北京师范大学2008年考博英语真题和答案

Ph. D Entrance Examination in English(注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，写在试题上一律无效！！)2008年4月15日Part IV ocabulary (0.5 point each)Section A （7.5 points, 0.5 point each）Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined, below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Last night we had a dinner in Nanjing restaurant and the food was superbA、exoticB、wonderfulC、superstitiousD、enormous2. His picture had been incorporated without his permission into an advertisement for a new brand of soap.A、introducedB、includedC、jumpedD、merged3. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue a slave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange4. Training colleges for men and women respectively are to be built at Leeds and Hull.A、respectfullyB、respectablyC、separatelyD、jointly5. Supported by mordentevidence, his argument seems to have a great deal of validity.A、vividnessB、truthC、valueD、opinion6. He was a man of great strength who faced many great problems with courage, The threat of war and the intolerable heat in Africa couldn’t prevent him.A、extremeB、burningC、unbearableD、humble7. Joseph is black but his color isn’t relevant to whether ho is a good lawyer.A、suitableB、appropriateC、per tinedD、associated8. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue aslave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange9. The mouse is barely big enough for his family, and furthermore, it is very far from the city.A、in additionB、howeverC、besideD、much further10. In calculating the daily time of leaping for an marital, variation in age, occupation and health condition should be taken into considerationA、controlledB、numberedC、consideredD、stabilized11. In his cheerful and easy-going nature, Jim takes after his father rather than his mother.A、reservesB、retainsC、resemblesD、resume12. It’s contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.A、contractionB、conventionC、paradoxD、parody13. The blow knocked him unconscious and it was several minutes before be regained consciousness.A、come onB、came downC、came toD、came with14. The American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing to be bannedA、forbiddenB、regulatedC、studiedD、reorganized15. He had only the vaguest notion of what it was all about.A、assumptionB、conceptC、expectationD、proposalSection B (7.5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, orD and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.16. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax__________.A、efficiencyB、revenuesC、privilegesD、validity17. There is no doubt that the _________ of these good to the others is easy to see.A、prestigeB、superiorityC、priorityD、publicity18. It look us only a few hours to ___________ the paper off all four walls.A、shearB、serapeC、strokeD、chip19. The magician made us think he out the girl into pieces but it was merely an________A、illusionB、impressionC、imageD、illumination20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people__________ and ask them questions.A、at lengthB、at randomC、in essenceD、in bulk21. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house__________ the terms of the contract.A、in the vicinity ofB、in quest ofC、in accordance withD、in collaboration with22. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olyrnpic Games had a unique Australian flavor. ______ of them multicultural communities.A、noticeableB、indicativeC、conspicuousD、implicit23. The sign set up by the road ________ drivers to a sharp turn.A、alertsB、refreshesC、pleadsD、diverts24. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should _______ new operating procedures.A、result inB、match withC、subject toD、proceed with25. The girl was a shop assistant; she is now a manager in a large department store.A、preliminarilyB、presumablyC、formallyD、formerly26. You should ________ to one or more weekiy magazines such Time, or Newsweek.A、ascribeB、orderC、reclaimD、subscribe27. No one imagined that the apparently __________ businessman was really a criminal.A、respectiveB、respectableC、respectfulD、realistic28. when they can finessedswaying they chairmen were made to _______ all the coys they hadA、put offB、ourC、pat upD、pat away29. The changing image of the family on televisionprovides _____ into changing altitudes toward the family in society.A、insightsB、presentationsC、revelationsD、specifications30. The autocratic doors in supermarkets _______ the entry and exit of custom with shopping carts.A、furnishB、induceC、facilitateD、allocatePart II. Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered bland in the following passage there are four choices marked A、B、C and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Education for development is education that is suited to a society that wants to develop. It is education that carefully 31 the materials used to teach the new 32 . Abilities and skills it helps each student to learn.In a developing society, education should be 33 people of all ages. 34 of teaching students what 35 people already know and accept, it teaches new knowledge, new skills and new ways 36 doing things. If only young people 37 this kind of education, a stroggle will develop 38 them and the older members of the society, The new ways being learned by the 39 will oppose the accepted and 40 ways of older people. There is another reason 41 education for development must be for people 42 . In a rapidly developingsociety, the 43 knowledge needed by a man who is 30 or 40 years old 44 very different from the knowledge be received 45 he was young. It is often said that progress 46 agricultural development is 47 by technicians and other workers who are 35 to 60 years old. It is not their fault that their 48 did not prepare them sufficiently for third future responsibilities. 49 of accelerating agriculturaldevelopment is to 50 such people with proper modem education during the period that they remain in active service.1. A、takes B、draws C、makes D、selects2. A、knowledge B、generation C、development D、phase3. A、on B、by C、for D、at4. A、Instead B、`Inspire C、In case D、Bacons5. A、other B、younger C、older D、any6. A、toward B、of C、in D、for7. A、gives B、are given C、are giving D、have given8. A、upon B、towards C、between D、among9. A、old B、young C、knowledge D、society10. A、respected B、interested C、holy D、contemporary11. A、how B、what C、which D、why12. A、by all means B、of all ages C、in some cases D、to a great extent13. A、old B、technical C、poor D、personal14. A、seem B、are C、is D、appear15. A、but B、even C、although D、when16. A、in B、of C、towards D、with17. A、promised B、promoted C、prevented D、preceded18. A、age B、growth C、presence D、education19. A、An important part B、A b titer resultC、A promising futureD、A delightful agentive20. A、give B、prepare C、radish D、rewindPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A、B、C or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAbout the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit(诉讼) in Californiachaining that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They heaved, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his originalbenison.And so the argument goes on and on Does it benefit or harm children from minoritygrapes to have their intelligence rested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.Untreatably, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do vanes from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so age, for instance, white families were encouraged to abopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so.And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular. And social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question.1. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?A、Its validity was challenged by many communities.B、Its was considered discriminative against minority childrenC、It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.D、It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.2. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to _______A、draw public attention to IQ testingB、put an end to special educationC、remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests.D、have their children enter white schools3. The author believes that intelligence testing __________A、may ease racial confrontation in the United States.B、can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC、may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States.D、can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education4.The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that__________A、no rules whatsoever can be prescribesB、white famishes should adoptblackcondemnC、adoption should be hazed on IQ rest résumés.D、cross-racial adoption is to be advocated.5. Child cooption is menaced in the passage to show that_________A、good will may sometimes complicate racial probersB、social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of childrenC、intelligence testing also applies to noon-academic areasD、American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage TwoUnlike most other people, businessmen love not only to give advice, but to take in too, There are more and more people witting and lecturing on management, Consultantsearn handsome fees. A flood of new books on management appear every year. Yet the one group of people to whom businessmen rarely trun for advice are economists. Big firms ask economists to predict the ups and downs of national economies, but when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many tanagers would sooner consult an astrologer(占星术家).In the past this was understandable. Most economists assumed all firms responded in much the same way to incentives and obstacle to any practicing manager, however, it is not the similarities between firms that matter, but the differences—specifically those that explain why some firms succeed and others fail, even though all are seeking to survive and prosper.Nevertheless, the gap between economists and managers should be closing. Over the past two decades a growing number of economists have studied precisely the kind of “microeconomic”issues the behavior at firms, employee’sconsorters and particularmarkets that most concern mangers. Some of their work has reached managers through business school classes and the publications of management writers, but much of it centimes to be ignored In a new book, Foundations of Corporate Success, John Kay a professor of economies at the London Business School, tries to correct this situation, drawing on recent economic thinking and research in order to say something useful to businessmen about why companiesthrive or die.Though Mr. Kay’s attempt is bold one, he fails, and the reason for his failure is revealing. He explains many difficult ideas with great clarity, but much at what he recommends is already known to every competent manager, or is of little use to anyone ranting a company. The fundamental problem is that Mr. Kay’s entire approach to advising business readers is flawed. year the and of the book be commerce the study on meat businessmen toearlybe from it by replanting the postmen of clacks with termersbased on verifiableexperiments. Though a doctor’s experience and fundament are still very