专家解读：2012考研分区新变化带来的影响

2012考研英语二完形填空难度
2012年的考研英语二完形填空难度较高，题目内容围绕了生态环
境的保护和气候变化等热点话题展开，考查了考生对于环境问题的认
识和解决方案的思考能力。

文章的主题围绕着如何应对全球气候变化以及保护生态环境展开。

首先，文章描绘了气候变化对于地球的影响，包括极端天气事件的频
繁发生以及海平面上升等问题。

这一部分对考生来说可能较为简单，
只需要理解文章的主旨意思即可。

接下来，文章以一种引人入胜的方式，讲述了人们在面对气候变
化时采取的一些行动。

通过收集数据、研究气候变化的原因以及用可
再生能源代替传统能源等方式，科学家和环保组织都在努力寻找解决
方案。

此外，一些国家和地区已经开始采取行动，比如限制工业排放
和推广低碳生活方式等。

文章还提醒考生，保护环境需要每个人的参与和努力。

每个人都
可以从自己做起，比如提倡垃圾分类、节约用水、减少碳排放等。

通
过这些小小的改变，我们可以共同保护地球的生态环境。

最后，文章总结了解决气候变化和保护生态环境的重要性。

在全
球范围内，各国都应该加强合作，共同制定环境保护政策，推进可持
续发展。

只有通过集体的努力，我们才能为后代创造一个更美好的未来。

总的来说，2012年的考研英语二完形填空难度较高，考察了考生对于环境问题的认识和解决方案的思考能力。

考生需要理解文章的主旨意思，并结合上下文选择正确的答案。

此外，文章还提醒考生环境保护需要每个人的参与和努力，只有共同努力才能保护地球的生态环境。

论文分区工作总结摘要：本文主要总结了论文分区工作的重要性，以及在实际工作中的应用。

首先介绍了论文分区的定义和分类，然后分析了论文分区对学术界和科研工作者的影响，最后总结了论文分区工作的意义和挑战。

关键词，论文分区、学术界、科研工作者、意义、挑战。

一、引言。

随着科研工作者数量的不断增加，学术界对于论文的分区工作也变得越来越重要。

论文分区可以帮助学术界更好地组织和管理大量的研究成果，同时也可以提高学术成果的可读性和可引用性。

因此，论文分区工作对于科研工作者和学术界都具有重要的意义。

二、论文分区的定义和分类。

论文分区是指根据一定的标准和规则，将学术论文按照不同的学科领域、研究主题和研究方法进行分类。

根据不同的分类标准，论文分区可以分为学科分类、主题分类和方法分类等多种形式。

这些分类可以帮助科研工作者更好地了解相关领域的研究动态和成果，同时也可以帮助学术期刊和数据库更好地管理和检索论文。

三、论文分区对学术界和科研工作者的影响。

论文分区对学术界和科研工作者都具有重要的影响。

首先，论文分区可以帮助学术界更好地了解不同学科领域的研究状况和发展趋势，从而促进学术交流和合作。

其次，论文分区可以提高学术成果的可读性和可引用性，有利于学术成果的传播和应用。

最后，论文分区也可以帮助科研工作者更好地选择合适的期刊和会议发表论文，提高论文的影响力和引用率。

四、论文分区工作的意义和挑战。

论文分区工作具有重要的意义和挑战。

首先，论文分区可以促进学术界的发展和进步，有利于学术成果的传播和应用。

其次，论文分区也可以帮助科研工作者更好地了解相关领域的研究状况和发展趋势，提高研究的效率和质量。

然而，论文分区工作也面临着一些挑战，如分类标准的制定和更新、分类结果的准确性和一致性等。

五、结论。

综上所述，论文分区工作对于学术界和科研工作者都具有重要的意义。

通过论文分区，可以更好地组织和管理大量的研究成果，提高学术成果的可读性和可引用性。

然而，论文分区工作也面临着一些挑战，需要不断改进和完善。

2012年MBA联考英语真题分析及阅读部分详解各位亲爱的同学们，2012年MBA的联考已经结束，一切都尘埃落定了，想必又会是几家欢喜几家愁。

昨天实在太忙，今天下午抽时间做完了今年的MBA英语联考真题，我觉得只要我的学生们能把各个老师的应试方法很好的融会贯通了，问题就不会特别大，成功通过应该没有什么问题。

