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中式英语之鉴读书笔记（下）本篇博客将继续上篇的内容，总结《中式英语之鉴》⼀书的剩余部分。
Part Two：句⼦结构上⼀部分是希望让⼀个英语句⼦变得简洁，本部分则是希望让句⼦变得清晰且有逻辑。
上⼀部分是雪中送炭，这⼀部分希望做到锦上添花。
因此，这⼀部分的错误将会⽐Part One 中的错误更难识别。
名词“瘟疫”臃肿晦涩的名词会如同「瘟疫」⼀般，影响、⼲扰、蔓延⾄整个句⼦的其他部分，从⽽使整个句⼦由于若⼲个使⽤不慎的名词变得沉闷。
⽽中式英语的⼀⼤特征就是，名词的使⽤⼗分臃肿⽽晦涩。
Part One中介绍过了冗余名词、⽆义名词与种类名词等，这些名词有时甚⾄会额外引⼊⼀些⽆意义的词，本章将主要介绍那些会对健康句⼦带来的「瘟疫」的抽象名词。
请谨慎使⽤抽象名词「具体」的名词要⽐「抽象」名词更清晰、更有⼒。
滥⽤抽象名词的句⼦The prolongation of the existence of this temple is due to the solidity of its construction.This temple has endured because it was solidly built原句中各个抽象名词的堆叠让整个句⼦都看起来⾮常别扭image packaging and impression managementdress to create a favorable impression解决⽅案可以将原有的抽象名词动词化，即直接写出来要做的事情即可，不必造作式地转换成名词叙述，例如：there can be no achievements in our workwe can achieve nothing将抽象名词换为动名词或者还可以将抽象名词换为动名词，这样可以将原有⽣硬晦涩的句⼦变得更有⽣机，⽽且使原来搭配的指向性更强。
economic revitalization will be an xxxrevitalizing the economy will be anbegan its issuance of xxissuing xxon agricultural reinforcementstrengthening agricultural还有⼀种⽅法是将抽象名词替换为对应的形容词或者副词，如下所⽰：for the unsoundness in organizationpoor organizationcorrectness of the policythe policy is correctAgainst blindness in actionagainst acting blindly添加宾语：有时可将抽象名词转化为其对应动词+（隐含的宾语），即将词的意思展开，使语义更加清晰明确。
中式英语之鉴全译本中式英语是指中国人在使用英语时，受到母语中文的影响，造成语法、词汇和表达方式不符合英语的规范。
《中式英语之鉴》是一本书籍，旨在总结和纠正中式英语的常见错误和问题。
以下是对《中式英语之鉴》的全译本的多角度全面回答：《中式英语之鉴》全译本是一本详细介绍中式英语问题的书籍，它从多个角度对中式英语进行了全面的分析和解读。
该书的目的是帮助读者理解中式英语的特点和常见错误，并提供正确的英语表达方式。
首先，该书从语法角度深入探讨了中式英语的问题。
它指出了中式英语中常见的语法错误，比如错误的时态使用、冠词和代词的错误搭配等。
通过详细的解释和例子，读者可以更好地理解英语语法的规范，并避免中式英语中常见的错误。
其次，该书从词汇角度解析了中式英语的特点。
它列举了中式英语中常见的词汇错误，比如直译、误用和歧义等。
通过对这些错误的解释和纠正，读者可以学会正确地选择和使用英语词汇，避免中式英语中常见的词汇错误。
此外，该书还从语言习惯和表达方式的角度分析了中式英语的问题。
它指出了中式英语中常见的表达方式不符合英语的习惯和规范，比如过度使用被动语态、使用繁琐的句子结构等。
通过对这些问题的解释和示例，读者可以更好地掌握英语的表达方式，避免中式英语中常见的表达问题。
此外，该书还提供了一些实用的技巧和建议，帮助读者纠正中式英语的问题。
它介绍了一些常用的英语学习资源和方法，以及如何培养良好的英语思维方式和习惯。
通过这些技巧和建议，读者可以更好地提高自己的英语水平，避免中式英语的陷阱。
总之，《中式英语之鉴》全译本是一本全面深入地解析中式英语问题的书籍。
它从语法、词汇、表达方式和学习方法等多个角度进行了全面的分析和解读。
通过阅读该书，读者可以更好地理解和纠正中式英语的问题，提高自己的英语水平。
误用平行结构弗雷特[p.212] 谈到“最致命的的问题就是想用匹配的结构却没用好”。
但同样致命的是对那些本来不匹配的成分使用匹配的结构。
以上两种情况都会给人一种毫无头绪的印象。
当把平行结构强加在那些逻辑上本不平行的成分中，其结果总会让人吃惊（例如，“Just like the Crowne Plaza, all rooms...”）。
有时，这种用法会故意产生幽默感。
乔森[p.9] 引用了这两个错误的平行结构“He took his hat and his leave”和“He bolted his door and his dinner”。
乔森暗示人们都是出于搞笑的意图才会写：“He keeps fit, sleep, and his word .”但是逻辑上不一致的问题常常是不经意产生的。
拉姆齐福勒和简·艾伦[p.354] 引用了一个误用的结构：The painting has subdued tone, great feeling, and a length of about three feet. 作者在这个毫无相似性的结构中无意间暗示了一种相似性。
克莱尔·库克[p.67] 给出以下这个引人深思的平行结构：The police found no alcohol in his bloodstream but a loaded gun in his car. 这一结构几乎没什么意义。
杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙，像弗雷特一样，坚持认为平行结构一旦开始使用就应贯穿始终，然而他们强调，这种结构如果一开始就不符合逻辑就不应使用。
杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙说：“平行结构是如此重要的一种写作工具以至于平行结构的使用必须是纯粹的，所以不要将平行形式用在迥然不同的观点中。
”如果你能记住以上这点建议，你就会避免拿破仑战争中那位法国退伍军人在叙述自己三次受伤经历时所犯的错误：Once in an ambush, once in the leg, and once in the Netherlands.对二十个例子的修改1）A：Economically, we are struggling for the democracy of distribution of food grain, reduction production.B：Economically, we are struggling to ensure the democratic distribution of grain,reduce rents and interest rates, increase wages, eliminate unemployment anddevelop production.句意为：从经济上说，我们正努力保证粮食的民主分配，减少租金和利率，增加工资，消除失业，发展生产。
The English Learner`s Guide to Chinglish. 中式英语之鉴——大家千万不要犯了哦~所谓[正]和[误]，是为便于比较而设的形式而已，是想借此形式为学生学习巩固英语常用习惯用法起助记提醒之作用。