important. Few people today would purr themselves in the hands of one without scientific training Management argues Mr. Kay. Is still in the age or quackery, The objective of his book is to make management more like modern medicine in its methods and generaltenability.A more helpful amatory to explain the proper role of the management thinker is to compare him to the coach of a sports team. Coaches acquire a large body of knowledge about the base skills needed to compete. The strategies that have succeeded in the past the strengths of opposingtents and the physical abilities of their own players Some of this knowledge employs the sciences of biology and medicine, but most of it such as the “plays” (strategies) that are cunningly most successful. And the means of countering them, will change quickly as rival teams loam to outwit each other Managers themselves know that any competitive adventure is temporary and to are constantly looking for the next bright idea. Good managers know the basic principles of management-what they sack is advice on any new measures that will help them to do barer than other managers in other firms over the next 5-15 years So long as economists like Mr. Kay concentrate on enduring principlesfarther than on innovation, they will have little to say that managers will wish to hear.6. A cording to this author, ________________A、most people like to give advice, but businessmen do notB、most people are reluctant to follow advice, and so are businessmenC、most people are reluctant to follow advice, but businessmen actually lied toD、most people are glad to give and follow advice, but businessmen are not7. At the end of paragraph 1, why dose the anther say “when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many managers would sooner consult an astrologer”?A、to show how readily businessmen believe false claimsB、to show that businessmen must adopt more scientific attitudes in their workC、to show how superstitious and simple-minded businessmen tend to beD、to show unhelpful businessmen usually find advice from economists8. This writer indicates that since the early 1970s more and more economists___A、have investigated subjects of great interest to managersB、have rejected management as a proper field of studyC、have investigated at interest to managers the managementD、have decided fearer interest to managers9. A cording to this author, practicing managers want to find out_________A、how firms resemble one anotherB、how more successful firms are different from less successful onesC、how unsuccessful firms are different from one anotherD、how relatively successful firms differ from one another.10. Coaches are mentioned in this article_________A、to show how useful sports can be in the development of business skillsB、as examples of people who learn a lot about business management in the course of their work.C、as experts who know more about strategy than so called management thundersD、as experts whose approach to knowledge and experience is similar to what good management thinkers should use.Passage ThreeReruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with then children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his bands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework, the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much mort difficult than it was a generation ago.Today’s parents must try, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home , a child may have a room famished with a stereo and television. Not many young people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home , the distractions are even more alluring. Children no logger “hang out ”on a neighborhood comer within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework. Instead, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades, and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives.Besides dealing with these distractions. Parents also have to shield their children from a flood (二行看不清楚)Traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young peoplecasual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily sexual content of organs on television.Most disturbing to parents today however is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. When children are older, parents begin to worry about their dies use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parent’s warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals.Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders, bow yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud. Away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from sexually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults it is not an easy task.11. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following EXCEPTA、drug abuseB、life-threatening situationsC、drinking too much beverageD、sexually explicit materials12. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because________A、teachers set bad examples for studentsB、bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional educationC、parents failed in educating their childrenD、the younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions13. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today_______A、must pay much more attention to their children’s behaviorB、（看不清楚）C、D、must preventtheirchildren from all kinds of14.The author develops her main idea by__________A、complaining about some social influences on childrenB、comparing denotation of yesterday with that of todayC、explaining parents’ worries todayD、stating her own points with vivid examples15. The best title for the passages ___________A、parents’ Worries TodayB、Challenges for Today’s ParentsC、Parents’ResponsibilitiesD、Confusions of parents TodayPassage FourNavigation computers, now sold by sold by most car-makers, cost $ 2,000 and up. No surprise, then that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But in is a developing. Technology-meaning prices should eventually drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna(天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three ofthe 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database, Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical, The differences come in hardware the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or dies. But the Lexis screen goes a step further. You can point to any sopt on the map screen and get directions to it.BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹)that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale )to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can.Even the voices that the defend with system offers BMW’s Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary, The instructional are email in fire ion German spaniel Dutch and Italian, as well as English, The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways(高速公路),for example.16. We learn from the passage that navigation computers________A、will greatly promote sales of automobiles.B、Nary help solve potential traffic problemsC、are likely to be accepted by more driversD、will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury17. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his definition_______________A、by inputting the exact addressB、by indicating the location of his carC、by checking his computer databaseD、by giving vocal orders to the computes18 Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars_________A、are more or less the same priceB、provide directions in much the same wayC、work on more or less the same principlesD、receive instructions from the same satellites.19. The navigation computer functions___________A、by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB、basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC、mainly through the reception turn-by-ruin directionsD、by using a screen to display satellite signals20. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Saudi are mentioned to show__________A、the immaturity of the new technologyB、the superiority of the global positioning systemC、the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD、the different ways of providing guidance to the driverSection B (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow.(1) The close link between social norms and Sophia principles is no accident it is not ever clear which set comes firm. It could be agued that the philosophical principles are primary and than momssum up the social practices that have manuallydeveloped as scientist have tried to apply these primacies in their research. But a sociologist might say that the institutional setting of academic science generates certain practices and that these practices determine the principles tabulating the type of knowledge that is produced. (2) The norms and principles are clearly complementary aspects of an ethos whose social and psychological parts are inseparable.It does not follow, however, that all truth is relative or that scientific knowledge is constructed entirely to suit certain social “interests”. (3) All it means is that the progressiveunveiling of nature is nor a very systematic process. How far we have got in thatprocess-that is . what counts as scientific knowledge of any given moment-is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized.This comes out clearly when we consider how academic science is organized. Whatever the formal management structure, academic science is divided math disciplines. That disciplines are usually loosely organized does not make them ineffective (4) An academic discipline is a global invisible college whose members share a practicum research tradition This is where scientists acquire the theoretical frameworks. Codes of fiancéand technical methods considered to be good science.Specialization does not stop there. The subdivision of disciplines into anewresearch specialties seem to be an unavoidable feature of academic science. In practice most academic scientists can satisfy the norms of originality and skepticism only by concentrating for years on wait is known, what is hypothesized and what might be erasable in limited problem area’.(5) As unbounded by interdisciplinary oceans of ignorance. In other words, the philosophical idea unified serene is thwarted by institutional and psychological realities.Part IV Translation ( 20 points)Section A ( 10 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution fromAncestors to its present status is the acquisition and accentuation ofAbout itself the world incite universe. The potshots of this knowledge are all some on the aggregate we had tensionroughagessolacehearten are all the physical intimae’s and structures we use the physical infrastructures on which society reels. Most of as assumes that on modern societyknowledge of all kinds is communallytenderizing and egg negation of nestinformation into the doors of our social or collective knowledge is steadilyreducing the were of ignorance about the world. The universe, and ourselves But continuingremainders on the numerous are of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumed.Section B (10 points)Directions: Translator the following paragraph into English.作为教育工作者我们希望培养学生独立思考问题的能力，希望他们不要盲从。