我仔细研究了今年英语试卷的出题特点，并比较了历年考试真题，我发现MBA英语联考又开始出现几个新的趋势，值得我们2013年的考生注意。

也值得所有考生的反思。

一、完型部分今年的完型难度总体来说不是很简单，因为技巧性比以往的考试低了很多，换言之，要猜就不是特别容易了，不过值得我们庆幸的是，有一个重要的出题原则被很好的保留了，那就是“马太效应”，今年这篇完型的80个选项，全都沿用了历年完型中出现过的单词，如果学生能够在考前能跟着我的要求，把过去6年的MBA完型真题认真的看一遍，至少是不会出现选项不认识这样的情况的，再配合我上课讲过的全文逻辑，单词联想等思路，最终得到5分以上是没有什么问题的。

而完型考试能得到5分以上的成绩就是一种成功了。

二、阅读部分考生都应该已经很熟悉“得阅读者得英语”这句话了，今年的阅读出题情况又如何呢？总体来说，文章都不是特别好懂，而且出题比较刁钻，难度较大，也发现其中有2道题争议不小。

但是难归难，如果各位考生可以很好的贯彻我们老师的思路的话，去做题，而不是去看懂文章。

得到理想的分数还是没有问题的。

同时，今年的新题型有点出人意料，考了7选5，但是难度相应的低了很多。

现在我们来进行一下细节分析。

Passage 1第一篇文章讲的是课后作业的意义和去留。

应该算是4篇文章里面第二简单的那一篇。

第一题答案：A此题的出题词是imply，是推断题，出题点是第一段Unfortunately之后（体现了我讲的3词定位原则：转折词出题）。

首先B和C都属于细节题答案，不用管，它们照抄了原文，然后可以按照陈老师的选项分析意识，将答案缩小到A和D（反义原则：两个选项是反义词就一定2选1），那么大难就可以很容易做出来了，对于作业，在一开始是受批判的（Homework is receiving more criticism）第二题答案：C此题是问原因的细节题，出题词是rule。

2012年考研英语一text3解析一、文章大意1.文章主题：本文介绍了美国培养大提琴演奏家的过程。

2.文章内容概述：文章围绕着培养大提琴演奏家的过程展开，通过介绍音乐教育的重要性、音乐学院的选拔标准和大师指导下的个人训练等环节，阐述了音乐教育对于音乐人才成长的重要性，并且强调了个人努力和天赋的不可或缺。

二、文章结构分析1.引子：开篇引述了音乐教育对于音乐人才成长的重要性。

2.发展：介绍了音乐学院选拔标准、大师指导下的个人训练等环节。

3.总结：总结了音乐教育、个人努力和天赋三者的关系。

三、文章解析1.音乐教育的重要性文章开篇就强调了音乐教育对于音乐人才成长的重要性。

音乐教育不仅仅是传授音乐知识和技能，更重要的是培养学生对音乐的理解和感悟，以及独立思考和表达的能力。

通过音乐教育，学生可以接触到各种不同类型的音乐作品，提高自己的音乐修养，同时也能够培养自己对音乐的热爱和专注度。

2.音乐学院的选拔标准文章介绍了音乐学院对于学生的选拔标准，这些标准既包括了学术成绩和音乐技能的考核，也包括了学生对于音乐的热爱和专注度。

在音乐学院，学生会接受更加系统和专业的音乐教育，学习到更多高级的音乐理论和演奏技巧。

音乐学院的选拔标准也反映了学生是否有足够的音乐天赋和能力。

3.大师指导下的个人训练随后文章介绍了大师指导下的个人训练，强调了个人的努力和毅力。

即使是拥有天赋的学生，在没有经过长期的个人训练和练习之后，也不可能成为一名优秀的音乐人才。

只有在大师的指导下，不断地进行个人训练，才能够逐渐修炼自己的演奏技巧和音乐表达能力。

4.音乐教育、个人努力和天赋的关系最后文章总结了音乐教育、个人努力和天赋三者之间的关系。

在音乐人才的培养过程中，这三者缺一不可。

音乐教育能够为学生提供一个良好的学习评台和环境，培养学生对音乐的爱好和感悟能力；个人努力则是每个学生都必须要付出的努力，没有持之以恒的个人训练，即使是再有天赋的学生，也无法成为一名优秀的音乐人才；而天赋则是一个学生是否能够成为音乐人才的基础，没有足够的音乐天赋，就算是再努力，也很难成为一名杰出的音乐人才。

