大学语法第一章

第一讲冠词一、使用定冠词与不使用定冠词的场合1 . 使用定冠词的场合1)用在表示独一无二的或被认为是唯一东西的名词前The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank andwood . 这时, 天空已是一片湛蓝, 太阳把千万颗宝石撒在草地上, 撒在河岸边, 撒在树林间。

Outside the moon is high with a dark-blue sky behind it and with mountains, plains , andforests of silver lying below . 窗外, 月亮挂在深蓝色的天幕上, 天幕下是银色的山峦、平川和森林。

The moon goes down, a raven cries and f rost fills the sky . 月落乌啼霜满天。

Theworld is like a stage . 世界就像一个舞台。

On fine evenings, the Milky Way is ever so bright . 在晴朗的夜晚, 银河非常明亮。

They thought the earth was the centre of the universe . 他们认为地球是宇宙的中心。

.. 但是, 某些这类名词若因阴晴雨雪等而表现出不同的状貌, 前有形容词修饰时, 亦可用不定冠词。

例如:a blue sky 蔚蓝的天空, a starry sky 星光灿烂的夜空, a cloudless sky 晴朗的天空, asullen sky 阴沉的天空, a cloudy sky 多云的天空, a dark-blue sky 深蓝色的天空(幕) , ina sky of iron 在铁色的天空, a new moon 新月, a half moon 半月, a full moon 满月, a crescent moon 一钩新月, a red sun 一轮红日.. 再如普通名词sea 等的类似表达法: a calm sea 平静的海, a rough sea 波涛汹涌的海, a long sea 长波阔浪的海, a short sea 急浪翻腾的海, a strong wind 劲风2)用在表示特指的人或物的名词前(熟知或心照不宣的人或物)Helen is in the garden . 海伦在花园里。

第一章基本句型1．句子成分1）主语：表示句子所说为何人或何物，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动词-ing 形式（短语）和名词从句等充当。

A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field.He enjoys camping in the mountains. To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. Living in that island country for three months was an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be enough.Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.2) 谓语：说明主语做什么或是什么，由动词充当，须与主语保持人称和数的一致。

动词的性质决定其是否必须跟主语补语、宾语、宾语补语以及状语等后续成分。

People’s standards of living are going up steadily.I may be wrong.He watched horrified by the terrible accident. I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.She left the room angry and frustrated. She looked sad and discouraged.We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them.It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries be expanded.For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger.3) 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式（短语）、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等充当。

第一单元语法部分参考答案PART III GRAMMARSubject- Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary:1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when itexpresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not …but,theverb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do notaffect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.When the subject expresses quantityReference for the Classroom ActivitiesAll the sentences are correct.Summary:1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take asingular verb.2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, alf, the last, the rest, take a singular orplural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3.Phrases lik e lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending onthe form of the nouns that follow.4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verbshould take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structureReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledgesb. What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c. There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary:1.After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person andnumber as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)2.After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular,. But if the what-clause is in acompound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.3.In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on the number ofthe subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.OthersReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. Nobody in town admits seeing him.b. Does anyone want to go with me?c. Are any of you going to the exhibition?d. None works/work so hard as he does.e. Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f. The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meetingg. The jury is finally complete.h. The jury were divided in their Opinions.i. New York Times is his bible.j. Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary:1.Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one,and somebody generally require a singular verb.2.The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3.The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as aunit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5.Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take asingular verb.6.Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take asingular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news, statistics,and whereabouts.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1. a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. That statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the laked. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4,000 students.i. Social custom s vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer's attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences3. (1)experienced (2) elapsed(3)attempting (4) with(5)take up (6) made(7)endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterestedc. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. Al1 the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branchesh. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the triali. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on displayj. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter's gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.。

大学英语语法与词汇第一章时态英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。

英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。

现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下：一、一般现在时( The Present Indefinite Tense)1. 用于表示客观事实, 现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等,常与often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等时间状语连用。

【例句】The earth revolves around the sun.The students get up at six thirty every morning.2.表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等动词。

【例句】There is a dancing party tonight.The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.3.用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment, theminute, immediately, directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, provided that等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。

【例句】I’ll ring you as soo n as he comes back.If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.●注：if条件句中，有will出现时，will是情态动词，意义为“愿意”，“肯”。