2004年北京师范大学考博英语试题English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 20, 2004Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension （20 points）Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET.1.A. Tony’s boss left office for two days.B. Tony quit his job after two days.C. Tony was off work for two days.D. Tony’s boss agreed to take two days off.2.A. The professor told the students that the date of the exam would be changed.B. The students expected that the exam would not be delayed.C. The exam would not be canceled as the professor had originally said.D. The professor said the exam would not be postponed.3.A. I wrote to you.B. I called you.C. I let you inside.D. I went to see you.4.A. Unlike Sarah, Frank takes his coffee black.B. Fran k likes coffee, but Sarah doesn’t.C. Frank took the coffee back to Sarah.D. Sarah and Frank take cream and sugar in their coffee.5.A. There were more people than chairs.B. There were more than enough chairs.C. There were too many empty seats.D. There were never enough people.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D onyour test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.6．A. An architect.B. A civil engineer.C. A furniture designer.D. A cameraman.7．A. He had a busy morning.B. He had a terrible morning.C. He had an exciting morning.D. He had a terrific morning.8．A. Trains are often overcrowded with tourists.B. She is in favor of closing down the railway.C. She always takes trains whenever she goes out.D. The railway is more convenient than the highway.9.A. It’s a well-paying job.B. The job can be very rewarding.C. The job may not be worth taking.D. It’s a job she can do.10.A. She should have been more careful about her money.B. She should buy the brown suit.C. She should find another job to make more money.D. She shouldn’t buy the brown suit.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear part of a radio programme in which a doctor talks about jet lag. Look at the ten statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is Right, Wrong or Not Mentioned while you are listening to the programme. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.11. You really only suffer from jet lag when you fly east.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned12. The problem of jet lag is that many people become hyperactive.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned13. Only certain people suffer from jet lag.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned14. Jet lag affects young children less.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned15. If you are flying west you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you go by going to bed and getting up later.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned16. If you are flying east you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you to having your meals later.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned17. It is better not to sleep on the plane.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned18. You should be more careful than usual of what and when you cat on the plane.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned19. It takes up to seven days to get over jet lag.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned20. When you arrive you should always try to sleep.A. RightB. WrongC. Not MentionedⅡ.？Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.1Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn’t it?New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any ofthose vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers sa y it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.21. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that .A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious22. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be .A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected23. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that .A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins24. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.25. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.2Although rarely seen, bats, as compared to other mammals, are quite common. Bats rank second only to rodents in number and diversity of species. Their numbers probably total in the tens of billions. Bats also vary considerably in size-from the tiny Philippine bamboo bat, with a six-inch wingspan and weighing 1/20th of an ounce to the “flying fox” with a wingspan of four or five feet and weight of two pounds.The diet of bats is varied. Most types eat insects, but they also consume blood, pollen, and nectar and fruits. Some eat other vertebrates (animals with backbones) such as fish, lizards, and even other bats. Those that feed on flowers very often server as the primary pollinator of the flowers. The insect-consuming forms, quite obviously, are very beneficial.Perhaps the most unusual characteristic of bats is their skilled nocturnal flying ability. This skill is so highly developed that they are capable of avoiding obstacles even in total darkness. Bats possess a high degree of tactile sense that may help them in avoiding obstacles, but their primary ability to do so is based on their ability to make high-pitched sounds and on their acute hearing ability.Flying bats were long thought to be silent creatures, but this is now known not to be the case. While in flight, bats are continuously emitting a series of ultrasonic orientation pulses that are inaudible to the human ear. The frequency of the cries of bats, at 50,000 vibrations per second, is estimated to be two and half times higher than the human ear can hear.This unique operation, a highly refined type of sonar system, allows the bat to detect rebounding pulses from obstacles near and far in its environment. They system is unique, additionally, in that the bat is capable of sorting through numerous rebounding pulses so as to avoid objects in its immediate path. Rescarchers are attempting to understand this system in hopes that it may reveal how the human brain processes sensory information.In the final analysis bats are interesting and amazing; and to contrast to popular legends, they are quite useful and helpful to nature and man.26. Which of the following is true?A. There are more rodents in the world than bats.B. There are more bats in the world than rodents.C. Bats are usually bigger than rodents.D. Rodents are usually bigger than bats.27. According to the passage, some bats eat .A. human-beingsB. rodentsC. foxesD. other bats28. The word “nocturnal” in P aragraph 3 is related to .A. soundB. vibrationsC. nightD. reputation29. What can make bats avoid objects in flight?A. Their sharp sense of hearing.B. Their ability to emit ultrasonic sounds.C. Their unique sense of seeing.D. Both A and B.30. We can conclude from the passage that bats are .A. really more intelligent than manB. often wronged in popular legendsC. ugly and dangerousD. beautiful in appearance3There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (“state” and “statistics” come from the same Latin root, “status&rdquo and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. Theses data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as ***, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question eachchild: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31. The word “divergent” (Para. 1, Line 1) is closest in meaning to .A. distributedB. differentC. recordedD. prominent32. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking are associatedwith .A. inferential statisticsB. qualitative changesC. descriptive statisticsD. unknown variables33. Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the passage?A. To point out that parents can teach their children statistics.B. To introduce inferential statistics.C. To explain that there are different kinds of variables.D. To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way.34. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?A. It reduces large amount of data to a more comprehensible form.B. It is based on probability.C. It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.D. It measures only qualitative differences.35. With what is the passage mainly concerned?A. The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics.B. The development and use of statistics.C. Applications of inferential statistics.D. How to use descriptive statistics.4It is possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either Man will abolish war, or war will abolish Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in massacre, but by arbitration inaccordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has began to be though, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H-bomb.36. This passage implies that war is now .A. more wicked than in the pastB. as wicked as in the pastC. less wicked than in the pastD. what people try to live with37. According to the author .A. it is impossible to live without warB. war is the only way to suede international disagreementsC. war must be abolished if man wants to surviveD. war will be abolished by modern ingenuity38. The author says that modern weapons .A. will help abolish warB. put mankind in grave dangerC. will gradually become part of man’s lifeD. need further improving39. The author believes that the only way to abolish war is to .A. abolish nuclear weaponsB. let the stronger side take over the worldC. improve bacteriological and chemical weaponsD. settle international issues through negotiation40. The last paragraph suggests that .A. nuclear war will definitely not take placeB. international agreements are now reached more and more easilyC. man is beginning to realize that nuclear war is his greatest enemyD. world opinion is in favour of nuclear war5The acknowledged “King of Ragtime” was the black pianist and composer Scott Joplin. Joplin (1868-1917), originally from Texarkana, Texas, began his career as an itinerant pianist. By 1885 he was in St. Louis, playing in honky-tonks and sporting houses. He went to Chicago briefly (1893) to try his luck in the entertainment halls that had sprung up around the Word’s Fair, then in 1894 to Sedalia, Missouri, to stay until the turn of the century. His first published rag, Original Rags, came out in March, 1899; later the same year appeared Maple Leaf Rag, named for a saloon and dance hall in Sedalia. The work has an instant and resounding success, and by the time of his death Joplin had published more than thirty original rags, and other piano pieces, songs, and arrangements. He had even larger aims: in 1902 he finished a ballet score called Rag Time Dance, and in 1903 the opera A Guest of Honor, unpublished and now apparently lost, in 1911 came another opera, Treemonisha. The artistic success of these larger works is debatable, but that of Joplin’s piano rags is not; they can only be described as elegant, varied, often subtle, and as sharply incised as a cameo. They are the precise American equivalent, in terms of a native style of dance music, of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahams. They can both be lovely and powerful, infectious and moving-depending, of course, on the skill and stylishness of the pianist, for they are not easy music technically and they demand a clean but “swinging” performance.41. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Scott Joplin’s Early CareerB. Rare Piano Works of Scott JoplinC. Sedalia: The Birthplace of RagtimeD. A Ragtime composer and His Music42. It can be inferred from the passage that Joplin is recognized as the “King of Ragtime” because he .A. was probably the greatest composer of ragtime musicB. began his career as a famous child pianistC. created the character “King of Ragtime” in one of his operasD. was a descendant of a European royal family43. According to the passage, which of the following is an accurate statement about Maple Leaf Rag?A. It was Joplin’s favorite composition.B. Its name came from an establishment in Missouri.C. It was published in March 1899.D. Its popularity grew slowly.44. Toward the end of the passage, the author refers to the works of other composers in order to illustrate the .A. popularity of different styles of dance music of recent centuriesB. success of Joplin’s operas in EuropeC. high quality of Joplin’s work as an American musical formD. powerful move ment attributed to Joplin’s compositions45. From the last sentence of the passage, one may infer that Joplin’s piano music can best be appreciated when played .A. by a highly skilled pianistB. in an elegant settingC. with a moving classical styleD. for a small audienceⅢ.？Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):1. We care for literature primarily on account of its deep and lasting human significance. A great book grows directly out of life; in reading it, we are brought into large, close, and fresh relations with life; and in that fact lies the final explanation of its power. Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they experienced of it, what they have though and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language. Such expression is fashioned into the various forms of literary art. But it is important to understand, to begin with, that literature lives by virtue of the life it embodies. By remembering this, we shall be saved from the besetting danger of confusing the study of literature with the study of philology, rhetoric, and even literary technique.2. Physical science is the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinguished from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily though of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Physics is the basic physical science. It deals with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, as well as with the different forces of nature and their relationships. It also is concerned with the physical properties of matter and with such phenomena as electricity and magnetism. Chemistry focuses on the properties and reactions of molecules. Broadly speaking, it tends to concentrate on the specific properties of different elements and compounds, as opposed to physics which is chiefly concerned with the general properties of matter as a whole. Astronomy entails the study of the entire universe beyond the Earth. It includes investigations of the gross physical properties of the earth primarily as they relate to interactions with other components of the solar system. Most other aspects are dealt with by the Earth sciences. Translate the following into English (10 points):在20世纪,我们习惯于于使用无线电,它成了每个人生活的一部分.人们在汽车上,在家里,在海滩上—几乎在所有的地方听无线电。