⼀、单项选择题：1～45⼩题，每⼩题2分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂⿊。

对于题⽬的答案有疑义的，可以进⼊勤思考研论坛提问或者关注勤思考研的微博。

1.关注和探询“谁控制学校”、“谁制定学校管理的政策”、“谁决定教育的伦理、社会和经济⽬标”、“谁设置课程”的教育理论流派是A. 制度教育学B. 改造主义教育理论C. 存在主义教育理论D. 批判教育学 【参考答案】D 【勤思考研解析】批判教育学是20世纪70年代之后兴起的⼀种教育思潮，主要代表⼈物是鲍尔斯、⾦蒂斯、阿普尔、吉鲁，法国的布厄迪尔等。

基本观点是：第⼀，当代资本主义的学校教育不是⼀种民主的建制和解放的⼒量，⽽是维护现实社会的不公平和不公正的⼯具，是造成社会差别、社会歧视和社会对⽴的根源；第⼆，教育是与社会相对应的，有什么样的社会政治、经济和⽂化，就有什么样的学校教育机构，社会的政治意识形态、⽂化样态、经济结构都强烈低制约着学校的⽬的、课程、师⽣关系、评价⽅式等，学校教育的功能就是再⽣产出占主导地位的社会政治意识形态、⽂化关系和经济结构；第三，批判教育学的⽬的就是要揭⽰看似⾃然事实背后的利益关系，帮助教师和学⽣对⾃⼰所处的教育环境及形成教育环境的诸多因素敏感起来，即对他们进⾏“启蒙”，以达到意识“解放”⽬的，从⽽积极地寻找克服教育及社会不平等和不公正的策略；第四，教育现象不是中⽴的和客观的，⽽是充满着利益纷争的，教育理论研究不能采取唯科学主义的态度和⽅法，⽽要采⽤实践批判的态度和⽅法。

从题⼲的⾓度出发，选择D。

2.如下现象属于教育范畴的是 A. 爸爸针对⼩明懦弱的个性设法训练⼩明如何以⽛还⽛报复欺侮者 B. 妈妈指导⼩明在与他⼈冲突中如何保护⾃⼰ C. ⽼师严格管理以保护⼩明等弱⼩学⽣不再受欺负 D. ⼩明在与同学的多次冲突中逐渐学会了如何与⼈和睦相处 【参考答案】B 【勤思考研解析】教育的定义具有⼴义和狭义的区分，⼴义的教育指的是，凡是有⽬的的地增进⼈的知识技能，影响⼈的思想品德，增强⼈的体质的活动，不论是有组织的或是⽆组织的，系统的或是零碎的，都是教育。

教育部2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣考试考务⼯作视频会议于11⽉25⽇上午召开，各省、市、⾃治及各地市教育招考部门组织相关⼈员参加。

教育部部长助理、党组成员林蕙青到会讲话，要求全国各地教育部门要从维护社会稳定、维护国家教育形象，维护考⽣切⾝利益的⾼度出发，以⾼度的责任感和使命感认真做好考试领导和组织⼯作。

各报考点、招⽣单位要充分认识2012年研究⽣考试⼯作⾯临的形势和任务，充分认识研究⽣考试考务⼯作的特点，不断总结经验，查找不⾜，突出考试安全保密⼯作和考风考纪⼯作，严厉查处违纪作弊⾏为。

