楸果Black chokeberry152球状念珠藻（葛仙米）Nostoc sphaeroides153弯曲乳杆菌Lactobacillus curvatus 154明日叶Ashitaba stem and leaf 155枇杷花Loquat flower156瑞士乳杆菌 R0052Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 157婴儿双歧杆菌 R0033Bifidobacterium infantis R0033 158两歧双歧杆菌 R0071Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071159赶黄草Penthorum chinense Pursh 160蝉花子实体（人工培植）161透明质酸钠Sodium Hyaluronate162马乳酒样乳杆菌马乳酒样亚种Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens subsp.Kefiranofaciens163β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖β-1,3-/α-1,3-glucan164二氢槲皮素Dihydroquercetin165拟微球藻Nannochloropsis gaditana 166鼠李糖乳杆菌MP108Lactobacillus rhamnosus MP108167食叶草Rumexpatientia L. ×Rumextianshanicus A.Los168关山樱花Kanzan flower169吡咯并喹啉醌二钠盐Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium（PQQ）salt卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2004年第17号卫生部公告2008年第12号乳制品、保健食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品卫生部公告2008年第12号各类食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品≤1.2克/天卫生部公告2008年第12号保健食品原料≤200 毫克/天卫生部公告2008年第12号焙烤食品、乳制品、饮料、即食谷物、冷冻饮品、调味品和糖果，但不包括婴幼儿食品≤12 毫克/天卫生部公告2008年第12号各类食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品卫生部公告2008年第12号饮料类、酒类≤4.5克/天卫生部公告2008年第12号各类食品≤30克/天卫生部公告2008年第20号婴幼儿食品、乳制品、饮料、焙烤食品、糖果≤15克/天卫生部公告2008年第20号乳制品、保健食品、饮料、饼干、糖果、冰淇淋，但不包括婴幼儿食品卫生部公告2008年第20号保健食品原料卫生部公告2008年第20号保健食品原料卫生部公告2008年第20号乳制品、冷冻饮品、豆类制品、可可制品，巧克力及其制品（包括类巧克力和代巧克力）以及糖果、焙烤食品、饮料类、果冻、油炸食品、膨化食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品≤1克/天卫生部公告2008年第20号各类食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品≤100克/天卫生部公告2008年第20号乳制品、保健食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品卫生部公告2008年第20号饮料类、冷冻饮品、保健食品卫生部公告2008年第20号植物油、植物黄油、人造黄油、乳制品、植物蛋白饮料、调味品、沙拉酱、蛋黄酱、果汁、通心粉、面条和速食麦片＜5克/天卫生部公告2008年第20号保健食品原料≤3克/天2009年 第5号各类食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品≤15克/天2009年 第5号儿童奶粉、孕产妇奶粉≤8.4克/天2009年 第12号饮料、可可制品、巧克力和巧克力制品、糖果、焙烤食品、膨化食品，但不包括婴幼儿食品。
![一种养肝护肝营养饼干[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/a7b0c3cf0722192e4436f695.png)
专利名称：一种养肝护肝营养饼干
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：张娜,其他发明人请求不公开姓名申请号：CN201510755222.9
申请日：20151109
公开号：CN106665741A
公开日：
20170517
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明公开了一种养肝护肝营养饼干。
所述的营养饼干，由以下质量份原料制成：杜仲雄花花粉0.5~1.5份、桑叶粉5~15份、车前草粉2~4份、枸杞粉1~3份、麦麸1~5份和优质中、低筋小麦面粉71.5~90.5份。
本发明制备的营养饼干营养价值高，其中含有的活性成分协作互补，不仅具有营养价值以及养肝护肝的保健功能，同时携带方便。
申请人：重庆都好生物科技有限公司
地址：401160 重庆市江津区几江镇五福街
国籍：CN
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
专利名称：一种生物肽营养食品专利类型：发明专利
发明人：严兆海
申请号：CN201811539402.3申请日：20181217
公开号：CN109275915A
公开日：
20190129
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明公开了一种生物肽营养食品，包括以下质量分数的原料：核桃肽22‑30%，白蛋白肽4‑7%，葡萄糖酸锌0.01‑0.03%，全脂乳粉6‑9%，麦精50‑55%，低聚果糖10‑12%，甜菊糖
0.1‑0.3%；所述核桃肽和白蛋白肽采用酶解法获得。
本发明以麦精为主要原料，添加多种辅料及生物肽制备了营养丰富的食品，其中生物肽的添加能够增强人体抵抗力，延缓衰老，本发明所用生物肽通过酶解制得，制备过程简单，含量高，杂质少，口感好，具有增强记忆力的作用,适合所有人群食用。
申请人：深圳馋嘴猫美食网络科技有限公司
地址：518000 广东省深圳市罗湖区笋岗街道笋岗东路12号中民时代广场A座2102室
国籍：CN
代理机构：济南泉城专利商标事务所
代理人：张贵宾
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
黑蒜成分一、黑蒜主要三种成分：1、艾乔恩（日语アホエン、西班牙语aj oene）、艾乔恩具有极强的抗血栓、分解脂肪、抑制胆固醇生成、提高大脑活性化以及预防多种慢性病等功效，也是黑蒜的独有成分。
2、多酚类物质（日语ポリフェノール）多酚类物质具有超强的抗氧化能力，能延缓衰老，增强免疫力。
黑蒜的多酚类物质在所有食品中仅次于巧克力，名列第二。
3、游离氨基酸游离氨基酸更易于为人体吸收，S-烯丙基半胱氨酸(S-アリルシステイン)成分还具有预防心肌梗塞、脑梗塞和动脉硬化的功效。