北京师范大学考博英语翻译试题及其解析Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struckby monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for socialcontrol of their aggressive behavior.Studies directed at describingaggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,as well as thesocial mechanisms that control it,were therefore among the firstinvestigations of monkeys’social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete forany resource in the environment:hungry monkeys would fight over food,thirsty monkeys would fight over water,and,in general,at time morethan one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously,a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form ofaggression.However,the motivating force of competition for Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi incentives beganto be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction ofspace or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporaryincreases in intragroup aggression.Indeed,food deprivation not onlyfailed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted indecreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme fooddeprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almostall available energy to foraging,with little energy remaining foraggressive interaction.Furthermore,accumulating evidence fromlater studies of a variety of primate groups,for example,the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because,in the absence of a social order,one must be established to control interanimal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization,the newcomer meets even more serious aggression.Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order,in the second case resident animals mob the intruder,thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect,if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets.If,however,the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit,each group may fight the opposing group as a unit;but,again,no individual is subjected to mass attack,and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat.The submission of the defeated group,rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group,reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack.Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily tomaintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.[B]comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.[C]explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.[D]discussing the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys.2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’behavior?[A]Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.[B]Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.[C]Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting,but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.[D]Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys,but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’socialbehavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because[A]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.[B]successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.[C]situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.[D]most monkeys are potentially aggressive,yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?[A]How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?[B]Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?[C]What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?[D]How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?[A]A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.[B]A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it iscited.[C]Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.[D]Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。