各部门要通⼒合作，密切配合，努⼒创造考试⼯作的良好氛围，形成考试⼯作的合⼒。

要突出做好考试管理，加⼤措施，加⼤投⼊，狠抓落z实，确保考试顺利进⾏，确保国家教育考试的公平公正。

教育部考试中⼼主任姜钢等部门负责同志参加会议。

教育部考试中⼼相关部门分别就考试⼯作的相关要求进⾏了部署，对2012年研究⽣考试组织⼯作的相关变化、重点内容以及操作要点进⾏考务培训。

湖北考试院、内蒙古⾃治区考试院就本地区研究⽣考试⼯作进⾏了汇报和交流。

2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣统⼀考试将于2012年1⽉7⽇⾄8⽇进⾏。

全国研究⽣考试⼈数为165.6万⼈，⽐去年增长6.9%，创历史新⾼。

考硕年份报名⼈数报名增长率录取⼈数考录⽐例2012165.6 6.9%2011151.17.9%49.53:1 2010140.612.8%47.2 2.8:1 2009124.6 3.8%41.5 2.9:1 2008120--39 3.0:1 2007128.20.8%36.4 3.5:1 2006127.128.4%40.28 3.2:1 2005117.224%32.494 3.6:1 200494.518.5%33 2.9:1 200379.727.7%27 2.9:1 200262.435.7%19.5 3.2:1 20014617.3%11.05 4.2:1 200039.222.9%8.5 4.6:1 199931.916.4% 6.5 4.9:1 199827.413.2% 5.8 4.7:1 199724.2-- 5.1 4.7:1注：数据仅供参考。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and hal f forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s lik e the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious quest ions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning t o[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the auth or’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of A merica’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work prac tices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s a ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

外国近现代建筑史论述题合集该文档是作者硅酸铜钡和荞麦皮枕头在考研过程中整理的论述题答案，部分题有配图，不含填空题、名词解释和简答题，题目来源于各主要高校历年真题，包括清华大学、同济大学、天津大学、华南理工大学、大连理工大学等，适合考研也适合期末复习使用。

第一部分：19世纪下半叶-20世纪初新建筑的探求1.法古斯工厂的立面设计及其意义这座外墙以玻璃为主的建筑造型简洁、轻快、透明，表现了现代建筑的特征。

创时代之新，使功能、技术与艺术能有机结合，并满足了社会的要求。

2.1859年-1861年建造的红屋是英国工业美术运动的代表，简述莫里斯的主要设计观念，以及对第一次世界大战前西欧建筑创作新动向的影响主要设计理念包括：（1）强调手工艺，反对大机器化生产，认为真正的艺术必须是为人民所创造，又为人民服务的，对于创造者和使用者来说都是一种乐趣。

（2）在装饰上主张设计的诚实、诚恳，提倡哥特风格和其他中世纪的风格，讲究简单、朴实、功能良好。

反对矫揉造作的维多利亚风格和其他各种古典、传统的复兴风格，反对设计上的华而不实，哗众取宠的趋势（3）装饰上崇拜自然主义，具有东方艺术和东方装饰的特点。

大量采用卷草、花卉、鸟类为装饰题材（4）设计的民主思想，莫里斯认为设计有两个基本原则：产品设计、建筑不是为少数人服务的；设计时集体的活动而不是个体活动（5）实用性和美观性的结合。