二、黑蒜成分表：黑蒜每100g中含水分;53.6g、热量;1100KJ、糖份;41.4g、蛋白质;10.4g、脂肪;5.1g、钙;13mg、镁;52mg、铁;2.1mg、钠;36mg、钾;930mg、锌;1.4mg,维他命-B6;10.726mg、维他命-B2;0.126mg、烟碱酸;10.048mg等。
每100g黑蒜中所含胺基酸功能及含量窗体位：毫克（mg）/100g 缬胺酸 Valine（人体能源）：720 mg色胺酸Try ptoph an（促进人体成长发育）：40 mg组胺酸 Histid ine （红,白血球形成材料）：220 mg酪胺酸 Tyrosi ne（镇静、抗过敏、乌发）：410 mg丙胺酸 Alanin e （结合组织的主要材料）：500 mg丝胺酸 Serine（促进神经功能及免疫）：330 mg赖胺酸 Lysine（改善睡眠、提高免疫力）：380 mg甘胺酸 Glycin（促进消化吸收增强营养）：390 mg脯胺酸 Prolin e（胶原组、促进皮肤代谢）：220 mg苏胺酸 Threon ine（消除疲参、恢复人体机能）：260 mg胱胺酸 Cystin e （促进细胞增生、排毒养颜）：220 mg谷胺酸 Glutam ic acid（促进脑新陈代谢、改进大脑机能）： 1,700mg精胺酸 Argini ne （抗癌、解毒、促进伤口愈合）： 1,360mg亮胺酸 Leucin e （调节神经系统及糖尿病的治疗）：510 mg蛋胺酸 Methio nine（促进肝、肾功能, 增强人体机能代谢）：80 mg异亮胺酸 Isoleu cine（促进胰岛素分泌、调节血糖）：280 mg苯丙胺酸 Phenyl alani ne （抑制癌瘤生长、降低肿瘤药物毒副作用）：370 mg 天门冬胺酸Aspart ic acid （消除疲劳、增强心脏及肝功能）： 1,080mg每100g黑蒜中所含无机物6项含量表钾682.5 mg/100g 原子吸光光度法镁42.5 mg/100g 原子吸光光度法钙19 mg/100g 原子吸光光度法铁20.9 mg/100g 原子吸光光度法锌0.8 mg/100g 原子吸光光度法检验条件：除去皮检验每100g黑蒜中所含营养素, 维他命-B群含量表及检验方法热量 1109KJ/100g （注1）水分36.5g/100g （减压加温干燥法）蛋白质10.4g/100g脂质5.1g/100g （酸分解法）糖质41.4g/100g （注2）食物纤维1.26g/100g灰分2.35g/100g （直接灰化法）钠53.92mg/100g （原子吸光光度法）维他命-B2 0.126mg/100g维他命B610.726mg/100g烟碱酸 14.048mg/100g检验方法：根据营养成分的分析方法检验条件：除去皮检验十八种胺基酸对人体的作用：A、异亮胺酸（ILE）：能维持人体平衡, 治疗精神障碍。
美企推出柑橘类黄酮系列新原料
佚名
【期刊名称】《食品安全导刊》
【年(卷),期】2017(0)12X
【摘要】食品商务网讯美国加州的原料供应商Ingredients by Nature公司日前推出一系列柑橘生物类黄酮新原料,将在新品牌下销售.公司表示,新原料有粉末和颗粒两种剂型,均为浓缩产品,可提供广泛的生物类黄酮益处.据该公司表示,新品是多种柑橘属水果的混合提取物,包括橙子、柠檬、酸橙、桔子和葡萄柚等.每一种水果都具有其独特的生物类黄酮组合,并具有多种应用.这种混合生物类黄酮也具有液体形式,可作为天然的防腐剂使用,还可作为食品和饮料的理想配方原料.
【总页数】1页(P4-4)
【关键词】生物类黄酮;新原料;柑橘属;原料供应商;美国加州;浓缩产品;配方原料;提取物
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS262.6
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Feruloylated Oligosaccharides from Maize Bran Modulated the Gut Microbiota in RatsJuan-ying Ou1&Jun-qing Huang2&Yuan Song2&Sheng-wen Yao3&Xi-chun Peng3&Ming-fu Wang1,3&Shi-yi Ou3#Springer Science+Business Media New York2016Abstract Corn bran is a byproduct produced from corn milling;it is rich in ferulic acid and hemicellulose.In this research,the effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs)from maize bran on the microbial diversity and profiles in rat feces were investigated through16S rRNA sequencing.FOs significantly increased bacterial richness and diversity compared with the control and xylooligosaccharides(XOS)alone.In comparison with the control group and the group administrated with XOS,FOs orally administered at300mg/kg increased OTU in feces by57.0and24.8%,and Chao value by 93.4and37.6%,respectively.FOs also influenced obesity-and diabetes-associated bacteria.Oral administra-tion of FOs at300mg/kg decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes from477.7:1to55.1:1;great-ly increased the reads of bacteria that were previously found resistant against diabetes in rats,such as Actinobacteria,Bacteroides,and Lactobacillus;whereas decreased diabetes-prone bacteria,such as Clostridium and Firmicutes.Keywords Feruloylated oligosaccharide.Microbiota. Obesity.DiabetesAbbreviationsACE Abundance-based coverage estimatorChao Chao estimatorFA Ferulic acidFOs Feruloylated oligosaccharidesOTU Operational taxonomic unitsXOS XylooligosaccharidesIntroductionThe human gut is the natural habitat for large and dynamic bacterial communities;gut microflora primarily salvage ener-gy and absorbable nutrients,exert