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Unit 4 Modifiers: Adverbs【GRAMMAR】Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or an entire clause by making its meaning more specific.We often go shopping at weekend. [modifying verb “go”]Bob is an unusually good student. [modifying adjective “good”]My child almost always gets up at seven. [modifying adverb “always”]As modifiers of verbs, they indicate when, where, how, or how often an action is performed.It will be dark soon. (when)We looked down from the mountain at the valley below. (where)They have quietly gathered enough support to defeat their enemy.(how)This method is rarely used in modern laboratories. (how often)Many adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective:general --- generally, bad --- badly,soft --- softly, definite --- definitely,happy --- happily, frequent --- frequentlyLike adjectives, some adverbs have three forms of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.Positive Comparative Superlativebadly worse worstfar farther/further farthest/furthestfore former foremost/firstlate later latest/lastlittle less leastmuch more mostwell better bestSimon runs fast.Simon runs faster than I (do).Simon runs fastest in his class.1) Kinds of AdverbsAdverbs of Time:afterwards, later, now, soon, yesterday, then, recently, still, finally etc. Adverbs of Place: abroad, anywhere, here, outside, somewhere, there,home etc.Adverbs of Manner: well, fast, slowly, carefully, quickly etc.Adverbs of Frequency: always, often, usually, frequently, never, seldom, sometimes, etc. Adverbs of Degree: almost, entirely, greatly, highly, partially, practically, totally, very, etc. Adverbs of Negation:no, not, neither, nor etc.Adverbs of Probability: certainly, definitely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably etc.Adverbs of Interrogative: when, where, how, why etc.Others: also, too, only etc.This is to act first and report afterwards.You will find the text somewhere in the Bible.This product sells well abroad.Sometimes I feel so worthless!Remember almost nothing happens by accident.There is no limit to practice nor to innovation.Reading for many hours will certainly tax your eyes.Flowers soon fade when cut.Also like learning English, persist makes miracles!2) Position of adverbsWhen an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, the modifying adverb must immediately precede the word modified.The prices are quite reasonable.We are very much hoping you can attend our wedding.When an adverb modifies a verb, it has three positions in a sentence: front (before the subject), middle (between the subject and the main verb) and end (after the verb or object).Sometimes I feel quite lonely.“Mathematics” is sometimes abbreviated to “math”.I can not sense your meaning sometimes.The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object:✈She picked up slowly the gun.She picked up the gun slowly.However, adverbs should always come after intransitive verbs (= verbs which have no object).Ill weeds grow fast.It pays to work honestly.Also, some common adverbs (well, badly, hard etc.) are almost always placed after the verb.They suffered badly during the flood.Although grumbling sometimes, he worked hard.As a general rule, it is wise to place the adverb as near as possible to the word that it modifies.He drives carefully.The party has thoroughly searched the whole cave.Adverbs of manner and place are usually put behind the direct object (or behind the verb if there's no direct object).The boy sneaked out of the house quietly.We have to walk back home.Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of a sentence but, to catch attention, you can also put them at the beginning of a sentence.She stayed in the Bears' house all day.Tomorrow I'm going to tidy my room.Adverbs of frequency are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must).You must always fasten your seat belt.I have never forgotten my first kiss.3) Order of adverbsUsual word order with different adverbs is:manner + place + timeShe sang beautifully in the bathroom last night.The murder escaped quickly from the village at dusk.In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most).As a general rule, shorter adverbial phrases go before longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content.The cat takes a walk after super every day of its life.He will wait for us at six at the west gate of the university.A second rule is that among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first.Mozart was born in January in 1756.They lived in a little log cabin in the mountains.Of adverbs of manner, the shorter usually comes before the longer and they are linked with each other by conjunctions such as and, but etc.Please drive slowly and carefully.She spoke fast but clearly.。
英语语法基础课件Introduction:Welcome to the English Grammar Fundamentals Course! In this course, we will explore the essential aspects of English grammar, providing you with a solid foundation to build upon.Let's dive right in!1. Parts of Speech:1.1 Nouns:- Definition and examples- Common vs. proper nouns1.2 Pronouns:- Personal pronouns (subject, object, possessive)- Demonstrative pronouns- Indefinite pronouns1.3 Verbs:- Verb tenses (present, past, future)- Regular vs. irregular verbs- Helping verbs (do, have, be)1.4 Adjectives:- Describing words- Comparative and superlative forms- Demonstrative adjectives1.5 Adverbs:- Modifying adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs - Types of adverbs (time, place, manner)- Adverbs of frequency1.6 Prepositions:- Common prepositions- Prepositional phrases- Prepositions of time and place1.7 Conjunctions:- Coordinating conjunctions- Subordinating conjunctions- Correlative conjunctions1.8 Interjections:- Expressing strong emotions- Examples and usage2. Sentence Structure:2.1 Subject and Predicate:- Identifying the subject and predicate- Simple and compound subjects2.2 Types of Sentences:- Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory- Sentence punctuation2.3 Sentence Fragments:- Recognizing and correcting fragments- Complete vs. incomplete sentences2.4 Run-on Sentences:- Understanding run-on sentences- Using punctuation or conjunctions to correct them2.5 Sentence Types:- Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences - Examples and formation3. Verb Tenses:3.1 Present Tense:- Formation and usage- Present simple, present continuous3.2 Past Tense:- Formation and usage- Past simple, past continuous3.3 Future Tense:- Formation and usage- Future simple, future continuous3.4 Perfect Tense:- Formation and usage- Present perfect, past perfect, future perfect4. Sentence Agreement:4.1 Subject-Verb Agreement:- Matching singular and plural subjects with verbs- Special cases (collective nouns, indefinite pronouns) 4.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:- Matching pronouns with their antecedents- Avoiding ambiguous pronoun references4.3 Adjective-Noun Agreement:- Using adjectives correctly with nouns- Gender and number agreement5. Sentence Transformation:5.1 Active and Passive Voice:- Definitions and examples- Converting active sentences to passive and vice versa5.2 Direct and Indirect Speech:- Quoting and reporting speech- Changing tenses and pronouns in reported speech5.3 Conditional Sentences:- Different types of conditional sentences- Forming and using conditional structures5.4 Question Formation:- Yes/No questions and Wh- questions- Inversion and subject-auxiliary inversionConclusion:Congratulations! You have now completed the English Grammar Fundamentals Course. By mastering these basic grammar concepts, you are equipped to communicate effectively and confidently in English. Remember to practice regularly and apply these principles in your writing and conversation. Keep exploring and expanding your knowledge of English grammar!。
