Analysis study 4G

杜邦财务分析法及案例分析（DuPont financial analysis and casestudy）Business University network, DuPont analysis, profitability, financial positionProfitability is an important financial index of the enterprise, to the owners, creditors, investors and government, analysis and evaluation of the profitability of the enterprise is crucial to the decision-making, financial profitability analysis and financial management of enterprises of the important part of.The ratio of profitability evaluation of the traditional enterprise mainly has: the rate of return on assets, profit margin (or net profit rate), return on equity; earnings of joint-stock enterprises and share profit rate, dividend rate, dividend return rate etc.. These individual indicators are used to measure different factors that influence and determine the profitability of an enterprise, including sales performance, asset management levels, cost control levels, etc..These indicators analyze the financial status and operating results of a company from a specific point of view, and they are not sufficient to evaluate the overall financial position and operating results of an enterprise in a comprehensive manner. In order to compensate for this deficiency, there must be a method, which can analyze interrelated, relevant indicators and statements together, using appropriate standards for comprehensive analysis and evaluation, which fully embodies the enterprise overall financial situation, andpointed out the relationship between indicators and indicators and indicators and reports. A DuPont analysis is one of the.DuPont financial analysis system (TheDuPontSystem) is a more practical financial ratio analysis system. This method of analysis was first created by the manager of the DuPont Co in the United States, so it is called DuPont financial analysis system. The method of financial analysis from the enterprise performance evaluation is the most comprehensive and representative index - net interest rates of use to decompose the basic factors of production, and enterprise cost and expense risk, so as to satisfy the need for performance evaluation through financial analysis, business objectives change operator can timely find out the reasons and correction, and provide the basis for investors, creditors and government evaluation of enterprises.A DuPont, DuPont analysis method and analysis of the characteristics of the DuPont model diagram is the most significant number for ratio evaluation of the operational efficiency and financial status of enterprises according to their internal links organically, form a complete index system, and finally through the return on equity to reflect. By this method, the level of financial ratio analysis can be clearer and more coherent, which will provide convenience for the analysts to understand the operation and profitability of enterprises comprehensively and carefully.DuPont analysis helps enterprise management more clearly see the determinants of equity capital gains rate, relationship and sales net profit rate and total asset turnover rate, debt ratio,provides a clear roadmap for the company asset management efficiency and the maximization of shareholder returns to management.DuPont analysis uses the internal relationship between the major financial ratios, establishes a comprehensive model of financial ratio analysis, and comprehensively analyzes and evaluates the financial status and operating performance of enterprises. DuPont analysis chart is used to arrange the relevant indexes according to internal relations, so as to directly reflect the overall situation of the enterprise's financial status and management results.The DuPont financial analysis system is shown in the figure:Figure 1 DuPont analysis chartTwo. Analysis of DuPont drawings1. the relationship between the financial indicators in the figure:It can be seen that DuPont analysis actually analyzes the finance from two angles. One is the internal management factor analysis, the other is the capital structure and risk analysis of the two.Net interest rate = net interest rate of assets * equity multiplierEquity multiplier (1 = 1, asset liability ratio)Net asset interest = net selling rate * total asset turnoverNet profit = sales revenue / net salesThe total asset turnover = sales / total assetsAsset liability ratio = Total Liabilities / total assets2. DuPont analysis chart provides information about the following major financial indicators:(1) net interest rate is the most comprehensive financial ratio. It is the core of Du Pont analysis system. It reflects the profitability of the owner's capital and reflects the efficiency of the enterprise's financing, investment, asset operation and so on. It depends on the level of the total assets profit margin and the equity capital ratio. There are three factors that determine the net interest rate of equity, equity multiplier, net selling interest rate and total assets turnover. The three ratios of equity multiplier, net interest rate and total asset turnover reflect the debt ratio, profitability ratio and asset management ratio of an enterprise respectively.(2) the equity multiplier is mainly affected by the asset liability ratio. The greater the debt ratio, the higher the equity multiplier, indicating that the enterprise has a higher degree of debt, and bring more leverage benefits to the enterprise,At the same time, it also brings more risks to the enterprise.The net asset interest rate is a comprehensive index, which is affected by both the net selling interest rate and the asset turnover.(3) the net interest rate of assets is also an important financial ratio, and the comprehensive rate is also stronger. It is the product of the net interest rate and the total asset turnover, so it should be further analyzed from two aspects: sales results and asset operation.The net sales rate reflects the relationship between the total profit and the sales revenue. In this sense, raising the net sales rate is the key to improving the profitability of the enterprise. To improve the net sales rate: first, to expand sales revenue; two is to reduce costs. To reduce costs and expenses is an important part of enterprise financial management. Through the list of costs and expenses, it is beneficial for enterprises to analyze the structure of cost and expense, and to strengthen cost control, so as to provide the basis for seeking ways to reduce cost.The operation ability of enterprise assets is not only related to the profitability of an enterprise, but also to the solvency of an enterprise. Generally speaking, the liquid assets directly reflect the solvency and liquidity of the enterprise, and the non current assets reflect the scale and potential of the enterprise. Between the two should be a reasonable structure ratio, if the enterprise's cash holdings more than business needs, it may affect the profitability of enterprises; if enterprises occupy excessive inventory and accounts receivable, it should affect the profitability, solvency andinfluence. To this end, we should further analyze the amount of assets and turnover speed. The current assets should focus on whether the stock backlog phenomenon, monetary funds, accounts receivable are idle in the analysis of customer payment ability and have no bad debts; on the non current focuses on the analysis of the fixed assets of enterprises is full use of assets.Three, DuPont analysis is used as an example to analyze DuPont's financial analysis method, which can explain the reasons for the change of indicators and the trend of changes, and show the direction for taking measures. Below, take a listed company Beiqi Foton automobile (600166) as an example to illustrate the use of DuPont analysis.The basic financial data of Foton Motor are as follows:Table twoDuPont analysis chart(I) analysis of net interest rates;The net interest rate index of equity is a measure of the ability of an enterprise to make use of its assets to obtain profits. The net interest rate of equity takes full account of the influence of the mode of financing on the profitability of the enterprise, so the profitability reflected by it is the result of the combination of various factors, such as business capability, financial decision-making and financing methods.The company's net interest rates have improved to some extent during the period from 2001 to 2002, respectively, from the 0.112. enterprises increased from 0.097 in 2001 to 2002 the investors to a large extent on the basis of this index to judge whether the investment or whether the transfer of shares, study of operator performance and dividend policy decision. These indicators are also important to the company's managers.Corporate managers conduct financial analysis to improve their financial decisions. They can split net interest rates into equity multipliers and net interest rates to find the causes of the problem.Table three: equity interest rate analysis sheetFoton equity net interest = equity multiplier * equity net interest rateThrough the decomposition, we can see clearly that the change of the net interest rate of the company's equity lies in the interaction of two aspects, the changes of the capital structure (equity multiplier) and the effect of the asset utilization (the net interest rate of assets). The company's net asset interest rate is too low, showing a poor asset utilization.(two) decomposition analysis process:Net interest rate = net interest rate of assets * equity multiplierThe decomposition shows that the change in net interest rate is due to changes in capital structure (declining equity multiplier), while changes in asset utilization and cost control (net asset interest rates have also changed). So, we continue to decompose the net interest rate of assets:Net asset interest = net selling rate * total asset turnoverThe decomposition can be seen in 2002 the total assets turnover rate has increased, the use of assets that better control is obtained, shows better effect than the previous year, show that the company's use of its total assets generated sales revenue increase in efficiency. As the total assets turnover improved, the decrease in net selling interest rates prevented the increase in the net asset interest rate, and we then decomposed the net sales interest rate:Net profit = sales revenue / net salesIn 2002 the company greatly increased sales revenue, but net profit increase is very small, the reason is the increase in cost, from a table that all costs increased from 4 billion 39 million 674 thousand and 300 yuan in 2001 to 7 billion 367 million 472 thousand and 400 yuan in 2002, with sales revenue increase of roughly the same magnitude. The following is a breakdown of all costs:All costs = manufacturing costs + sales expenses + management fees + financial expensesIn 2002 736747.24 = 684559.9121740.96225718.205026.17 can beseen through the decomposition of DuPont analysis effectively explains the cause and trend of change in target, to take measures to deal with the direction.In this case, the main reason for the small profit margin is that the total cost is too large. It is also because the full cost increase led to a net profit increase is limited, and greatly increase sales, caused a decrease in sales net interest rate, shown to reduce the profitability of the company's sales. The improvement of the net asset interest rate, the improvement of the total assets turnover rate and the decrease of the net selling interest rate, have played an important role in hindering the improvement of the net assets interest rate.As seen in Table 4, the decline in the rights and interests of Foton motors shows that their capital structure has changed between 2001 and 2002, and the equity multiplier in 2002 was somewhat smaller than in 2001. The smaller the equity multiplier, the lower the debt level of the enterprise, the stronger the ability to repay the debt, the lower the financial risk. The index also reflects the impact of leverage on profit levels. Financial leverage has two positive and negative functions. In a well paid year, it can increase the potential return of shareholders, but shareholders should bear the risk of increased liabilities; in the bad year, the potential return of shareholders may be reduced. The company's equity multiplier has been between 2~5, that is, the debt ratio of 50% to 80%, belonging to the radical strategic enterprises. Managers should accurately understand the company's environment, accurately predict profits, and reasonably control the risks associated with liabilities.Therefore, for Fukuda automobile, the most important thing is to make efforts to reduce costs and control costs. At the same time, maintain a high total asset turnover. In this way, the sales margin can be improved and the net interest rate of assets will be greatly improved.Four, conclusion, DuPont analysis to net interest rates as the main line, the enterprise in a certain period of time the sales achievement and asset operational condition comprehensive together, the layers of decomposition, step by step, constitute a complete analysis system. It can help managers find financial and management problems, can provide valuable information for improving enterprise management, which is widely recognized and widely used in practical work.DuPont analysis, however, is one of the methods of financial analysis. As a comprehensive analysis method, it does not exclude other methods of financial analysis. On the contrary, combined with other analysis methods, not only can make up for their shortcomings and shortcomings, but also make up for shortcomings of other methods, which makes the analysis results more complete and more scientific. For example, DuPont analysis as the foundation, combined with the special analysis, some problems related to the subsequent analysis for further more detailed analysis to understand; can also be combined with the method of comparative analysis and trend analysis method, the different period of DuPont analysis by comparing the results of trend analysis, thus the dynamic formation, identify financial changes, provide the basis for the prediction of or, decision-making; some enterprises and financial risk analysismethods, the necessary risk analysis, also provides the basis for managers, so this combination is also the need of the development of DuPont analysis. The analyst should pay attention to this when applying.。