北京师范大学2012年博士入学英语试题与答案详解一、试题部分Part I: Listening Comprehension(略)Part：Reading ComprehensiveDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930,it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.Line the population of Los Angeles(114000 in 1900)rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1400 percent from 1900 to 1930.A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown businessdistrict did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.21. What is the passage mainly about?( )A. The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900'sB. The development of the Southern California oil fieldsC. Factors contributing to the growth of Los AngelesD. Industry and city planning in Los Angeles22. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting primarily from ( )A. new economic conditionsB. images of cities shown in moviesC. new agricultural techniquesD. a large migrant population23. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest in meaning to ( )A. rapidB. famousC. controversialD. methodical24. According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculture around Los Angeles was the ( )A. influx of "new residents to agricultural areas near the cityB. construction of an aqueductC. expansion of transportation facilitiesD. development of new connections to the city's natural harbor25. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles ( )A. was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood imagesB. lacked good suburban areas in which to liveC. had an excessively large populationD. was not really a single cityPassage TwoImagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great , wouldn’t it?New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United Stat es recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, sayfood manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to theirproducts now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.26. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ( )A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be ( )A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ( )A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics? ( )A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra? ( )A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.Passage ThreeA “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguistswho affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse：they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the “scientific” view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive;pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceasedto be pure logic.31. According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people is( )A. an aim of most speakers and writers.B. an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity.C. a way of displaying distrus t of the audience‘s motives.D. a characteristic of most humanistic discourse.32. It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded as ( )A. the only necessary element of persuasive discourse.B. a dubious art in at least two ways.C. an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic.D. an open offense to the rational mind.33. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOT ( )A. distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience.B. appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience.C. address listeners‘ emotions as well as their intellects.D. concede the logic of other points of view.34. Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage？( )A. A sample of an actual speech delivered by an oratorB. The contrast of different points of viewC. The repetition of key ideas and expressionsD. An analogy that seeks to explain logical argument35. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point about logical argument？( )A. It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life.B. It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element.C. It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires.D. It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.Passage FourExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovationsare confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits--the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach--in strikingly original ways.36.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the ( )A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation.B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience.C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular.D. result of highly creative scientific activity.37.The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT: ( )A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?38. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with--- ( )A. deep skepticismB. strong indignationC. marked indifferenceD. moderate amusement39. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that ( )A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB. is accepted immediately by the scientific community.C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data.D. introduces a new valid generalization.40. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage? ( )A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B. In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.Passage FiveCultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrumof events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.41. The examples of birds and fish are used to ( )A. show that they, too, have their respective culturesB. explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC. illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD. demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking42. The term "parochialism" (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means ( )A. open-mindednessB. provincialismC. superiorityD. discrimination43. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ( )A. everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB. the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit ofthinkingC. provided one’s brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD. childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture44. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? ( )A. Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B. People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C. People’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.D. If cultural norms are something tangible, they won’t be so confining.45. The passage might be entitled ( )A. How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB. Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC. Harms of Cultural MyopiaD. Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective NeurosisPassage SixWhen you leave a job with a traditional pension, don't assume you've lost the chance to collect it. You're entitled to whatever benefit you've earned——and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they're 65, they'll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it's less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesn't offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you're eligible for at the plan's normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You'll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you're realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan's normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you'd get a pension 90 percent of the full amount. But that's not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you're 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you'll have only about half of what you would have had if you'd kept working until 65.46. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, ( )A. he tends to forget that he has the pensionB. he has no right to ask for the pensionC. he'll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65D. he has a specified worth of pension47. If one leaves early before his plan's normal retirement age, ( )A. he'll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pensionB. he'll have half of his pension paymentsC. he'll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a yearD. he'll have only 85 percent of his full pension48. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected to ( )A. earn less interest.B. be better off than with a traditional pension.C. start investment immediately.D. get less Social Security benefits.49. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?( )A. Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed.B. The Retirement Dilemma.C. Leave Early, Lose Big.D. Take the Pension with You.50. Which of the following is NOT true? ( )A. If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won't get a pension worth 27/30ths.B. It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works.C. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover last benefits.D. If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won't be severely affected.Part III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:Blacks have traditionally been poorly educated -- look at the crisis in urban public schools -- and deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineer -- unlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesman -- has not been seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways, the "consciousness of the race," change at a slower pace than societal conditions do -- and so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation.Translate the following into English:“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911 年才被美国探险家海勒姆-宾厄姆发现。