trophic effects on intestinal epithelia and on immune structure and function,and protect the colonized host against invasion by alien microbes[1].Gut microflora are also associated with certain pathological disor-ders,such as colon cancer,inflammatory bowel diseases,or even obesity,diabetes,and hepatic encephalopathy[2,3].Functional oligosaccharides promote normal flora prolifer-ation and pathogen suppression in the gastrointestinal tract, and show protection against hypercholesterolaemia, hyperglycaemia and intestinal disorders[4].Feruloylated oli-gosaccharides(FOs)are a kind of functional foods derived from arabinoxylans;in which,ferulic acid(FA)is esterified to L-arabinofuranosyl side chain of oligosaccharides,and pos-sess the physiological functions of both FA and oligosaccha-rides[5,6].Different from pure oligosaccharides,FOs still release FA after fermentation by gut microorganisms[7],which exhibits antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms[8].TheJuanying Ou and Junqing Huang contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11130-016-0547-4)contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.*Shi-yi Outosy@1Food and Nutritional Science Program,School of Biological Sciences,The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,China2Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine,Medical College of Jinan University,Guangzhou510632,China3Department of Food Science and Engineering,Jinan University, Guangzhou,Guangdong510632,ChinaFA released in the colon can be absorbed in the body,where it exerts various physiological functions as free FA,including anticarcinogenic effect in the colon[9–11].Similar to oligo-saccharides,FOs can selectively stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli in in vitro studies[12]. They also increase the growth of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in cow fecal cultures[2,13].Whether and how these FOs influence the growth of gut microbiota in vivo are unknown.In this research,we aimed to investigate the effect of FOs prepared from maize bran(with highest content of FA among lignocellulosic materials)on the profiles of stool microbiota in rats using xylooligosaccharides (XOS)without bound FA as a control,which is derived from xylan and has been proven with beneficial effect on gut health [14].Materials and MethodsMaterials FA was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Company (St.Louis,MO,USA).Xylose,arabinose,galactose,glucose, mannose,and fucose were purchased from Aladdin Reagents Database Inc.(Shanghai,China),XOS(92%)from Shandong Longlive Bio-Technology Co.,Ltd.(Dezhou,Shandong Province,China),with xylobiose,xylotriose,and xylotetranose content36.3,31.8and27.9g/100g,respectively.FOs were prepared in accordance with our previous method [15].The separated FOs used for animal test had an average polymerization degree of4.5and moisture content3.7%,which contained two feruloylated oligosaccharides(feruloylated arabinose and5-O-FA-α-L-arabinose-1,3-xylose),with the content of bound FA,free FA,xylose,arabinose,and galactose at46.8,2.4,564.3,284.6,and129mg/g,respectively. Animal Groups and Experimental Design Sprague–Dawley male rats weighing160–170g were obtained from the Experimental Animal Center of Guangdong Province (Guangzhou,China).The animals with three rats per cage were acclimatized for seven days in an environmentally controlled room maintained at21±2°C with a12h light–dark cycle.The animals were divided into five groups(n=9).Group1received normal feed.Groups2,3,4,and5received normal feed and intragastrically administrated with300mg/kg body weight (bw)/day(d)XOS,300mg/kg bw/d XOS+12mg/kg bw/d FA,300mg/kg bw/d FOs,and600mg/kg bw/d FOs,respec-tively.Five weeks later,fresh feces were collected and stored at -80°C until analysis.Fecal Bacterial DNA Extraction,16S rRNA Gene PCR Amplification and Sequencing The fecal bacterial DNA of each sample was extracted using TIAN amp Stool DNA kit (Tiangen,Beijing,China)in accordance with the manufac-turer’s instructions.The V4hypervariable domain of16S rRNA gene were PCR amplified from microbial genome DNA which were harvested from fecal samples;the primers forward S-D-Bact-0564-a-S-15(5’-AYTGGGYDTAAA GNG-3’)and reverse S-D-Bact-0785-b-A-18(5’-TACNVG GGTATCTAATCC-3’)were designed according to Klindworth et al.[16].PCR reactions contained5–100ng of DNA template,1×GoTaq Green Master Mix(Promega, Madison,WI,USA),1mM MgCl2,and2pmol each primer. The following thermal cycling conditions were used:initial denaturation at94°C for3min;35cycles at94°C for45s, 50°C for60s,and72°C for90s;and a final extension at 72°C for10min.Amplicons were purified using the Qiaquick 96kit(Qiagen,Hilden,Germany)and quantified using PicoGreen dsDNA reagent(Invitrogen,Grand Island,NY, USA)in accordance with the manufacturers’instructions. Purified libraries were sequenced on the Illumina GAIIx plat-form from KangChen Bio-Tech(Shanghai,China).The bacterial sequence reads were compared to a refer-ence database of known16S rRNA genes obtained from the Ribosomal Database Project(RDP).The bacterial se-quences were assigned taxonomically on the basis of the RDP classifiers.Rarefaction curves,Shannon indices,and Chao nonparametric richness estimators were determined using the mothur package[17].The microbial community structures in different samples were compared using Fast-UniFrac on the basis of the phylogenetic relationships be-tween representative reads(OTUs)from different samples [17].Determination of FA,Reducing Sugars,Total Sugars, Monosaccharide Composition and Feruloylated Oligosaccharides in FOs Bound FA was determined using HPLC as we previously described[15,18].Reducing sugars were determined using DNS method,and total sugars were determined using DNS method after the FOs were acid-hydrolyzed by1M H2SO4at100°C for3h according to the method used by van den Borne et al.[19]. Monosaccharides in FOs were determined by gas chromatog-raphy–mass spectrometry(GC–MS)according to Sun et al.[20].The species of feruloylated oligosaccharides were deter-mined according to Yao et al.