Matrix Analysis: Unlocking the Power ofLinear AlgebraIn the realm of mathematics, matrix analysis stands as a towering edifice, bridging the gap between abstract concepts and practical applications. At its core, matrix analysis is the study of matrices—rectangular arrays of numbers or symbols—and their properties, operations, and transformations. This branch of mathematics finds its roots in linear algebra and has evolved to become a crucial tool in various fields, including physics, engineering, computer science, and economics.Matrices are ubiquitous in modern science and technology. They serve as compact representations of systems of linear equations, allowing us to manipulate and solve them efficiently. Matrix analysis provides a robust framework for understanding the behavior of these systems, enabling us to predict their outcomes and design optimal solutions.One of the fundamental operations in matrix analysis is matrix multiplication. This operation not only extends the algebraic structure of matrices but also underlies manycomplex computations in various fields. Matrix multiplication finds applications in image processing, where it is used to perform transformations such as rotation, scaling, and translation on images. In computer graphics, matrices are employed to represent 3D objects and their movements in space.Another cornerstone of matrix analysis is matrix inversion. The inverse of a matrix plays a pivotal role in solving systems of linear equations and inverting linear transformations. It also finds applications in statistical analysis, where it is used to compute the covariance matrix of a dataset or to estimate the parameters of a linear regression model.Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are yet another vital concept in matrix analysis. They provide insights into the inherent properties of matrices and the behavior of linear transformations. Eigenvalues represent the scaling factors of the eigenvectors under the transformation, revealing information about stability, periodicity, and other dynamical properties of the system. These concepts arecrucial in areas such as quantum mechanics, control systems, and network analysis.Moreover, matrix analysis also deals with matrix decompositions, which involve expressing a matrix as a product of simpler matrices. These decompositions, such as the LU decomposition, the Cholesky decomposition, and the eigenvalue decomposition, provide efficient methods for solving linear systems, computing matrix inverses, and performing other matrix operations.In conclusion, matrix analysis stands as a powerfultool in the arsenal of mathematicians and scientists. It unlocks the potential of linear algebra, enabling us to understand and manipulate complex systems with ease. From physics to engineering, from computer science to economics, matrix analysis continues to play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the world and shaping the future of technology.**矩阵分析：解锁线性代数的力量**在数学领域，矩阵分析如同一座高耸入云的建筑，架起了抽象概念与实际应用之间的桥梁。

学习分析技术在在线教育中的应用研究随着技术的不断发展和互联网的普及，现在的教育已经不再局限于传统的教育方式。

在线教育在这个时代变得越来越受欢迎，尤其是在疫情期间，它成为了许多人的首选。

然而，仅仅有一个线上平台和视频课程是不够的。

如何对线上学习进行监督和检测，通过数据指导教学，促进学生的学习效果，则成为了在线教育中的一个重要话题。

一、学习分析技术的概念学习分析技术（Learning Analytics）是一种跨学科的研究领域，是通过收集、分析和报告有关学习者和他们的学习环境的数据来支持和优化学习和相关过程的决策。

