句子成分知识清单-高中英语初高中衔接

一、句子成分和句子种类

（一）句子成分

一个完整的英语句子，至少由两部分组成(祈使句除外)——主语和谓语。

除了主语和谓语，句子有时还需要其他的成分，如用在及物动词后面表示行为对象或结构的宾语，系动词之后的表语，修饰或限定名词或代词的定语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的状语，对一个名词或代词作进一步解释的同位语以及补语等。

主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾 宾补 地点状语 时间状语

My friend, Tom found his money missing on the way home yesterday.

昨天，我的朋友Tom在回家的路上发现他的钱不见了。

主语是句子叙述的主体，表明这句话描述的是什么，相当于句子的话题。通常是由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词或从句等担任。

The apple is red. 名词

Nobody can help you except yourself. 代词

Four and five makes nine. 数词

The sick and the old need our help. 名词化的形容词

To become a nurse is my wish. 不定式

Swimming is good for our health. 动名词

That he forgot tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble. 从句

2. 谓语

谓语表示主语的动作或状态。谓语由动词担任，有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。

(1) 简单谓语：动词或动词词组

He often reads newspapers.

The plane takes off at 8 o'clock. (2) 复合谓语：情态动词或助动词 + 动词

He can speak English very well.

The work will be done before three o'clock.

3. 表语

表语说明主语的特征、类属、状态或身份。通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任。

Pollution from cars has become a major problem. 名词

Seventy-four?You don't look it. 代词

Angela was the first to leave. 数词

Please feel free to say what you really think.形容词

Time is pressing.现在分词

The fire was still on when we arrived.副词

Come to see me tomorrow when I am at work.介词短语

This is where we disagree with each other. 从句

注意：

作表语的副词是表示状态或位置的副词，如：on, in, out, up, off, away等

eg: Father is out.

I am off now.

4. 宾语

(1) 宾语表示及物动词和及物动词短语的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。

We love our motherland. 名词

I wish to call on you.动词不定式

Where did you buy that? 代词

If you put 5 and 7 together, you'll get 12.数词

We should help the poor. 名词化的形容词 I would advise waiting until tomorrow. 动名词

Do you understand what I mean? 从句

(2)宾语的种类

直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果(通常指sth.)

My aunt gave me a toy car.(me为间接宾语，a toy car为直接宾语)

间接宾语表示动作是对谁的或为谁做的(通常指sb.)

He played us some light music.(us为间接宾语, some light music 为直接宾语)

同源宾语: 少数不及物动词后可接同源名词，我们称之为“同源宾语”

live a happy life 过幸福的生活

laugh a good laugh大笑

die a glorious death光荣死去

smile a gentle smile微微一笑

dream a terrible dream做了一个噩梦

介词宾语英语中除了动词有宾语外，介词也有宾语，介词的宾语简称“介宾”

I'm interested in computer studies.

温馨提示

①为了强调，可以把直接宾语提前，而把间接宾语放在介词to或for之后。to和for的选择详见第1节词法。

Give the book to me.

I've bought the book for you.

①当直接宾语是代词时，则必须把直接宾语提前。

Tell it to me. (比较：Tell me the story.)

直接宾语 直接宾语

5. 宾语补足语

有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，这一部分内容称为宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

I found the book very interesting.形容词

He made himself known to them first.分词短语 She asked me to lend her a hand.不定式短语

We must keep it a secret. 名词

Please make yourself at home. 介词短语

Please keen the dog out. 副词

注意：

主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语就变成了提示主语补足语。

He was last seen playing near the river.

He was considered to have stolen the money.

6. 定语

修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；定语通常由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等担任。

It's a fine day today. 形容词

The buildings around were badly damaged. 副词

The books on the top shelf were just bought. 介词短语

Open your mouth and put out your tongue. 代词

She cut the cake into two pieces. 数词

This is a stone table. 名词

Put the child in the sleeping bag. 动名词

Let's try another way to do this. 不定式短语

This is a moving film.现在分词

Please bring me some boiled water. 过去分词

I know the boy who left just now. 从句

注意：

①形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰词的前面，叫前置定语；而介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、副词、从句作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的后面，叫后置定语。 ①如果被修饰的词为含some-，any-，every-，no-等的复合不定代词(如someone，anything等)时，则定语要放在这些词的后面。

There is nothing interesting in the book.

We have something interesting to show you.

7. 状语

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、形容词和从句等。

Tom speaks English very fast. 副词

We work to live not live to work. 不定式

Arriving there,call me up. 分词短语

The meeting is going to be held in Room 321 tomorrow morning. 介词短语

He returned home,safe and sound. 形容词

We'll go where the people need us. 从句

Time permitting, we'll have a break. 独立主格结构

注意：

① 若时间状语和地点状语同时出现在一个句子中时，通常先说地点状语，再说时间状语；但是如果对这两个状语同时提问时，则用when and where。

They held a meeting in the hall yesterday afternoon.

When and where did they hold a meeting?

① 如果出现在同一个句子中的时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。

He arrived here at about ten o'clock yesterday morning.

She lived in a small village in the north.

8. 同位语

对句子中某一名词(词组)做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词(词组)在语法