The subjects of the following studies are taken from the history of the Renaissance, and touch what I think the chief points in that complex, many-sided movement.I have explained in the first of them what I understand by the word, giving it a much wider scope than was intended by those who originally used it to denote that revival of classical antiquity in the fifteenth century which was only one of many results of a general excitement and enlightening of the human mind, but of which the great aim and achievements of what, as Christian art, is often falsely opposed to the Renaissance, were another result. This outbreak of the human spirit may be traced far into the middle age itself, with its motives already clearly pronounced, the care for physical beauty, the worship of the body, the breaking down of those limits which the religious system of the middle age imposed on the heart and the imagination.I have taken as an example of this movement, this earlier Renaissance within the middle age itself, and as an expression of its qualities, two little compositions in early FrenchSummary原题，google出来的too，一个百科全书里的词条：computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems.The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the 1970s, computer use in schools has become widespread from primary education through the university level and even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either they provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on comprehension.If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student types in an answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more challenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will indicate the flaw in procedure, and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area.There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide one-to-one interaction with a student, as well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at their own pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual students. A computer program can be used diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been identified, it can then focus on the problem area. Finally, because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of the embarrassmentof giving an incorrect answer publicly or of going more slowly through lessons than other classmates.There are drawbacks to the implementation of computers in instruction, however. They are generally costly systems to purchase, maintain, and update. There are also fears, whether justified or not, that the use of computers in education decreases the amount of human interaction.One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and development of software, or computer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but the program provided this way may not suit the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. A courseware template may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill instruction, with the individual particulars to be inserted by the individual school system or teacher. The disadvantage to this system is that instruction tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every course. Software can be developed in-house, that is, a school, course, or teacher could provide the courseware exactly tailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more programming expertise than is available.-----------------------------楼上的真厉害，你也google一下汉译英吧。

2008年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In a materialistic and______society people’s interest seems to be focused solely on monetary pursuit.A．adaptiveB．addictiveC．acquisitiveD．arrogant正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：adaptive适应的；addictive上瘾的；acquisitive想获得的，有获得可能性的，可学到的；arrogant傲慢的，自大的。

2．Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live______.A．subtlyB．frugallyC．explicitlyD．cautiously正确答案：B解析：各项的意思是：subtly敏锐地，精细地，巧妙地；frugally节约地，节省地；explicitly明白地，明确地；cautiously慎重地。

3．Doctors must inform______parents about the low odds of success in fertility treatments.A．protectiveB．respectiveC．prospectiveD．perspective正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：protective给予保护的，保护的；respective分别的，各自的；prospective预期的；perspective透视面法，透视图。

北京师范大学考博英语真题常见的一些代词及其用法连接代词：连接代词包括who，whom,whose，what，which，that。

其中除what外，其他连接代词也可作关系代词，其区别在于连接代词引导的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句，而关系代词引导的是定语从句。

(一)引导主语从句例句：That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.分析：该句是复合句，that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充当主语。

译文：太阳是我们行星系的中心(而不是地球)这一概念在中世纪是很难让人明白的。

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例句：It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(2009年第46题)分析：该句是由转折连词but连接的并列句，其中第一个分句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是that the measure of the worth...，of any social institution是worth的后置定语，in enlarging and improving experience 是its effect的后置定语。