它不仅可以揭示出学生学习中的瓶颈、难点和错误，还可以通过对学生的行为进行分析来推断学生的学习状况和情感状态。

二、学习分析技术在在线教育中的应用1、精准推荐在线教育平台可以根据学习分析技术推荐适合学生的课程和学习资源。

根据学生在同类型课程中的行为和成长轨迹，可以给出更加科学和合理的课程推荐，避免了同一课程“内容过少或者过多”的问题。

同时，学习分析技术还可以根据学生的学习特点实时调整课程难度和深度，提高学生的学习效果和学习积极性。

2、学习路径优化通过对学生学习路径的监控和分析，可以进行学习路径优化和个性化定制教育。

学习分析技术可以根据学生在学习过程中的行为、记录、评估和反馈等数据，对学生的个性化学习路径进行分析，找到可供优化改善的地方。

在保障学生个性化学习的同时，还保证了学生的学习效益。

3、预测学习结果学习分析技术还可以根据学生的历史数据，结合学生的行为特点，预测学生的学习结果。

通过数据的分析，判断学生的学习状态，及时做出教育干预和优化的措施，帮助学生在学习过程中更好的完成课程，提高学习效果和达成学习目标的速度。

4、汇总数据报告学习分析技术还可以给教育者和学生汇总数据报告作为教学和学习参考。

教师可以借助学习分析技术，了解学生在学习过程中的细节和疑惑，并据此制定更加科学的教学方案。

该技术还可以根据学生的个人成长和课程完成情况，为教育者和学生制定合适的学习目标和成长目标。

毕业设计附件外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：Andrew G. The study of Harvard analysis framework and corporate financial analysis. American Journal of sociology, 2016, 2(4): 283-301.原文The study of Harvard analysis framework and corporate financial analysisAndrew GAbstractAn effective financial analysis framework should not only learn how to use accounting data, and be good at using the accounting data. Enterprises to implement its business strategy are based on the accounting data, and ignore the enterprise environment and strategic analysis. Thus, to a more comprehensive understanding of enterprise operating performance, but also extends the traditional financial analysis object by the financial statements for the entire financial report and related institutional environment, build a new financial analysis framework is more and more necessary.New analysis framework should be more with strategic vision, focus on the development strategy of the enterprise, takes the enterprise's competitive position, USES the method of management related problem analysis, financial statement analysis and analysis of organic combination of enterprise development strategy, analysis of enterprise internal and external management environment, combined with the overall development of the enterprise strategic and long-term interests, analyze the content of the more widely and more wide, to the enterprise management decision making will be more valuable. Harvard analysis framework and harvard analysis framework arises at the historic moment, standing in a strategic point of view, is not limited to the company's financial statements, to analyze the opportunities and threats from external environment, and the enterprise internal strengths and weaknesses, the analysis of financial situation improved prediction is scientific, pointed out the direction of future development for the enterprise.Keywords: Harvard analysis framework, the electric power enterprise, strategy, financial analysis1 IntroductionThe development needs of an enterprise financial analysis for its help, financial analysis has attracted the attention of the enterprise, experts and scholars are also constantly explore the solution to the financial analysis, financial analysis framework of research in recent years, more and more. Harvard analysis is the sublimation of traditional financial analysis, the framework from the management strategy of enterprises, analyzes the financial data of the enterprise, accounting analysis, find out enterprise possible false results, and then adopt some methods to improve the quality of accounting information, and on the basis of financial analysis, realistic analysis of the results, and then forecast the prospect of the enterprise. The traditional financial analysis framework is in the long-term practice of financial analysis and theoretical summary and form, it is main analysis object with financial statements, although joined the financial comprehensive analysis model or system, but still with quantitative analysis as the basic characteristics of neglect or some important financial information cannot be effectively incorporated into the analysis framework. Traditional analysis framework is mainly analysis enterprise's financial statements, is basically a state of "report on report". And commonly used analysis methods mainly include ratio analysis, comparative analysis, trend analysis and DuPont financial analysis system, etc., mainly through the calculation and comparison of the financial statement data, draw the corresponding index data, then the results of comparative analysis and factor analysis, heavy "quantity" is not "quality", the lack of the nature of the analysis of a problem. Traditional analysis, with emphasis on the internal situation, the main process flows of the enterprise, asset utilization ability, debt paying ability, profitability analysis, and ignore the external business environment. And analysis based on financial statements and financial statements is a summary of the business in the past, and this analysis has the obvious lag. The traditional financial analysis framework to analyze the data on the enterprise accounting statements cannot havesatisfied the needs of the development of enterprises now.2 Literature reviewCommon methods of financial analysis can be summarized as three kinds: DuPont financial analysis method, economic value added and balanced scorecard method. DuPont financial analysis method the enterprise net assets yield level decomposition to the product of a number of financial ratios, by using the inner relationship between financial indicators, comprehensive management of the enterprise financial management system and the economic benefit of this evaluation. It can help enterprise management more clearly see the determinants of return on net assets, and the sales net profit margin and total asset turnover, the correlation relationship between the debt ratio, provides a clear overview to management whether the company assets management efficiency and maximize shareholder returns roadmap. Economic value added theory init ially by Merton miller and Franco’s dial, two famous economists put forward. Later in the United States, tang, consulting company realized that this method is to evaluate the value of the company a good method, so the company will set up the method to promote worldwide. Economic value added is the company's operating profit after tax and the difference between the costs of capital; it takes into account the opportunity cost of capital economic profits, rather than accounting profit. It will force the company decision-makers high attention to the cost of capital. Put forward by Robert Kaplan, the balanced scorecard, which is based on enterprise strategy as the guidance, through finance, customer, operations and staff from four aspects and performance indicators of cause and effect, comprehensive management and the enterprise integrated performance evaluation system. Because of its advanced and has a certain reliability, so has been the favor of some companies. This kind of evaluation method to evaluate the quality of people to have certain request, because the choice of evaluation index need to refer to the company all aspects of characteristics, in order to fully reflect the company's financial position and operating results.In this increasingly mature, on the basis of financial analysis methods, scholars began to pay attention to these methods can be incorporated into a complete financialanalysis system, in order to form a frame structure, support for the enterprise economic operation.ErichHelford analysis framework is divided into introduction, operation analysis, investment analysis, financing analysis, value analysis several part. Summarizes the enterprise system, decision background and its relationship with financial statements and analysis tools, discussed including investment analysis, capital cost and financing options, and stock and enterprise value assessment, etc.Elisha based on the traditional financial analysis framework, which based on the analysis of enterprise debt paying ability, assets operation ability, profit ability and development ability, added into some of the industry analysis and the analysis of competition strategy. It includes business strategy analysis, accounting analysis, financial statement analysis and prospect analysis of four parts.The main points of the frame is in the business strategy analysis under the premise of accounting analysis, financial analysis and prospect analysis, shows that it is in a macro view more open order detail analysis, not only do detail analysis. Clyde P to financial analysis framework is divided into three parts, the first part of the financial accounting environment, the analysis of the data and the relationship between the enterprises the main activities, etc;The second part of accounting analysis, from the generally accepted accounting principles, analysis the connotation of the accounting item and quality; The third part of financial analysis, namely from the profitability, risk, prediction and evaluation of enterprise financial position and operating results are analyzed.3 Harvard theory analysis frameworks3.1 Strategic analysisStrategic analysis is the logical starting point of financial statement analysis, is also a Harvard analysis framework and other different parts of the financial analysis. Financial statement analysis is through the strategy analysis to the business activities of enterprises qualitative analysis of its economic significance, but also to accounting analysis and financial analysis for providing realistic background. Its main from the industry analysis and competitive strategy analysis of the two sides is analyzed. Can make use of porter five analysis, industry analysis to analyze the profitability of theindustry, by analyzing the existing and potential competitiveness, and negotiation ability, in the buying and selling market for investors to the data analysis of the industry has an overall grasp. Through the analysis of the industry development stage, the industry technological change speed, the product difference and integration, the buyer the seller number and relative size, industry market boundaries, total market and growth prospects, such as analysis, can see the nature of the industry and its status and role in the national economy. Sometimes, according to the characteristics of different industry life cycle for analysis. Must analysis the enterprise competition strategy analysis the characteristics of the industry and competitiveness problems. Choose attractive strong industry is part of business success, however, the real key to the success or failure of the enterprise is the enterprise the selected cost leadership strategy or differentiation strategy enforcement of whether to make a difference. Cost advantages including at a lower cost to provide the same product or service ability, a large number of mass production scale, production efficiency, etc.Difference advantage to supply a unique product or service cost is lower than the price, consumers preferred to buy a better product quality, more product variety, better customer service, etc.3.2 Accounting analysisAccounting analysis aims to evaluate financial statement disclosure of accounting information to the enterprise actual reflect the degree of operating conditions. Through the evaluation of enterprise accounting policies and accounting estimates whether appropriate, can assess the enterprise accounting information distortion degree. Through the analysis of the notes to financial statements, understand accounting statements behind digital detailed composition and not reflected in the information on accounting statements, by analyzing industry transverse and longitudinal analysis of the enterprise financial data that may exist in the water, and then to certain adjustment of financial data, and according to the adjusted data to the financial statements, so that they can more accurately grasp the enterprise the management condition. Accounting analysis steps in turn have to identify the key accounting policies, evaluating accounting flexibility, evaluationstrategy, accounting disclosure quality evaluation, recognize danger signals and finally eliminate the distortion of accounting information. Accounting analysis method can have the audit report to analysis, abnormal profit excluding method, cash flow analysis, related party transactions rejecting method eliminating method and the virtual assets.3.3 Financial analysisThe main content of financial analysis is to enterprise's debt paying ability, operation ability, and profit ability; create cash flow capacity using the method of financial ratio analysis and cash flow analysis to analysis and research. Is the purpose of financial analysis using the financial data to evaluate the performance of enterprise at present and the past, in order to better know and enterprise strategy is linked to performance. Ratio analysis is mainly used to evaluate the enterprise product market performance and financial policy. Cash flow analysis is mainly used to evaluate enterprise asset liquidity and financial flexibility. Analyze the corporate profitability and growth is one of the major problems of financial statement analysis and evaluation. Through the analysis of the problem can be used to develop product strategy and financial strategies. Product strategy, operation and management, including analysis of revenues and expenses management, working capital and the management of fixed assets investment management. Management of finance strategy including the analysis of debt and equity structure of financing strategy, dividend payments and profit distribution of dividend policy. Conduct financial analysis and accounting information distortion phenomenon is more common, so the Harvard analysis under the framework of financial analysis are not independent accounting data, but according to the result of step in the accounting analysis, namely the financial statements of the enterprise artificial out financial analysis, and the related parameters of the accounting statements and peer enterprises horizontal comparison, and analysis enterprise's position in the industry and its realistic situation.译文哈佛分析框架与企业财务分析研究Andrew G摘要一个有效地财务分析框架不仅要学习如何使用会计数据，而且要善于运用非会计数据。