所谓[正]、[误]是个相对概念，不是绝对的，有很多表达只是得体与不得体、地道与不地道的问题。
考虑初学者接受能力有限，一个单项不益搞得面面俱到或超出能力范围，他们读到的一条只是相对较为得体的一种表达法而已，随着不断的学习，想必其知识自然会扩展和深入的。
总之，我们学的是英语，所以就要尽量按英语的表达法说话、造句，克服中式英语自然是我们努力的目标。
01.有他这颗扫帚星，什么事情都办不成。
[误] With a comet like him,nothing can be accomplished.[正] With a jinx like him,nothing can be accomplished.注：“扫帚星”是中国人对“慧星”（comet）的俗称，因其后面象拖着的一条像扫帚一样的长尾巴而得名。
在中国古代，“扫帚星”被认为是灾难的预兆，并被用来比喻不吉利的人或事；祸根：（person or thing that is thought to bring）bad luck（to sb/sth）；curse。
英语的 comet 虽然没有这层含义，但却有一个对应的说法，即 jinx。
例：There's a jinxon/Someone'sput a jinx on this car: it's always giving me trouble. “这辆汽车上有什么妨人的东西，总给我找麻烦”。
02.萝卜青菜，各有所爱。
[误] Some prefer radish but others prefer cabbage.[正] Tastes differ.注： Tastes differ/vary 是句英语谚语，除此以外，原句还可翻译成 No dish suits all tastes 或 You can never make everyone happy 等。
一、About repetition（一）冗余词1.好的写作通常言简意赅。
Careful writers say what they mean in as few words as possible. -----p1 The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish2.冗余词的词义在句子的其他成分中已有体现。
包含或隐含义。
Superfluous/unnecessary words (冗余词) they are redundant because their sense is already included or implied in some other element of the sentencee.g.Harvest implies agriculture harvest in agriculture （X）充当动词语义的形容词或名词均应提高至动词词性？adjective or nouns that do the verb work should be promoted to the rank of verb.Duplicate the sense/add nothing to3.对于重复语义的用词：例如，形容词本就是描述其修饰名词的特征，通常附有“in nature” 等范畴词。
A ny adjective describes the “nature” or “character” of the noun it modifies. E.g., these hardships are temporary in nature（X）4.冗余词不影响语义，删除该类词，并不有损语义，反而使语义更明晰some unnecessary words add nothing to the meaning of the sentence, whenthey are deleted the sense is not diminished, only clarified.5.不必要的修饰词-加强词：用一个能有力且准确地表达加强语与虚词两者语义的词。
The Translator’Guides to Chinglish《中式英语之鉴》Joan Pinkham外语教学与研究出版社Unnecessary nouns:1)redundant (the meaning is included or implied in other parts of the sentence)A:to accelerate the pace of economic reformB:to accelerate economic reformA:there have been good harvests in agricultureB:there have been good harvestsA:living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to riseB:living standards in both urban and rural areas continued to rise2) category nounsA:promoting the cause of peaceful reunificationB:promoting peaceful reunificationA: this, coupled with the factor of price instability, caused ⋯⋯B: this, coupled with price instability, caused⋯⋯Unnecessary verbs:A:It is impossible for us to accomplish the transformation of the whole society overnight.B: It is impossible for us to transform the whole society overnight.A: they should conduct a careful examination of . B: they should carefully examine⋯..A:until China realizes industrial modernizationB:until China modernizes its industryMore unnecessary verbs:To give guidance to = to guideTo provide assistance to = to assistTo carry out the struggle against = to struggle againstTo conduct reform = to reformTo engage in free discussion of = to discuss freelyTo place stress on = to stressTo exercise control over = to controlUnnecessary verb phrasesA:it is especially necessary to make great efforts to assimilate the achievements of other culturesB:it is especially necessary to assimilate the achievements of other culturesA:all enterprises must pay attention to promoting excellent workers B:all enterprises