[15].Results and DiscussionBody Weight and Growth No differences for growth feature between the treatments were observed.Feeding XOS and FOs did not significantly change the body weight of rats compared with the control at early days(Fig.S1).However,the body weight of the group fed with FOs at a dose of300mg/kg was lower than the other treatments after day12,and the body weight of the group fed with XOS was higher than the other treatments after day17(Fig.S1).Plant Foods Hum NutrMicrobial Diversity in Rat Feces after five Weeks of Oral FOs Administration In the alpha diversity analysis,Chao and OTUs are two important parameters to estimate the rich-ness and the total number of species in ecology[17].Table1 lists the diversity indices for feces microbiota.OTU results indicated that FOs administration significantly influenced the feces microbiota in rats.Chao,ACE,Shannon,and Simpson diversity indices were calculated to estimate the number of unobserved species in the different treatments (Table1).Chao was highly correlated with but much lower than ACE in all treatments(Table1).Compared with XOS alone,FOs or XOS combined with FA increased bacterial richness(Chao value)in rat feces.Similarly,Shannon estima-tor of bacterial diversity were higher and Simpson estimator was lower in the FOs or XOS+FA treatment than in the XOS treatment alone,further confirmed that feeding rats with FOs increased bacterial diversity in the gut of rats.XOS showed superior prebiotic activity to fructooligosac-charides and other oligosaccharides[14].The results in this research indicated that feruloylated oligosaccharides showed even higher prebiotic activity than XOS,indicating their pre-biotic potential.FOs Altered Microbiota Profiles in Rat Feces Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes,Proteobacteria,and Actinobacteria are the dominant bacteria detected in rat feces(Table2).Feeding rats with FOs significantly increased Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria,and Actinobacteria but slightly decreased Firmicutes;however,feeding rats with higher FOs doses sig-nificantly decreased Actinobacteria compared with feeding rats with lower FOs doses(Table2).The growth stimulatory effect of FOs or XOS combined with FA for Bacteroidetes was much higher than that of XOS alone,but a converse effect was observed for Proteobacteria(Table2).Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria,Deferribacteres,Planctomycetes, Tenericutes,and Verrucomicrobia were also identified as mi-nor bacterial groups in rat feces(Table2).In the Firmicutes, the dominant genera were Lactobacillus and Clostridia (Table3).FOs significantly increased Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus but significantly decreased Clostridia in rat feces(Table3).Compared with the control,feeding rats with FOs at level of300and600mg/kg increased Lactobacillus by 53.5and87.2%,but decreased Clostridia by40.1and66.4%, respectively.FOs also influenced the number of reads for Enterococcus and Streptococcus but only slightly affectedTable1OTU and different estimator parameters for alpha diversity in the feces of rats after oral administration of FOs for five weeksOTU a Chao ACE Shannon SimpsonControl879±24a b1889±113a3413±33a 1.23±0.08a0.45±0.02c XOS b1106±50b2654±167b3923±135b 2.08±0.13b0.24±0.01a XOS+FA1279±115b3496±133c4484±210e 2.41±0.02c0.26±0.05a FOs(300mg/kg)1380±22c3653±90c5508±81c 2.49±0.05c0.25±0.02a FOs(600mg/kg)1387±11c3645±154c6484±266d 2.41±0.07c0.27±0.02ba ACE abundance-based coverage estimator,Chao Chao estimator,FA ferulic acid,FOs feruloylated oligosaccharides,OTU operational taxonomic units,XOS xylooligosaccharidesb Values(means±SD,n=9)with different letters within a column are significantly different at