第1篇Executive Summary:This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the data collected from an English learning survey conducted among students and professionals in various educational and professional backgrounds. The survey aimed to understand the current trends, challenges, and preferences in English language learning. The report covers key findings, insights, and recommendations based on the data analysis.1. Introduction1.1 Background:The global importance of English as a lingua franca has been increasing over the years. It is not only a language of international communication but also a key to unlocking numerous opportunities in education, business, and personal growth. In order to assess the effectiveness of English language learning programs and to identify areas for improvement, a survey was conducted to gather insights from learners across different demographics.1.2 Objectives:The primary objectives of this survey were to:- Assess the current level of English proficiency among learners.- Identify the most effective learning methods and resources.- Understand the challenges faced by learners in English language acquisition.- Determine the preferred learning environments and schedules.2. Methodology2.1 Survey Design:The survey was designed to be an online questionnaire that could be completed by participants within a short time frame. The surveyconsisted of multiple-choice questions, Likert scale questions, and open-ended questions to gather both quantitative and qualitative data.2.2 Sample:The survey was distributed to a diverse sample of 500 participants, including students (undergraduate and postgraduate), working professionals, and individuals who are self-learners. The participants were from various educational institutions and industries, ensuring a wide range of perspectives.2.3 Data Collection:The survey was conducted over a period of four weeks, and the data were collected using an online survey platform. The responses were anonymized to ensure confidentiality.3. Key Findings3.1 Current Level of English Proficiency:- The majority of participants (70%) reported having basic to intermediate proficiency in English.- 30% of the participants claimed to have advanced proficiency.- 40% of the students mentioned that they are not confident in using English in academic settings.3.2 Most Effective Learning Methods:- Interactive online courses and virtual classrooms were considered the most effective learning methods by 45% of the participants.- 35% preferred traditional classroom-based learning.- 20% found self-study resources and mobile applications to be the most effective.3.3 Challenges in English Language Acquisition:- 60% of the participants reported lack of motivation and consistency as the primary challenges.- 40% mentioned time constraints and lack of access to native speakers as significant barriers.- 30% cited lack of practical application opportunities as a challenge.3.4 Preferred Learning Environments and Schedules:- 50% of the participants preferred flexible learning schedules that allowed them to study at their own pace.- 40% preferred fixed schedules with regular classes.- 10% were open to both options.4. Insights and Recommendations4.1 Insights:- The survey indicates a growing trend towards online learning, especially among younger demographics.- Traditional classroom-based learning still holds significant value, particularly in educational settings.- Learners are seeking a balance between flexibility and structure in their learning experiences.4.2 Recommendations:- Educational institutions and language learning providers should offer a mix of online and traditional classroom-based courses.- Online platforms should focus on creating engaging and interactive content to enhance learner motivation.- Regular feedback and assessment should be provided to learners to track their progress and address their individual needs.- Collaboration with native speakers and industry professionals can provide learners with practical application opportunities.- Learning resources should be made accessible and affordable to cater to a wider audience.5. ConclusionThe English learning survey has provided valuable insights into the current landscape of English language learning. The findings highlight the importance of offering diverse learning options and addressing the challenges faced by learners. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this report, educational institutions and language learning providers can better cater to the needs of their learners and contribute to the global demand for English proficiency.References:- [Insert references to any research articles, books, or other sources used in the report]Appendices:- [Insert any additional tables, charts, or raw data used in the analysis][Note: This is a template for a report and does not contain actual data or survey results. The sections marked with "Insert" should be filled in with relevant information based on the actual survey data.]第2篇Executive Summary:This report presents the findings from an extensive survey conducted to analyze the current trends, challenges, and preferences in English language learning among a diverse group of individuals. The survey was designed to gather insights into various aspects of English learning, including the methods used, the motivations behind learning, the perceived difficulties, and the resources employed. The data collected was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a comprehensive overview of the English learning landscape.Introduction:English has become the global lingua franca, and the demand for English language proficiency has surged across the world. This report aims to shed light on the factors influencing English language learning, the strategies employed by learners, and the overall effectiveness of different learning approaches. The survey was conducted over a period of three months and included responses from over 5000 participants from various countries, age groups, and educational backgrounds.Methodology:The survey was conducted online using a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to collect data on the following aspects:1. Background information (age, gender, educational level, country of residence)2. English learning experience (years of study, previous learning methods)3. Motivations for learning English4. Challenges faced in learning English5. Preferred learning methods and resources6. Perceived effectiveness of different learning approaches7. Language proficiency levelThe data was collected using an online survey platform, and the responses were anonymized to ensure privacy. The data analysis was conducted using statistical software to determine the prevalence of different responses and to identify any patterns or correlations within the data.Findings:1. Demographics of English Learners:- The majority of respondents (60%) were between the ages of 18 and 30.- The highest percentage (40%) of respondents were from Asia,followed by Europe (25%) and North America (15%).- The educational level of respondents was diverse, with 35% being currently enrolled in higher education, 25% being in secondary education, and the remaining being in primary education or having completed their education.2. English Learning Experience:- On average, respondents had been learning English for 5.2 years.- The most common previous learning methods were classroominstruction (85%), self-study (70%), and online courses (60%).3. Motivations for Learning English:- The primary motivation for learning English was for professional development (80%), followed by travel (60%), academic purposes (50%),and cultural interests (40%).4. Challenges Faced in Learning English:- The most significant challenges reported were grammar andvocabulary (80%), pronunciation (70%), and lack of practiceopportunities (60%).- Cultural barriers and lack of confidence were also mentioned as challenges by 35% and 30% of respondents, respectively.5. Preferred Learning Methods and Resources:- The most popular learning methods were self-study (75%), online courses (65%), and classroom instruction (60%).- The most frequently used resources were English learning apps (70%), English movies and TV shows (60%), and online dictionaries (50%).6. Perceived Effectiveness of Different Learning Approaches:- Self-study was perceived as the most effective method by 65% of respondents, followed by online courses (55%) and classroom instruction (45%).