莫里斯认为产品的设计必须既美观又实用对建筑创作新动向的影响：工艺美术运动开创了艺术设计的新时代，催生了新的设计思想。

19世纪末20世纪初的新艺术运动继承了工艺美术运动的民主口号并延伸了自然主义、东方风格等特点，同时更加注重从自然中取材，强调流畅曲线的运用。

发展了工艺美术运动推崇自然主义的装饰风格，把装饰中线的运用发挥到极致。

3.画图说明赖特草原式住宅的特征草原式住宅平面常作成十字形，以壁炉为中心，起居室、书房、餐厅都要围绕壁炉布置，卧室一般放在楼上。

室内空间尽量做到既分隔又连城一片，并根据不同的需要有不同的层高。

2012年考研英语二text3解析1. 背景介绍2012年考研英语二考试的text3是备受广大考生关注的一篇文章。

该篇文章内容涉及到环境问题，对于国内外的环境状况进行了较为全面的描述和分析。

考研英语则要求考生在学习了这篇文章的基础上进行解析和阐述，要求考生对文章的主旨、观点、观点论证等方面进行深入剖析，这对考生来说是一项较为重要的任务。

2. 文章的主旨我们要明确文章的主旨。

从整篇文章的内容来看，作者主要是想通过对环境问题的分析，引起人们对环境保护的深入思考。

文章通过描述一系列对环境造成破坏的现象，比如过度捕捞、森林砍伐、空气和水污染等，来警示人们环境状况的严峻。

文章的主旨可以概括为呼吁人们关注环境保护，改善环境状况。

3. 作者的观点在明确文章主旨的基础上，我们可以分析作者的观点。

从文章中可以发现，作者对环境问题的态度是十分严肃和担忧的。

他对环境破坏的现象进行了系统的描述，强调了这些问题的严重性和紧迫性。

在这个基础上，作者鼓励人们积极参与环境保护的行动，呼吁社会各界共同努力，改善环境状况。

可以说，作者的观点主要集中在呼吁环境保护的行动上。

4. 观点论证我们可以分析观点的论证。

作者在文章中使用了大量的事实数据和案例来支撑自己的观点。

文章提到了大量动植物灭绝的现象，以及空气和水污染的情况等等。

这些都是通过科学研究所得出的数据，具有一定的说服力。

作者还从人类自身的利益出发，指出环境问题对人类的生存和发展造成了巨大的影响，从而进一步加强了环境保护的紧迫性。

可以说，作者在文章中的观点论证是十分严谨和有力的。

5. 结论我们可以得出一个结论。

考研英语二text3通过对文章主旨、作者观点、观点论证等方面的深入分析，我们可以得出一个结论：文章主要呼吁人们关注环境保护，改善环境状况；作者的观点是深刻而严肃的，呼吁社会各界共同参与环境保护；而作者在文章中的观点论证，主要是通过科学研究的数据和案例来支撑自己的观点，具有一定的说服力。

《外国城市建设史》考研核知识点一、知识概述1. 古代埃及城市建设①基本定义：古埃及城市是古埃及人在尼罗河流域建造的聚居地。

这些城市在宗教、政治、社会等因素影响下建设，有独特布局和功能分区。

比如卡洪城，住房按照等级高低分不同区域，它以太阳神崇拜的神庙为中心展开建设。

②重要程度：在《外国城市建设史》中地位很高，是研究早期文明城市建设的典型。

它为了解古代城市起源、宗教和政治对城市影响等提供了蓝本。

③前置知识：需要知道一点古埃及文明的基本情况，像尼罗河对于埃及人生活的巨大影响，他们的宗教信仰基本内容（如多神崇拜、法老的神性等）。

④应用价值：现代城市布局中也会借鉴古埃及城市功能分区概念，如果一个城市有大型宗教建筑，像寺庙之类的，能以它为中心安排周边活动区域和交通流线。

2. 古希腊城市建设①基本定义：古希腊城市是古希腊人构建的，以城邦为基本形式的城市。

其城市布局注重公共空间，像雅典就有著名的卫城和广场，卫城是宗教崇拜中心，广场是市民集会等公共活动场所。

②重要程度：是西方城市建设源头之一。

对民主社会下的城市空间组织形式提供了范例，影响后来西方城市公共建筑布局等。

③前置知识：要先对古希腊文明里的民主制度、神话有初步了解，因为城市建设和这些方面息息相关。

例如，城市的很多公共建筑就是为了体现民主，像议会建筑之类的，而很多建筑装饰有神话元素。

④应用价值：在现代城镇规划里，能参考古希腊的公共空间营造方法，打造社区公共客厅之类的空间，方便居民交流互动。

二、知识体系1. 知识图谱这门学科里不同国家不同时代的城市建设点组成一个庞大体系。

古埃及、古希腊城市建设都是早期部分，它们给后来罗马及欧洲其他城市建设奠定了一定基础，就像盖楼的地基一样。

然后再不断发展到中世纪、文艺复兴时期，一直到近现代的城市建设内容。

2. 关联知识与历史、地理、文化和宗教等知识关联密切。

像中世纪城市建设，就和当时基督教宗教势力分不开。

城市里有大教堂，还有很多宗教场所。