must see to it that excellent workers are promoted Unnecessary modifiersA:that theory too is a valuable ideological treasure of the PartyB:that theory too is an ideological treasure of the Party’ s popular female pop star Madonna from A: Singapore will bar Americastaging a show in its territoryB: Singapore will bar America’ s pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territoryA:now the government is working hard to improve taxationB:the government is working hard to improve taxationA:previously we used to overemphasize the need for class struggleB:we used to overemphasize the need for class struggleA:hundreds of transnational firms have started various businesses inChinaB:hundreds of transnational firms have started businesses in ChinaA:imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this yearB:imports of automobiles have declined sharply this year。
《中式英语之鉴》，中式英语再见。
（十一）上周，我们为大家介绍了短语和从句的位置会对句子逻辑有什么影响。
（此处回顾：《中式英语之鉴》，中式英语再见。
（十））本周，让我们再续前缘，一起看看不同位置会怎样影响句子的信息重心。
短语和从句的位置作者在书中提到：“The emphatic places in a sentence are beginning and end, the end being the more so.”也就是说，句子的开头和结尾往往会留给比较重要的内容。
大家还记得高中时老师们推荐的速读方法吗？通过抓段落的首句和末尾句来掌握段落大意，正是利用了类似的原理。
例11. After more than twenty days of exhausting marches and heavy combat, they reached the Dabie Mountains in late August.2. They reached the Dabie Mountains in late August, after more than twenty days of exhausting marches and heavy combat.3. In late August, after more than twenty days of exhausting marches and heavy combat, they reached the Dabie Mountains.句子大意：经过二十多天的行军和战争，他们在八月底抵达了大别山。
我们可以判断句子有三大比较重要的信息：抵达时间（八月底）、抵达之前（行军和战争）以及抵达这个动作。
这三部分信息的逻辑顺序是清楚的，因此无论如何排列，传达的意思大概都是一样的，但排列顺序不同，强调的重点就会有微妙的不同。
比如上面的三个版本，版本1强调了抵达的时间，而版本2就强调了行程中的艰难（很可能下文会接着说有多艰难），而版本3则强调的是他们“终于”到达了大别山（终于抵达）。
《中式英语之鉴》，中式英语再见。
（八）在以往的推文中，我们为大家介绍了各种各样的冗余现象，以及作者的种种观点和建议，这些都是为了一个目标——写出更加简洁的英文。
从本次推文开始，我们将进入句子结构（sentence structure）部分，和大家一起看一看如何让句子的意思更清晰，更符合逻辑。
抽象名词开始之前，作者先比较了简明英语和中式英语的区别：Plain English is a language based on verbs. It is simple, concise, vigorous and, above all, clear. Chinglish is a language based on nouns—vague, general, abstract nouns. It is complicated, long-winded, ponderous, and obscure.也就是说，中式英语喜欢用模糊、宽泛、抽象的名词，会让句子变得很难懂。
那么什么是抽象名词？为什么要避免？如何避免？作者旁征博引，告诉我们很多名词的意思抽象、泛化、模糊，如果用多了这类名词，写出来的文章就会变成一潭死水，没有活力。
首先，让我们通过一个具体的例子来体会一下，抽象名词如何让句子的语义变得模糊：A: The prolongation of the existence of this temple is due to the solidity of its construction.B: This temple has endured because it was solidly built.修改后的句子差不多只有第一句的一半长。
母语人士表示，第一句给自己的感觉有些矫揉造作。
但殊不知，正因为在大多数人眼中晦涩难懂=高深莫测，有些母语人士也会写出类似风格的句子，尤其是在写法律文书、说明书等正式文本时。
比如下面这个案例：A: In such a case, simple application of a screwdriver should be used to tighten screw. Failure to tighten the screw can eventually lead to disengagement of the handle.B: If this happens, simply tighten the screw with ascrewdriver; otherwise, the handle may come off.这个例子出自一份厨房用具使用说明。
《中式英语之鉴》，中式英语再见。
（二）上周，我们通过书中的例子和实际项目案例，为大家讲解了什么是名词冗余，如何避免名词冗余，以及一些不能视作名词冗余的现象。
大家有没有在实践中加深理解呢？这周，我们来认识一下名词冗余的好朋友，也是我们的老朋友——动词冗余。
开始之前，不要忘了检查一下自己有没有开启critical thinking模式哦！动词冗余第一类经典搭配：【没有太多含义的“万能动词”】+【传达真正含义的名词】在这类用法中，没有含义、或含义非常弱的“万能动词”只是占了虚位，而传达真正含义的任务被推给了后面的名词。
我们通过具体的例子来体会一下：It is impossible for us to accomplish the transformation of the whole society overnight.accomplish是一个非常有代表性的弱含义词语，对传达信息其实没有任何帮助。
我们来看一看修改后的句子：It is impossible for us to transform the whole society overnight. 是不是更加清爽了呢？另外一个代表性的词是make，以后大家用这个词的时候可要好好考虑一番。