- However, 30% of respondents believed that a combination of these methods was the most effective.7. Language Proficiency Level:- The majority of respondents (60%) reported being at an intermediate level of English proficiency, followed by advanced (25%) and beginner (15%).Discussion:The survey results indicate that English language learning is driven primarily by professional and personal development goals. The preference for self-study and online courses suggests a shift towards more flexible and accessible learning options. However, the challenges faced by learners, particularly in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, highlight the need for comprehensive and targeted learning resources.The survey also revealed a significant gap between the perceived effectiveness of different learning methods and the actual level of proficiency achieved. This suggests that while learners may be utilizing a variety of resources, the quality and structure of these resources may need improvement to ensure more effective learning outcomes.Recommendations:Based on the survey findings, the following recommendations are made:1. Develop Comprehensive Learning Resources: Create comprehensive learning materials that address the specific challenges faced by learners, such as grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.2. Promote Blended Learning Approaches: Encourage the integration ofself-study, online courses, and classroom instruction to maximize learning outcomes.3. Offer Cultural Exchange Opportunities: Provide opportunities for learners to engage with native speakers and immerse themselves in English-speaking cultures to enhance their language skills and cultural understanding.4. Strengthen Professional Development Programs: Develop professional development programs for educators to ensure they are equipped with the latest teaching methods and resources.5. Monitor and Evaluate Learning Outcomes: Implement regular assessments to monitor the progress of learners and provide feedback to both learners and educators.Conclusion:The English language learning landscape is evolving, and the survey findings provide valuable insights into the current trends and challenges. By addressing the identified needs and implementing the recommended strategies, the English language learning experience can be enhanced, leading to improved proficiency and a more effective global communication environment.References:- (Include relevant references to research articles, books, or reports that support the findings and recommendations in the report.)Appendix:- (Include any additional data, charts, or tables that were used in the analysis but not included in the main body of the report.)第3篇Executive Summary:This report presents the findings from an extensive survey conducted to analyze the current state of English language learning in our region. The survey aimed to gather insights into learners' motivations, preferred learning methods, challenges faced, and future expectations. The data was collected from a diverse group of participants, includingstudents, professionals, and enthusiasts, across various age groups and educational backgrounds. This report provides a comprehensive analysisof the survey results, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and English language learners.1. Introduction1.1 Background:The global importance of English as a lingua franca cannot be overstated. With its role in international communication, business, and education, proficiency in English has become a crucial skill for individuals worldwide. To better understand the English learning landscape in our region, we conducted a comprehensive survey to assess the current trends, preferences, and challenges.1.2 Objectives:The primary objectives of this survey were to:- Identify the motivations behind English language learning.- Assess the preferred learning methods and resources.- Understand the challenges faced by English learners.- Determine the future expectations and goals of English learners.2. Methodology2.1 Sample Population:The survey was conducted among 500 participants, including students (300), professionals (150), and enthusiasts (50). The participants were from various age groups (18-25, 26-35, 36-45, 46-55, and 56+), with diverse educational backgrounds and levels of English proficiency.2.2 Data Collection:The survey was conducted online, using a questionnaire that includedboth closed-ended and open-ended questions. The participants were askedabout their motivations, preferred learning methods, challenges, and future expectations.2.3 Data Analysis:The collected data was analyzed using statistical software to determine the frequency and distribution of responses. Qualitative data was coded and categorized to identify common themes and patterns.3. Findings3.1 Motivations for Learning English:- International Communication: The most common motivation (65%) was to improve international communication skills.- Career Advancement: 45% of participants cited career advancement as a primary reason for learning English.- Education: 30% of participants wanted to enhance their educational opportunities by learning English.3.2 Preferred Learning Methods:- Online Courses: 70% of participants preferred online courses due to flexibility and accessibility.- Private Tutors: 25% preferred private tutoring for personalized learning experiences.- Group Classes: 5% preferred group classes for social interaction and peer learning.3.3 Challenges Faced by English Learners:- Language Acquisition: 40% of participants found it challenging to acquire proper pronunciation and fluency.- Resource Access: 30% reported difficulties in accessing quality learning resources.- Time Management: 25% faced challenges in managing time effectively for English learning.3.4 Future Expectations:- Increased Proficiency: 80% of participants expected to see significant improvement in their English proficiency within the next two years.- Global Opportunities: 65% anticipated enhanced opportunities for international travel and work.- Continuous Learning: 50% expressed a desire for ongoing support and resources to maintain their language skills.4. Discussion4.1 Motivations and Challenges:The survey results indicate a strong correlation between motivations and challenges faced by English learners. The desire for improved international communication and career advancement often leads to the need for language proficiency, which can be challenging to achieve.4.2 Learning Methods and Resources:The preference for online courses highlights the importance of technology in modern English language learning. Access to quality resources is crucial, and online platforms offer a wide range of options for learners.4.3 Future Expectations:The optimistic outlook for future proficiency and opportunities suggests that English learners are committed to their language development and are hopeful about the benefits it will bring.5. Recommendations5.1 For Educators:- Develop interactive and engaging online courses to cater to the preference for online learning.- Provide access to a variety of resources, including pronunciation guides and vocabulary builders.- Offer ongoing support through forums and virtual communities to encourage continuous learning.5.2 For Policymakers:- Invest in technology infrastructure to ensure widespread access to online learning platforms.- Collaborate with educational institutions to integrate English language learning into the curriculum.- Promote international exchange programs to provide practical language learning experiences.5.3 For English Learners:- Set realistic goals and create a structured learning plan.- Utilize technology to supplement traditional learning methods.- Seek opportunities for practical language use, such as language exchange partners or cultural immersion programs.6. ConclusionThis survey provides valuable insights into the English learning landscape in our region. By understanding the motivations, preferences, challenges, and future expectations of English learners, we can develop more effective strategies to support their language development. As the global importance of English continues to grow, it is essential to address the needs of learners and create a supportive environment for their success.References:- [Insert references to any sources used in the report]Appendix:- [Insert survey questionnaire and additional data tables as needed][Note: This report is a fictional example and does not contain real data or references.]。