the5%levelTable2Number of reads assigned to each phylum level identified in the feces of ratsControl XOS a XOS+FA FOs(300mg/kg)FOs(600mg/kg)Acidobacteria2±0a b6±2c3±1b10±3d7±3cd Actinobacteria244±38a949±66c1003±99c1321±176d370±13b Bacteroidetes201±14a431±2b1224±139c1579±133d1685±136e Cyanobacteria1±1a2±1a7±4b2±1a1±1a Deferribacteres2±1a8±2c8±2c5±1b3±1a Firmicutes(×104)9.60±0.21c8.51±0.44a8.82±0.75b8.70±0.22b8.69±0.41b Deferribacteres3±2a20±3d14±2c7±2b3±1a Planctomycetes0a5±2c0a3±1b1±1a Proteobacteria1371±143a3084±237d3805±331e2506±30c1434±211b Tenericutes0a4±1c2±1b13±4d25±5e Verrucomicrobia5±2b3±1a2±1a3±1a5±1b Cyanobacteria1±1b2±1b0a2±1b0aa F A ferulic acid,FOs feruloylated oligosaccharides,XOS xylooligosaccharidesb Values(means±SD,n=9)with different letters within a line are significantly different at the5%levelPlant Foods Hum NutrLactococcus and Turicibacter(Table3).Table4shows the effect of feeding rats with FOs on Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria,and Proteobacteria.FOs influenced the growth of most bacteria but only slightly affected Bifidobacterium,another probiotics existing in the colon (Table4).FOs and Obesity-Associated Bacteria Obesity is a chronic disease that causes morbidity,mortality,and reduction of life quality;this disease was proved to be associated with gut microbiome[2,21].Turnbaugh et al.[3]found that microbiota in the distal gut of obese mice has a greater relative abundance of Firmicutes and lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes compared with that in the distal gut of lean mice.In the present research,FOs administration significantly increased the rela-tive abundance of Bacteroidetes while significantly decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes(Table2).The ratio of the number of reads of Firmicutes to that of Bacteroidetes de-creased from477.7:1in the control to55.1:1and51.5:1in the300and600mg/kg FOs treatments,respectively;the ratio for the rats fed by300mg/kg XOS was197.4:1.From the alteration view of obesity-associated microbiota,FOs may play a potential role in body weight control and show superiority to XOS.FOs and Diabetes-Associated Bacteria Diabetes is a chronic disease that is becoming a major public health burden world-wide[22].Our previous research[23]indicated that FOsTable3Number of reads assigned to each genus level of Firmicutes identified in the feces of ratsControl XOS a XOS+FA FOs(300mg/kg)FOs(600mg/kg)Enterococcus40±2e b32±4d23±1c17±3b11±1a Lactobacillus21,533±1773a33,056±2694b34,179±3009b33,054±2563b40,309±2743c Lactococcus4±2a404±41d305±28c16±2b5±2a Streptococcus343±32b387±54c45±14a535±18d552±27e Clostridia47,417±1670e45,932±165d23,958±2032b28,384±919c15,951±897a Papillibacter16±3a30±5b74±12d48±9c19±2a Ruminococcus34±5a262±43b536±17d492±41c240±11b Turicibacter632±17c541±29b68±3a546±42b657±38ca F A ferulic acid,FOs feruloylated oligosaccharides,XOS xylooligosaccharidesb Values(means±SD,n=9)with different letters within a line are significantly different at the5%levelTable4Number of reads assigned to each genus of Bacteroidetes,Acidobacteria,and Proteobacteria identified in rat fecesControl XOS a XOS+FA FOs(300mg/kg)FOs(600mg/kg)Bacteroidetes Bacteroides1±1a b1±1a29±5c22±1b50±7d