比如make an investigation of无非就是to investigate；把to make a decision改为to decide to反而会更好。
其他会出现同样问题的词还有give/provide/conduct等。
这些比较虚、含义比较普遍的动词，实际上无法表达明确的动作或者意图。
越普遍，意思反而越含糊；越简短，句子反而越有力。
大家可能会问：“那以后是不是不能用这些动词词组了？”并非如此，要看这些词后面接的是什么内容。
to carry out the restoration of the hotel当然可以改为to restore the hotel，意思不会有任何影响。
Exercise 71) we do not have the facilities necessary to produce alley steel.2) Unless you master essential skills, you will prove unequal to this kind of job.3) we must make them understand that the struggle in the North-east will be protracted.4) one reason is that we don't have a correct understanding of certain theories and principles, which is why we need to study more theory.5) At the same time, the U. S. government announced that it was severing its diplomatic relations with the Taiwan. authorities,terminating the U. S. -Taiwan Joint Defense Treaty," and withdrawing American troops from Taiwan.6) The principal criteria for judging the success of reform and the open policy are whether they help develop the productive forces of our socialist society, increase our country's overall strength, and raise the people's living standards.7) these different sectors of the economy will have to be transformed in different ways and at different at different speed.8) Cadres are being trained for the land reform and for the people's tribunals, and peasants' associations are being reorganized and expanded.9) "Zhang is always ready to help the farmers, who usually don't know how to plant and care far fruit trees," says Cai Lihong, a doctoral student under. Zhang's tutorship.10) To implement general policies in the transition period and to build socialism, we have to improve the health of our people.11) In order to stabilize currency and prices, we had to balance national expenditures and revenues and guarantee sufficient supplies of goods.12) We shall abolish this class by utilizing, restricting, and transforming the capitalist economy.13) In the nine months since the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee, practice has proved that it was correct to reform prices.14) We estimate that once the money supply in the localities has been reduced, prices throughout the country will become stabilized by November 25.15) unless these problems are handled satisfactorily, our policies cannot be successfully implemented.16 ) The Asian 17evelopment Bank on Wednesday approved two loans, totaling $256 million, to finance projects to alleviate water shortages and reduce air pollution.17) "It is to our advantage to have an efficient system for developing and managing residential property," said Tan Kian Siew, executive deputy general manager of BJ Minghua Properties.18 ) He made these remarks during a talk with Sakurauchi Yoshio and other leading members of the delegation from the Japanese Association for Promotion of International Trade.19) This practice has helped ensure that no needy students will drop out because they are unable to pay their own tuition.20 ) "The authorities in charge of administering State assets should help promote the process,”said Zhang at a seminar organized by the Chinese Institute for Management of State Property.Exercise 81)The West really wants unrest in China. It wants turmoil not only in China but also