analyze的用法什么是analyzeanalyze是一个英文动词，意为“分析”，通常用于描述对某个问题、情况或数据进行详细研究和理解的过程。

在不同的领域和学科中，analyze具有不同的具体含义和应用方式。

analyze的基本用法在日常用语和学术研究中，analyze常常用于指代以下几种意义和用法：1.对事物进行细致的分解和研究。

例如：The scientist is analyzing thechemical composition of the substance.（科学家正在分析物质的化学组成）2.对数据、情况或问题进行详细的研究和评估。

例如：The market analystis analyzing the sales data to identify trends and patterns.（市场分析师正在分析销售数据，以确定趋势和模式）3.对文本或语言进行深入剖析和解释。

例如：The literary critic isanalyzing the symbolism in the novel.（文学评论家正在分析小说中的象征意义）4.对行为、动作或过程进行仔细观察和评估。

例如：The coach is analyzingthe players’ performance on the field.（教练正在分析球员在场上的表现）analyze在不同领域的应用1. 经济学领域在经济学中，analyze的应用非常广泛。

经济学家常常使用各种模型和方法对经济数据和现象进行详细分析，以揭示经济规律和趋势，并为决策者提供参考。

a) 宏观经济分析宏观经济分析旨在研究整个经济体的表现和运行机制，包括国内生产总值（GDP）、通货膨胀率、失业率等指标。

经济学家使用统计数据和经济模型来分析和预测经济增长、通货膨胀、就业率等宏观经济变量的走势，并为政府和企业制定经济政策和战略提供建议。

b) 微观经济分析微观经济分析关注个体经济主体（如企业、家庭）的决策行为和市场交互。

光学设计常用术语解释及英汉对照翻译汇总第一部分最基本的术语及英汉对照翻译1时谱time-spectrumIn this paper the time-spectrum characteristics of temporal coherence on the double-modes He-Ne laser have been analyzed and studied mainly from the theory and relative time-spectrum formulas and experimental results have been given Finally this article still discusses the possible application of TC time-spectrum on the double-mode He-Ne Iaser本文重点从理论上分析研究了双纵模He-Ne激光时间相干度的时谱特性以下简称TC时谱特性给出了相应的时谱公式与实验结果并就双纵模He-Ne 激光TC时谱特性的可能应用进行了初步的理论探讨2光谱SpectraStudy on the Applications of Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Spectra in Natural Medicine Analysis共振瑞利散射光谱在天然药物分析中的应用研究3光谱仪spectrometerStudy on Signal Processing and Analysing System of Micro Spectrometer微型光谱仪信号处理与分析系统的研究4单帧single frameComposition method of color stereo image based on single frame image基于单帧图像的彩色立体图像的生成5探测系统Detection SystemResearch on Image Restoration Algorithms in Imaging Detection System成像探测系统图像复原算法研究6超光谱Hyper-SpectralResearch on Key Technology of Hyper-Spectral Remote Sensing Image Processing超光谱遥感图像处理关键技术研究7多光谱multispectral multi-spectral multi-spectrumSimple Method to Compose Multi spectral Remote Sensing Data Using BMP Image File用 BMP 图像文件合成多光谱遥感图像的简单方法8色散dispersionResearches on Adaptive Technology of Compensation for Polarization Mode Dispersion偏振模色散动态补偿技术研究9球差spherical aberrationThe influence of thermal effects in a beam control system and spherical aberration on the laser beam quality 光束控制系统热效应与球差对激光光束质量的影响10慧差comaThe imum sensitivity of coma aberration evaluation is about λ25 估值波面慧差的极限灵敏度为λ25 11焦距focal distanceAbsolute errors of the measured output focal distance range from –120 to 120μm 利用轴向扫描法确定透镜出口焦距时的绝对误差在–120120μm之间12物距object distanceOn the basis of computer calculations for a series of image tubes we proposed an approximation for structure characteristic parameter K characterizing the internal connection between magnification Mobject distance P and image distance Q of an electron-optical system 本文在对象管的一系列计算基础上进一步提出表征电子光学系统放大率M物距P与象距Q之间内在联系的结构特征参数K的近似值第二部分常用的光学设计术语的英汉对照翻译及基本解释光学系统的名词解释aperture stop孔径光阑 4U dB限制进入光学系统之光束大小所使用的光阑 \hH-[Wastigmatism像散 RlbD一个离轴点光源所发出之光线过透镜系统后子午焦点与弧矢焦点不在同一个位置上 0"H0marginal ray边缘光束 QUkl4由轴上物点发出且通过入射瞳孔边缘的光线 zQ ]_chief ray主光束 8 LQy0u[由离轴物点斜向入射至系统且通过孔径阑中心的光线 SFa_4fchromatic aberration色像差8ZW4g _不同波长的光在相同介质中有不的折射率所以轴上焦点位置不同因而造成色像差 LQrhBqcoma慧差 uO4 r当一离轴光束斜向入射至透镜系统经过孔径边缘所成之像高与经过孔径中心所成之像高不同而形成的像差 AJX Zddistortion畸变 2gYrq像在离轴及轴上的放大率不同而造成分为筒状畸变及枕状畸变两种形式 39YJD entrance pupil入射瞳孔 UaleW由轴上物点发出的光线经过孔径阑前的组件而形成的孔径阑之像亦即由轴上物点的位置去看孔径阑所成的像 yVskexit pupil出射瞳孔 T4 P 2T由轴上像点发出的光线经过孔径阑后面的组件而形成的孔径阑之像亦即由像平面轴上的位置看孔径阑所成的的像 d pc3G rfield curvature场曲 NQDf所有在物平面上的点经过光学系统后会在像空间形成像点这些像点所形成的像面若为曲面则此系统有场曲 T Iqfield of view视场视角物空间中在某一距离光学系统所能接受的最大物体尺寸此量值以角度为单位 edom2-Pf-number焦数 5Q G有效焦距除以入射瞳孔直径的比值其定义式如下有时候f-number也称为透镜的速度 4 f 的速度是2 f 速度的两倍 yqs"WJ7qmeridional plane子午平面 r 0dFypF在一个轴对称系统中包含主光线与光轴的平面BH"pmqnumerical aperture数值孔径 ExQ1折射率乘以孔径边缘至物面像面中心的半夹角之正弦值其值为两倍的焦数之倒数数值孔径有物面数值孔径与像面数值孔径两种 nGI 9tsagittal plan弧矢平面纬平面 VIqztL]包含主光线且与子午平面正交的平面 I mS 4nsagittal ray弧矢光束纬光束 Mlr\U所有由物点出发而且在弧矢平面上的斜光线 2r4BK3ray-intercept curve光线交切曲线]G_ N_\子午光线截在像平面上的高度相对于经过透镜系统后发出之光线的斜率之关系图或是定义为经过透镜系统后的光线位移相对于孔径坐标的图此两种定义法可依使用者需要选择在OSLO 中采用后者 Buh