Prevotella75±5bc58±8a78±6c70±7b53±6aOdoribacter0±0a1±1b3±1c2±1b1±1bParabacteroides2±1a2±1a5±2b23±2c32±3dAlistipes1±1a4±1b76±8c77±5c88±5d Acidobacteria Bifidobacterium15±1c27±3d6±1a6±1a12±2b Eggerthella218±27a908±43c999±25d1092±91d368±4bCollinsella4±2b18±4d7±4c6±2c1±1a Proteobacteria Brevundimonas3±2a27±4d12±2b34±3e16±2c Bosea18±6a135±8e51±4b117±17d76±2cRhizobium0±0a1±1b3±1c2±1b1±1bDesulfovibrionaceae146±12a232±23b605±33d555±20c258±23bHelicobacter18±4a143±12c136±15c36±4b35±4bAcinetobacter15±4b22±3c21±5c20±2c10±1aPsychrobacter3±2a15±4bc12±2b20±2d16±2cPseudomonas24±3b81±5d12±2a42±4c22±3ba F A ferulic acid,FOs feruloylated oligosaccharides,XOS xylooligosaccharidesb Values(means±SD,n=9)with different letters within a line are significantly different at the5%levelPlant Foods Hum Nutrprepared from wheat bran mitigate diabetes syndrome in al-loxan-induced diabetic rats.In addition,colon microbiota has been proven an amazingly rich source of novel immunomod-ulatory molecules and is associated with diabetes[24].Murri et al.[25]compared the gut microorganisms in the healthy and diabetic children.They found that in the children with diabetes,the bacterial number of Actinobacteria, Bacteroides,Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium,and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes were all decreased,while the quantity of Firmicutes significantly increased with respect to healthy children.Moreover,Clostridium correlated positively and significantly with the plasma glucose level in the diabetes group.In our present research,compared with the control, FOs at levels of300and600mg/kg were found to increase Actinobacteria(by4.41and0.52times),Bacteroides(by7.86 and8.38times),and the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes as shown in Table2,and Lactobacillus(by58.7and87.2%)as shown in Table3.However,they significantly decreased Clostridium(by40.1and66.4%)and Firmicutes(by9.3 and9.53%)as shown in Table2and Table3.These results suggest that FOs prepared from maize bran may prevent or protect against diabetes by modulating the growth of diabetes-related bacteria in the colon.This research investigated the effect of functional ingredi-ent of FOs on gut microbiota in normal rats.The results indi-cated that FOs exhibited higher prebiotic capacity than XOS. In order to get full information of this kind of functional food, future investigation needs to be carried out in diseased models, such as diabetic or obese animal models.ConclusionOral administration of FOs significantly increased bacterial richness and diversity in the feces of rats compared with the control and XOS,a structure-similar oligosaccharide to FOs without bound FA.Feeding rats with FOs at level of300mg/kg bw/day increased OTUs by57.0%compared with the control, and by24.8%compared with the rats administrated with the same dose of XOS.FOs significantly altered the obesity-associated and diabetes-associated bacteria.Oral administra-tion of300mg/kg FOs decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes from477.7:1to55.1:1,increased diabetes-resistant bacteria,such as Actinobacteria,Bacteroides, Lactobacillus by4.41,9.84times,and58.7%,respectively; whereas decreased diabetes-prone bacteria,such as Clostridium and Firmicutes by40.1%and9.3%respectively. 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