第一部分词性及其句法功能词性是英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。

共有十类：名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

词类英语名称（简称）意义例词1. 名词Nouns ( n. )表示人、事物、时间、地点或抽象概念的名称John，room2.动词Verbs ( v. ) vt 及物vi 不及物表示动作、状态或性质stand ，be3.形容词Adjectives ( adj. ) 表示人或事物的属性或特征good，interesting4.代词Pronouns ( pron. ) 代替名词、数词以避免重复them，everything5.数词Numerals ( num. ) 表示数量或顺序nine，first6.冠词Articles ( art. ) 用于名词之前，帮助说明名词的含义a，an，the7.副词Adverbs ( adv. )修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，表示行为特征或性状特征almost ，bravely8.介词Prepositions ( prep. )用于名词或代词之前，表示名词、代词与其它词之间的关系near，from9.连词Conjunction ( conj. ) 连接单词、短语、从句或句子and ，but10. 感叹词Interjection( interj. ) 表示说话时的语气或感情hello ，oh在上述的十大词类中，名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词等具有明确的意义，可以在句中独立充当句子成分，称为实义词。

介词、连词和冠词只能起联系或辅助的作用，都不在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词。

感叹词一般不构成句子的一部分，通常作独立成分。

一. 名词Nouns ( n. )1.名词的句法功能The man, a success of car industry , was elected deputy to the People's Congress last year and this morning a newspape r called him an economic criminal,which was really a shock to us all.名词在句子中主要作主语(Subject)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative )、主补(Subject Complement )、宾补(Object Complement )和同位语(Appositive)，还可以作定语(Attribute) 、状语(Adverbial)和呼语(V ocative)。

全新版大学进阶英语语法练习教程1unit1全新版大学进阶英语语法练教程1 Unit 1简介本单元是全新版大学进阶英语语法练教程1的第一单元，主要介绍了英语语法的基础知识和练。

通过本单元的研究，学生将能够掌握一些基本的英语语法规则，并通过练巩固所学知识。

内容本单元的内容包括以下几个部分：1. 名词 (Nouns)- 可数名词和不可数名词的区别- 单数名词和复数名词的变化规则- 名词所有格的用法2. 代词 (Pronouns)- 人称代词的形式和用法- 物主代词的形式和用法- 指示代词的形式和用法3. 冠词 (Articles)- 定冠词和不定冠词的用法- 零冠词的用法4. 形容词 (Adjectives)- 形容词的基本用法- 比较级和最高级的形成规则- 特殊形容词的用法5. 副词 (Adverbs)- 副词的基本用法- 原级、比较级和最高级的形成规则- 副词在句子中的位置6. 动词 (Verbs)- 动词的时态和语态- 动词的不规则变化- 动词的时态和语态在句子中的用法7. 连词 (Conjunctions)- 连词的基本用法- 并列连词、从属连词和转折连词的区别- 连词的位置与用法研究方法建议为了更好地研究本单元的内容，建议学生采取以下研究方法：1. 阅读课本，并仔细阅读每个知识点的解释和例句；2. 完成课后练题，加深对知识点的理解；3. 制作笔记，记录重要的规则和例句，以便复时查阅；4. 多做语法练，巩固所学内容；5. 与他人进行语法讨论，共同研究进步。

总结本单元是全新版大学进阶英语语法练习教程1的第一单元，重点介绍了英语语法的基础知识和练习。

通过本单元的学习，学生将能够掌握一些基本的英语语法规则，并通过练习巩固所学知识。

建议学生采取合理的学习方法进行学习，以取得更好的效果。

全新版大学进阶英语语法讲解教程1
unit1
该教程旨在帮助大学生进一步提高他们的英语语法水平。

下面
是本教程第一单元的内容概述。

主要内容
本单元主要包括以下几个方面的英语语法知识：
1. 语句基本结构：介绍英语句子的基本结构，包括主语、谓语
和宾语的概念以及它们在句子中的位置。

2. 时态与语态：详细介绍英语中的各种时态和语态，如一般现
在时、过去进行时、将来完成时等，并提供相关的使用规则和例句。

3. 名词与代词：讲解名词与代词在句子中的作用和用法，包括
单数与复数形式、人称代词和物主代词等。

4. 形容词与副词：介绍形容词和副词在句子中的用法和修饰规则，包括比较级和最高级的形式。

5. 介词与介词短语：解释介词的基本含义和用法，并提供一些
常用的介词短语及其意义。

6. 从句与连接词：讲解从句的概念和种类，介绍连接词的作用
和使用方法。

研究目标
通过研究本单元的内容，学生应该能够：
- 掌握英语句子的基本结构，正确使用主语、谓语和宾语。

- 熟练运用各种时态和语态，正确表达不同的时间和语气。

- 理解名词和代词在句子中的功能，并正确选择和使用它们。

- 灵活运用形容词和副词，增强句子的表达能力。

- 熟悉常用的介词和介词短语，能够准确地描述位置和关系。

- 理解从句的构成和作用，正确使用连接词来连接主句和从句。

结束语
本教程第一单元提供了一个全面的英语语法讲解，帮助学生打下坚实的语法基础。

通过研究和实践，学生将能够更自信地运用英语语法，并提高他们的语言能力。