2008年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题SECTION IPart A1. Until the constitution is____, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.A) Corrected B) amended C) remedied D) revised2. Several experts have been called in to plan ____ for boating, tennis, refreshments and children’s games in the projected town park.A) equipment B)instruments C)implement D)facilities3. You can try ___with the landlord for more time to pay the money.A) pleading B) requesting C)demanding D)dealing4. His sprained ankle ____ his chances of wining the tournament.A) damaged B) broke C)ruined D)demolished5. When he realized he had been ____ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threaten to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.A) elicited B)excited C)deduced D)induced6. While attempting to look into the case, ____.A) he found it was difficult B)the case was difficultC) it happened that the case is difficult C) difficult as the case7. ____ you cannot pick me up at the airport, please call me immediately.A) in order that B)in the event that C)if only D)unless8. It is impossible that the brain, ____, will be replaced by computer.A) as we know B)which we know C)we know that D) we know9. it’s more difficult to solve a probl em than ____.A) a question is found B) finding a questionC) that of finding a question D) to find a question10. ____ in doing an examination, the time passed by quickly.A) Being absorbed B) Having been absorbedC) When they were absorbed D) Be absorbedPart B11. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that are(is) the main focus of social psychology.12. Although we had been present at roughly the same time, Mr. Brown saw thesee) from the way I saw it.13. Should John resign and Henry succeed him, we would have had (would have) a more vigorous leadership.14. Historically, no artists have presented clearer or the more(more) complete records of the development of human culture than sculptors have.15. Although the police are given considerable authority by society to enforce its laws, they get a relatively low salary as compared with that of other occupational groups16. Thirteen hundred medical professionals, have been trained to treat drug dependency, attended the annual convention sponsored by a society.17. More than three years after moving from Australia to this remote point of England, we are still learning how things have done(are done) here.18. There that children in language classrooms learn foreign languages any better than adults in similar classroom situations.19. When he speaks at banquets, he makes a point of going into the kitchen and20. Other guests at yesterday’s opening, which was broadcast alive (live) by the radio station, included the princess and her husband.Part CScience writer must 21 information regarding scientific events. In this capacity, they make the information clearer and more understandable and help readersto coordinate fresh information 22 the knowledge they already have 23 they can relate it to personal circumstances. Science journalism also means making reader curious and entertaining them. Entertainment is the most successful didactic form. Journalists supply readers 24 material for further education and opinion-formation, because, in a society 25 terms like growth, market economy and full employment are filled with new meanings and basic technical innovation such as microelectronics and genetic engineering also makes 26 to the reader fields of knowledge hitherto 27 to him, conveys the fascination of science and 28 readers to follow discussions and controversies between experts.Do the popular science publications accomplish all this? If one analyzes the science magazines 29 to, one comes to the conclusion that science journalism has reached a high degree of maturity and finds the necessary reader 30.21. A. elect B. filter C. choose D. select22. A. to B. for C. with D. by23. A. so that B. in order that C. in the fact that D. on condition that24. A. for B. with C. on D. about25. A. on which B. by which C. in which D. of which26. A. access B. accessible C. accessary D. accessory27. A. know B. known C. unknow D. unknown28. A. makes B. helps C. enables D. unable29. A. let B. referred C. related D. concerned30. A. acceptance B. to accept C. acceptable D. acceptantSECTION IIPassage 1In the late 20th century, information has acquired two major utilitarian connotations. On the one hand, it is considered an economic resource, somewhat on par with other resources such as labor, material, and capital. This view stems from evidence that the possession, manipulation, and use of information can increase thecost-effectiveness on many physical and cognitive processes. The rise in information-processing activities in industrial manufacturing as well as in human problem solving has been remarkable. Analysis of one of the three traditional divisions of the economy, the service sector, shows a sharp increase in information-intensive activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labor force of the United States, giving rise to the so-called information society.As an individual and societal resource, information has some interesting characteristics that separate it from the traditional notions of economic resources. Unlike other resources, information is expansive, with limits apparently imposed only by time and human cognitive capabilities. Its expansiveness is attributable to the following: (1) it is naturally diffusive; (2) it reproduces rather than being consumed through use; and (3) it can be shared only, not exchanged in transactions. At the same time, information is compressible, both syntactically and semantically. Coupled with its ability to be substituted for other economic resources, its transportability at very high speeds, and its ability to impart advantages to the holder of information, these characteristics are at the base of such societal industries as research, education, publishing, marketing, and even politics. Societal concern with the husbanding of information resources has extended from the traditional domain of libraries and archives to encompass organizational, institutional, and governmental information under the umbrella of information resource management.The second perception of information is that it is an economic commodity, which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth of a new segment of national economies —the information service sector. Taking advantage of the properties of information and building on the perception of its individual and societal utility and value, this sector provides a broad range of information products and services. By 1992 the market share of the U. S. information service sector had grown to about $ 25 billion. This was equivalent to about one-seventh of the country’s computer market, which, in turn, represented roughly 40 percent of the global market in computers in that year.However, the probably convergence of computers and television (which constitutes a market share 100 times larger than computers) and its impact on information services, entertainment, and education are likely to restructure the respective market shares of the information industry before the onset of the 21st century.31. The first paragraph is mainly about ______.A) The remarkable rise in information-processing activities.B) a sharp increase in information-intensive activitiesC) information as an economic resourceD) the birth of information society32. which of the following is NOT a characteristic of information?A) information can be condensedB) information can be consumed through use.C) information can be shared by many peopleD) information can be delivered at very high speed33. The characteristics of information are ______ those of other economic resourcesA) same with B) different fromC) contrary to D) opposite to34. According to this passage, the market share of _______.A) the U.S. information service sector was equivalent to 40 percent of the global market shareB) the U.S. information service sector was about one-seventh of the global market shareC) computers in the United States had reached about $ 3.5 billion by 1992.D) computers in the United States is much smaller than that of television35. which would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A) information SocietyB) Characteristics of informationC) Two major utilitarian connotationsD) information as a Resource and commodityPassage 2Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finish ing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertakingtheir first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.36. By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time .A) their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobs.B) most of them are completely tired of their subjectC) most of them have got some fatal diseasesD) most of their grants are running out37. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD gr ants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than _______A) 25% B) 39% C) 55% D) 10%38. Which is not arguments against ESRC’s policy ?A) All the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negative, which will inevitably result in howls of protests.B) Faster completion rates may result from lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics rather than efficiency.C) it takes some good students longer to finish their theses because they go more quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills.D. polytechnics students’ performances vary unpredictably and penalty based on theses completion rate is not justified.39. The ESRC would prefer _______A) that PhD students were less modest in their aimsB) that more students were carrying out knowledge-based studiesC) more systematic teaching of research skillsD) higher standards of PhD students’ these and more ambitious doctoral topics40. what the ESRC can do is to _____A) force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB) try to persuade universities to change their waysC) dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD) notify students they want less elaborate style of thesisPassage 3Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possi bilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotionalexploration as well as narrative that were not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulea, an elaborate historic philosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.41. the suthor suggests that Griffith film innovations had a direct effect on all of the following EXCEPT ______A) film editing B) camera work C) scene composing D) sound editing42. it can be inferred from the passage that passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a film was _____.A) 15 minutes or less B) between 15 and 30 minutesC) between 30 and 45 minutes D) between 45 minutes and 1 hour43. it can be inferred from the passage that Griffith would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?A) the good dirctor will attempt to explore new ideas as quickly as possibleB) the most important element contributing to a film’s success is the ability ofthe actorsC) the camera must be considered an integral and active element in the creatin of a filmD) the cinema should emphasize serious and sober examinations of funfamental human problems.44. the author’s attitude toward photography in the cinema befo re Gritffith can best be described as ______.A) sympathetic B) nostalgic C) amused D) condescending45. the primary purse of the passage is to _______A) discuss the importance of Griffth to the development of the cinemaB) describe the impact on cinema of the flashback and other editing innovationsC) deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of GritffithD) analyze the changes in the cinema brought by the introduction of the multi-reel filmPassage 4In the early 1950’s historians who stu died pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period fro, roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exits: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the non-elite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historian still did not know what these people thought or felt.One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, anddefendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roma law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court record may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.46. which of the following did most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe do before the early 1950’s, according to the author?A) they failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political.B) they used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.C) they inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite.D) they confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population.47. it can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European non-elite of the pre-industrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had ____A) used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the non-eliteB) been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the non-eliteC) been able to draw on more accounts written by contemporaries of the non-elite that described what these non-elite thoughtD) relied more heavily on the personal records left by members of the European political and social elite who lived during the period in question48. the author mentions Le Roy Ladurie(in paragraph 2) in order to ________A) given a example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court recordsB) cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the non-eliteC) gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records.D) point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the non-elite49. According to the passage, which of the following is true of indictments for crime in Europe in the pre-industrial period?A) they have, in terms of their numbers, remained relatively constant over timeB) their problematic relationship to actual crime has not been acknowledged by most historians.C) they are not a particularly accurate indication of the extent of actual criminal activity.D) their importance to historians of the non-elite has been generally overestimated.50. the passage would be most likely to appear as part of _____A) a book review summarizing the achievements of historians of the European aristocracyB) an essay describing trends in the practice of writing historyC) a textbook on the application of statistical methods in the social scienceD) an article urging the adoption of historical methods by the legal profession. SECTION IIIPart AMany people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause. and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. The United States Navy, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not existPart B1. 科学技术是第一生产力。