jDGspherical aberration球差 RDkfg近轴光束与离轴光束在轴上的焦点位置不同而产生 Lx mvignetting渐晕光晕 tn2]n离轴越远越接近最大视场的光线经过光学系统的有效孔径阑越小所以越离轴的光线在离轴的像面上的光强度就越弱而形成影像由中心轴向离轴晕开 BQHvl jP 角放大率 ZA-q_bk近轴像空间主光线角与近轴物空间主光线角的比率叫做角放大率角的测量与近轴入瞳和出瞳的位置有关 lIaqUd切迹法 LK ErUtJm切迹法指的是系统入瞳的连续均匀的光线选择默认瞳处的光线总是连续均匀的然而有时也会有非连续均匀的光线在这种情况下ZE支持光瞳切迹法也就是改变光瞳处的光波振幅有三种类型的切迹均匀型高斯型矩阵型对每一种类型除连续均匀以外切迹因素取决于光瞳处振幅的变化率 mJpvU7n后焦长度ZE定义的后焦长度是沿着Z轴的方向最后一个玻璃面到像面的距离如果没有玻璃面后焦的长度是Surface1到近轴像面的距离 7 jEKc主像面主像面有时又叫主点指的是物和像空间共轭位置有特定的放大率主像面包括放大率为＋1的平面角放大率为＋1的节平面放大率为-1反节面和放大率为0的像方焦平面和物方焦平面除了焦平面之外其他主像面之间也相互构成共轭面也就是说像空间的主像面与物空间的主像面是共轭面等等如果透镜的物空间和像空间有相同的折射率那么节面与主像面重合 AR8 59主光线 UgN如果没有护真光阑和像差则把从一特定场点穿过入瞳中央到达像面的光线称作主光线注意到没有护真光阑和像差则任何穿过入瞳中央的光线将穿过光阑和出瞳 U0PQ\o当考虑到护真光阑则主光线的定义为只穿过光阑中央不一定穿过光阑中央的光线如果有光瞳像差这是客观存在的那么主光线可以穿过近轴入光瞳如果不用准直或光阑中央用准直但一般说来不会二者同时存在 a -IJMZE从不用主光线来计算主要的计算是参考主要的或中央光线注意质心参数优于主光线因为他在像面上受到的干扰小 n0 qf坐标轴系 Z afgw光学轴是Z轴光线开始传播的方向是Z轴的正方向在传播方向上加一块平面镜会使传播反向坐标系尊从右手定则传播方向是从左向右沿着Z轴正方向经过奇数平面镜之后光线指向Z轴负方向因此经过奇数平面镜之后所有的厚度是负的 su ] v衍射极限衍射极限指的是一个光学系统的性能受到衍射的物理机制的限制而不是设计或者制作的不完整性普遍的约定是系统的衍射极限是根据光程差来计算或度亮的如果波峰到波谷的OPD光程差小于波长的四分之一那么就说系统处于衍射极限 38E这里还有许多方式决定系统的衍射极限例如施特雷尔比在同一系统里形成的有象差点像的衍射图峰值与无象差的峰值亮度之比用于像质的评价RMS OPD标准背离最大斜差对一个系统来说用这种方法是衍射极限而另一种不是衍射极限这是可能的 Q8n关于一些ZE的图例如MTF或Diffraction Encircled energy衍射能量圈图等衍射极限的光学表示衍射极限的响应是显而易见的这些数据通常根据视场域的某一参考点的追踪光线计算出来的光瞳迹变护真光阑F表面孔径等等都和传输有关但不管实际的光路怎样光程差都定为0对于系统来说如果场角在00点处则参考点的位置在坐标轴场点如果不定义00点那么场点通常有11代替边缘厚度YUqdqg]边缘厚度的求解可以改变中心厚度也就是边缘厚度的求解可改变接下来的一个表面的入射光线意思是下一表面的半径会改变如果下一表面的半径用边缘厚度来计算就会出现infinite loop或者circular definition因为这个原因边缘厚度求解计算的边缘厚度严格的针对第一和第四表面尽管第二表面的曲率和形状被用到但从来未涉及到它的半径[R6OZ]y有效焦距 b_jL3w _后主像面到近轴像面的距离他的计算是不断变化的主像面的计算总是根据近轴光线数据既使像空间的折射率不是1有效焦距也总是以10的折光线为参考 R-nJ 2dt入光瞳直经 E93入光瞳直径等于物空间中用透镜单位表示的近轴像光阐的大小 O KS1rG8入光瞳位置 hE_2近轴入光瞳的位置与系统的第一表面相联系第一表面不是物面surface 0而是surface1 K puI[0出光瞳直径 G F\ vNX[出光瞳直径等于近轴像空间用透镜单位表示的近轴像光阐的大小 Z1WzQR近轴出光瞳的位置相联系于像表面_4 up场角和高度 46CEo场点可被定义为角物高对系统来说是有限别性的共轭面近轴像高和真实像高z9eA"pL场角通常是用度数表示的度数是根据物空间的近轴入瞳的位置来度量的 Yb 94 浮动光阐大小 oLG] 8AvZE支持系统的浮动光阐的定义指的是入瞳位置物空间的数值孔径像空间的F及表面光阐的曲率半径因此设半径相应的其他表面的值也随之而定这种是定义孔径的最有效的方法尤其在设置虚拟的光学校正面时很方便玻璃 THZh9Za玻璃的输入是根据LDE的Glass列空缺代表空气折射率为1还可以通过输入MIRROR来定义平面镜通过glass catalog tool得到所有的玻璃目录 ND Hexapolar rings [N[P66\m]ZE通常选择一定光线模式来作为通用的计算例如点图光线模式指的是进入初瞳的一系列模式The hexapolar模式是旋转轴对称用环绕中央光线的环数来表示第一个环包括6束光线第二个环12束第三个环18束如此类推 ca4像空间工作数F jW81 q J像空间工作数F是近轴有效焦距比上近轴入瞳的直径 EdHUSB像空间数值孔径NA szDCG_fY像空间数值孔径用主波长来计算 bjs\c\47透镜单位 32\3PXkw透镜单位主要用来度量透镜系统包括毫米厘米英寸米 rcdaBIN边缘光线n边缘光线指的是从物中心到入瞳边缘在像平面成像的光线sl非近轴系统 Te 3AA非近轴系统指的是不能用近轴光线充分描述的系统 "9xvhbU归一化场域和光瞳坐标 k5 Zj bZE程序和文件中经常用到归一化场域和光瞳坐标四个归一化坐标HxHyPxand PyHx和Hy值是归一化场域坐标Px Py是归一化光瞳坐标 MKvZ[j归一化场域和光瞳坐标用一个单位圆来表征视场半径的大小或者物高是归一化场域坐标的范围入瞳的半经用来限制归一化光瞳坐标例如假如最大物高是10mm 如果定义了3个场域分别在0710mm坐标Hx 0Hy 1指的是物空间 YmjF]光线的开始位置是x 0mmy 10mm坐标 Hx -1Hy 0 指物体 x 10mmy 0mm 光瞳的坐标也是同样的方式表式假如入瞳的半径不是直径是8mm那么Px 0Py 1指的是入瞳顶端边缘的光线则在入瞳表面光线的坐标是x 0y 8 QRSPSK注意归一化坐标总是位于-1到1之间采用归一化坐标的优点是某一条光线总是有同样的坐标例如边缘光线的坐标总是Hx 0Hy 0Px 0Py 1主光线的坐标总是Hx 0Hy 1 Px 0Py 1系统应用归一化坐标的另一个优点是当光瞳的大小和位置变化时仍然有意义假如要优化一个透镜设计您定义了计算系统绩效函数的光线通过应用归一化坐标当光瞳的大小和位置或物的大小和位置改变了或者正在优化之中同样的光线仍然适用 \Kt h0k归一化视场坐标的角位置用度数定义例如假定您选择y-field的角度是0710度就表示您的最大场角是10度则归一化场角的坐标Hx 0Hy 1表示x-field是0度y-field是10度归一化场角的坐标Hx -05Hy 04表示x-field是-5度y-field 是4度注意到如果没有x-field您可以用一个非0的Hx来描光Hx和 Hy的值总是指被物方最大角空间限定的圆形区域如果您限定x-field是10度y-field是6度则最大圆形区域是1166度接着Hx和 Hy将受到这个半径的归一化 olB mj 注意如果用角定义那么坐标就是归一化视场坐标如果用物高定义那么坐标就是归一化物高坐标物空间数值孔径 VCZB G物空间数值孔径是度量从物方进入光线的散度数值孔径被定义作近轴边缘光线角的折射指数WA[R R近轴和parabasal光线 dUjG 1l近轴光线是指可以用斯涅尔定理来描述的光线斯涅尔定理是对于小角度可改写为公式可以参看手册在光学中的大量定义是遵循这种线性关系失常指的是偏离这种性质因此近轴光学系统经常忽略这种失常即认为它是线性的 b尽管这个数字化的公式用来计算近轴模型很简便例如焦距F放大率等等但ZE通常不用这些公式而是用parabasal光线通常是坐标或者主光线来计算 bOgu8kj ZE用parabasal光线的原因是很多系统包括非近轴成分 z[Gqub近轴像高 JTv2rn5在近轴像平面上近轴像的半径大小叫近轴像高 t qSph近轴放大率 jl DDt a近轴像高和物高的比率叫近轴放大率它在近轴像平面测量无限大共轭系统的近轴放大率是0 c rXa近轴工作数F fy28Htd有效的忽略失常的工作数F叫近轴工作数F 3xT]BS4Yt主波长 Xe 1jPJ主波长用微米表示用来计算系统的其他值 qm2曲率半径G用透镜单位度量的每一表面的弯曲程度 8z\ Wk-mz表面光圈 v Mke表面光圈包括圆形矩形椭圆形和网孔形用户还可以自己定义光圈和光阑浮动光圈是基于半径值而定义的表面光圈对系统光圈没有影响 oXbRG6ma系统光圈 Xo7dVX系统光圈是系统F入瞳直径数值孔径或光闸四个中的任何一个足以定义其他三个系统光圈用来定义物空间的入瞳直径反过来发射所有的光线系统光圈只是圆形的而且只有一个系统光圈厚度 YgKkN用透镜单位表示的这一表面到下一表面的相对距离厚度不是累计的每一个值都是独一无二的且沿着Z轴的方向 SxJqPXpn总迹 XBgYB\F8总迹指的是光学系统最左面到最右面的长度从第一表面开始计算任何一个位于表面1和像平面间的厚度都考虑了忽略坐标旋转 78 