in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.2) China is estimated to possess 69.4 billion tons of onshore ail reserves, but only 25 per cent of them have been verified.3) Right now the Korean people are confronted with difficulties, but they are holding on courageously, fighting a guerrilla war in the youth and putting up resistance in the north.4) After a successful revolution each country must build socialism according to its own conditions.5 ) No one would come here and invest without getting returns on his investment.b) "The registered capital of the holding company is$30 million, so we lave a,commitment to more investments here，”Wendin said. But he didn't elaborate on when the new joint projects .will be launched. The company reported sales averaging$50 million a year.7 ) Old China was dependent on imperialism not only in the economic sphere but also in the spheres of culture and education; it was exploited economically and polluted ideologically. That was very dangerous. It is now time to expose and eradicate the evil influence of imperialism.8)During the peak season，peasants, compete to sell their eggs, while during the off-season eggs are usually in short supply in the cities.9)Foreign trade has been developing rapidly in Fuxin. It has been continuously growing in variety and volume. Many of Fuxin’s quality products are welcome on the international market.10)During the Japanese and puppet regimes, mast of these position were held by Japanese. But after August 15，1945，the Japanese were replaced by Chinese.11)All these are problems left over from the past. They are acute now because the longstanding semi-colonial, semi-feudal economy hag undergone radial changes. Although these change bring some hardship with them, they are not bad in themselves.12)China's growth has peaked and is expected to slow down next year. Even so, China's economy wilt remain one of the fastest developing in the world.13) At present our government organs are overstaffed. Not all employees have to stay on in government offices; some of them can be transferred to enterprises.14) Yesterday two friends from the former Whampoa Military Academy talked about the March 20th Incident and the Southern Anhui Incident. I was interested in what they had to say, but i had to leave after an hour and a half because of other engagements.15) It cannot be said that every paragraph of this speech I am making today has Peen discussed by the Central Committee. Of course, some of the ideas have been discussed，but others are my own opinions.16) The problem now facing the authorities in Shanghai is to obtain adequate supplies of rice and cotton, and the key question is whether they can mobilize enough transport facilities.17 ) I spent a year in a university after I graduated from senior middle But I didn't learn very much there, because it was the time of the May 4th Movement.18)Prosperity is the common objective of all our nationalities, and we must never lose sight of it.19)Following the Wuchang Uprising of 1911，the Hubei military government set forth the idea of changing the farm of government by establishing a republic of five nationalities, an idea that was also advocated by Dr.Sun Yat-sen.20 ) Summary of a speech made at a national forum of representatives of Customs personnel. It first appeared in People's Daily on October 26, 1949.。