（2007）Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceThe word (过于具体) Renaissance means “rebirth.” (与下文重复) A number of people who lived in (过于具体) Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed (过于具体) a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age. To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period (hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture (铺垫). Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy. (铺垫) The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860 (举例) . He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world (the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”) (与前文重复) and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features. Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（详细陈述或让步）; nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（与主题不直接相联）. Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（让步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them. These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this new urban society, （铺垫，或属于次要原因）a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（详细陈述或举例论证）. This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world. This new revival of classical antiquity (the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture) affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（举例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（详细陈述）. The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（与上文重复）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible. （详细陈述或属于不重要修饰语（2006）（2005）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 wordsA tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote. Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub. In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety ofsingle-purpose tools came into being. With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago. The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization; the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting. The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools. And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implementsas the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others. Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools. Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools. Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool. The nearly formless chopper. With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers. A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location. That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence. At home U.S. businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers; middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of theirorganization’s culture; and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table. Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S. corporations attempted to operate in an international context. Some are mildly amusing. Others are downright embarrassing. All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both. For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world. But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations. Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance. The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises. A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand formore fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent; but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market (such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century. In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the IndustrialRevolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）（2006）Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature. The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age. Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques. Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature. The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art; and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color. Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote. Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival. The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool. Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace. It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations. Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts. The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy. Itssuccessful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century. The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries. Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science. In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general. Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations. Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones. He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature. As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power. Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.。

北京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学苗兴伟、于晖语篇语言学考博真题-参考书-分数线一、专业的设置北京师范大学外国语言文学学院每年招收博士生14人，下设英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、日语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学，共4个专业。

外国语言学及应用语言学专业下设4个方向，分别是程晓堂、罗少茜的应用语言学；彭宣维的功能语言学；苗兴伟、于晖的语篇语言学；武尊民的语言测试与评价。

二、考试的科目功能语言学的考试科目为：①1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）②2018普通语言学③3088功能语言学与语言认知理论三、导师介绍苗兴伟，北京师范大学外国语言文学学院教授、博士生导师于晖：中山大学博士，教授，主要研究方向：系统功能语言学、语篇分析四、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。

这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。

参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：肆九叁叁，柒壹六，贰六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。

第二，专题信息汇总整理。

每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。

最后一方面是专业前沿问题。

每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。

第三，专业真题及解析。

专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。

一般每门专业课都有有三道大题，考试时间各3小时，一般会有十几页答题纸。

考生在专业课复习中仅仅有真题是不够的，还需要配合对真题最权威最正统的解析，两相印证才能够把握导师出题的重点、范围以及更加偏重哪一类的答案。