T Z渐晕因子 WR97 5渐晕因子是描述入瞳大小和不同场角位置的系数ZE有五个渐晕因子VDXVDYVCXVCYVAY这些因素表征偏轴量选择默认代表把他们设为0表示没有渐晕Mi Lr9光学系统的视场角和入瞳可以看坐是一个单位圆而前面所说的归一化场域和光瞳坐标是两个单位圆如果没有渐晕ZE在大部分计算中将会描绘所有的光线Dysn"很多光学系统都要精选光阑这就是意味着一部分光线将被挡去放置光谰的原因是第一在广角透镜中降低了透镜的大小第二可以除去一部分过分偏轴的光线放置光谰通常使场角函数的F值增加这样会使像变暗但是大部分偏轴光线被除去后可以提高像的质量 g 4h工作数F O8Xey G工作数F比像空间工作数F更有用因为它是基于真实光线数据计算的 E7M入射瞳孔 hHVdA1u由轴上物点发出的光线经过孔径光阑前的元件而形成的孔径光阑的像亦即由轴上物点的位置去看孔径光阑所成的像孔径光阑在物空间的共轭像入瞳和出瞳对整个系统来说显然是物和像的关系 "-07[X出射瞳孔 fY G由轴上物点发出的光线经过孔径光阑后面的元件而形成的孔径光阑的像亦即由像平面轴上的位置去看孔径光阑所成的像出瞳距离最小为6㎜在军用光学仪器中由于考虑倒加眼罩和在戴防毒面具的情况下仍能观察出瞳距离一般为20㎜左右焦数x0l有效焦距除以入射瞳孔直径的值有时也称透镜的速度 u5G_YK[子午平面 GMEFeH [O1在一个轴对称系统中包含主光线与光轴的平面 z[弧矢平面 zfQXwer包含主光线且与子午平面正交的平面 -d "Q eU弧矢光束 wuoORZgP所有由物点出发而且在弧矢平面上的斜光线 O PGjA光线交切曲线 VV子午光线截在像平面上的高度相对于经过透镜系统后发出的光线的斜率的关系图或者定义为经过透镜系统后的光线位移相对于孔径坐标的图 eCAN渐晕 pZ K"Z-离轴越远越接近最大视场的光线经过光学系统的有效孔径越小所以越离轴的光线在离轴的像面上的光强度就越弱而形成影像由中心向离轴晕开Mwc体视 -q UTC当观察外界物体时除了能够知道物体的大小形状亮度以及表面颜色以为还能够产生远近的感觉这种远近的感觉的感觉称为空间深度感觉无论是用单眼或者双眼观察时都能产生但是双眼的深度感觉比单眼的强得多也在正确得多我们把这种双眼的深度感觉称为双眼立体视觉简称为体视 ew 8om为了使人眼能够形成良好的体视感双眼仪器左右两个光学系统必须满足以下的要求 lw2 9zV1双眼仪器左右两个光学系统的光轴要平行 a i2两个光学系统的视放大率要一致 qb kpum3两个光学系统之间不应该有相对的像倾斜景深 qI"rKehjA0空间物体成像的清晰度景深能在像面上获得晰度像的物空间深度就是系统的景深在几何光学中将像平面上允许的最大光斑直径作为景深标准 x N2rC3光线追迹 XXDw依次按照在每个面入射高和会聚角的数值求出光线光路的过程 2s vqf物方顶焦距 NRy]dqKT自光学系统第一面顶点到系统物方焦点的距离 iKFcqp物方截距 o5aNVFU自顶点到入射光线与光轴交点的距离 scwi像方顶焦距CXMQs像方焦点离开最后一面顶点的距离称为像方顶焦距\9H像方截距 Gh- 6ltC自顶点到出射光线与光轴交点的距离 jI1" z主平面 49I N垂轴放大率等于1的一对共轭面 oO q2e焦物距 r pCEr自光学系统物方焦点到轴上物点的距离焦像距 HF qAq自光学系统像方焦点到轴上像点的距离Wg节平面 4CN fGMe"角放大率等于1的一对共轭面 nntfp光焦度 pCQyq Cn像方折合焦距的倒数 0daDHr视度 D"7-D与网膜共轭的物面到眼睛距离的倒数 a 0o A8视见函数 9Uldz光度学中为了表示人眼对不同波长辐射的敏感度差别定义了一个函数Vλ称为视见函数在可见光范围内人眼对黄绿光最敏感V555 1 tz0Dht主观光亮度 1R noI外界物体通过眼睛成像在视网膜上刺激视神经细胞引起视觉的强度称为主观光亮度1对于发光点来说当望远镜的出瞳直径大于瞳孔直径时如果忽略系统的光能损失通过望远镜观察时的主观光亮度等于人眼直接观察时主观光亮度的Г2倍2对于发光面来说使用望远镜观察时的主观光亮度永远小于眼睛直接观察时主观光亮度这与发光点的情况完全不同 [FNOk消色差物镜 ipWg"两条谱线之间的轴向色差经过校正的物镜 L9T-Hk复消色差物镜 wVj ymLN三条谱线之间的轴向色差经过校正的物镜变形系统 i s8gm9A使物体在长宽两个方向上按不同的比例成像的光学系统 CmLFt"Pl变焦距系统77M e焦距在一定范围内改变而保持像面不动的光学系统 jSQU HC调焦镜 xn4"W光学系统的一部分通过其移动能配合系统物面位置改变保持光学系统成像在原位置上cjx光圈数 CEMYy gZ被检光学表面与其参考光学表面曲率半径有偏差时所产生的干涉圈数 FBwy[x 光圈局部误差 "P\vh被检光学表面与其参考光学表面产生的干涉条纹的不规则程度r PmN"O标准样板精度 Ur\U\y标准样板的曲率半径名义值与其曲率半径实际值的偏差 zBJQ光学零件气泡度1ab R光学零件在一定范围内含有的气泡的大小和个数4 镜头总长和光学总长 TTL 光学总长是指从系统第一个镜片表面到像面的距离而镜头总长是指最前端表面一般指Barrel表面到像面例如Sensor 表面的距离一般来说镜头太长或太短其设计都会变得困难制造时对工艺要求较高示意图如下页 UNION的镜头规格书中图面所标注的E即为机械总长5 机械后焦 MBF 和光学后焦机械后焦是指从镜头机械后端面到像面的距离而光学后焦是指从镜头最后一个镜片的最后一面到像面的距离它们两者的差别随不同光学系统的不同而不同同时在光学行业内对光学后焦也有两种表达联合光电目前采用光学后焦1的描述6最佳对焦距离和景深景深反映一个光学系统对空间物体成像清晰程度而最佳对焦距离是指一个光学系统景深最佳时的调焦距离这里讲的最佳在实际应用时其实是相对而言的对焦距离取决于使用者客户或消费者希望光学系统所能拍摄的距离范围7 光学畸变 Opt distortion 和TV畸变 TV distortion 畸变是指光学系统对物体所成的像相对于物体本身而言的失真程度光学畸变是指光学理论上计算所得到的变形度 TV畸变则是指实际拍摄图像时的变形程度 DC相机的标准是测量芯片 Sensor 短边处的变形一般来说光学畸变不等于TV畸变特别是对具有校正能力的芯片来说畸变通常分两种桶形畸变和枕形畸变比较形象的反映畸变的是哈哈镜使人变得又高又瘦的是枕型畸变使人变得矮胖的是桶型畸变8 相对照度 Relative illumination又简写为RI 它是指一个光学系统所成像在边缘处的亮度相对于中心区域亮度的比值无单位在实际测量的结果中它不仅同光学系统本身有关也同所使用的感光片 SENSOR 有关同样的镜头用于不同的芯片可能会有不同的测量结果9 最大出射角 chief angle 它是指光学系统镜头所能拍摄范围内的光主光线在通过光学系统镜头后到达像面如SENSOR 时同像面所成的最大夹角出射角越小设计越困难镜头的总长也会相对变长10 IR Filter 滤光片它主要用于调整整个系统的色彩还原性它往往随着芯片的不同而使用不同的波长范围因为芯片对不同波长范围的光线其感应灵敏度不一样对于目前应用较广的CMOS和CCD感光片它非常重要早期的CCD系统中采用简单的IRF往往还不能达到较好的色彩还原性效果11 MTF 它从一定程度上反映了一个光学系统对物体成像的分辨能力一般来说 MTF越高其分辨力越强 MTF越低其分辨力越低由于MTF也只是从一个角度来评价镜头的分辨率也存在一些不足故在目前的生产中大多数还是以逆投影检查分辨率为主12镜头样品生产周期1塑胶镜头塑胶镜片成形时间一般为6-8个小时镀膜5-6个小时组立4-8个小时检测及数据准备4-5个小时所以在没有库存而模具又能够及时切换的情况下从接到PO或联络到样品完成需要2-3天的时间2玻璃镜头周期比塑胶镜头周期长很多最简单的定焦镜头发出图纸时如果供应商已备好材料马上日夜加班加工零件我司接到零件后加班组装检测在一切顺利没有出现任何差错的情况下7天左右可提供样品一般只有最重要客户最重要机种不计代价时才会采用这种时间一般重要样品的要20天以上同供应商联系后确定时间为好。

analysis名词
摘要：
1.analysis 名词的含义与用法
2.analysis 名词的例句
3.analysis 名词的常见搭配与短语
4.analysis 名词的同义词与反义词
正文：
analysis 是一个英文名词，指的是对事物、现象或者问题进行深入研究、分析的过程，也可以指分析的结果。

在实际应用中，analysis 通常用于学术研究、商业分析、科学实验等领域。

此外，analysis 也可以用作动词，表示进行分析的动作。

例如，在学术论文中，我们可以看到对于某个课题的analysis，这就是对课题进行深入研究的过程。

而在商业领域，分析师（analyst）会进行market analysis，也就是对市场进行分析，以得出有利于商业决策的结论。

analysis 的常见搭配有：data analysis（数据分析）、financial analysis （财务分析）、social analysis（社会分析）等。

这些搭配都是对某一领域进行分析的过程或结果。

analysis 的同义词主要有：study（研究）、investigation（调查）、evaluation（评估）等。

这些词都表示对某一事物进行深入了解的过程。

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