620例极低出生体重儿的临床资料分析_施丽萍

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·论著·作者单位:310003杭州,浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院NICU620例极低出生体重儿的临床资料分析施丽萍 杜立中 孙眉月 【摘要】 目的 探讨影响极低出生体重儿存活率的相关因素,为降低其死亡率提供帮助。

方法对笔者医院近10年收治的620例极低出生体重儿按体重分三组,并对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,按住院年份(1991~1995年和1996~2000年)分两组,对其生存和死亡进行分析比较。

结果 极低出生体重儿主要原因有多胎妊娠(27.3%)、羊膜早破(20.2%)、妊娠并发症(11.5%)和原因不明(36.8%)。

所有住院患儿均有一种或一种以上并发症,主要有呼吸暂停384例(61.9%)、低体温348例(56.1%)、脑室内出血260例(41.9%)、呼吸窘迫综合征222例(35.8%)和动脉导管开放168例(27.1%)、感染162例(26.1%)。

体重越低,并发症的发生率越高。

本组极低出生体重儿存活率86.5%,体重≤1000g 存活率为60.6%。

前后5年两组比较,近5年存活率明显提高(80.8%比89.2%,P <0.005)。

死亡的主要原因是呼吸窘迫综合征、感染和脑室内出血。

结论 极低出生体重儿必须收住NICU 病房密切监护;早期发现并发症,及时处理;防止院内感染。

对呼吸窘迫综合征采用表面活性物质和高频通气治疗可以提高极低出生体重儿的存活率。

【关键词】 婴儿,极低出生体重; 存活率; 回顾性研究Analysis of clinical date of 620very lo w birth weight infants SHI Liping ,DU Lizhong ,SUN Meiyue .NICU ,Affilinted Children ′s Hospital ,Medical College ,Zhejiang University ,Hang z hou 310003,China 【Abstract 】 The rapid decline in mortality of very low birth weight infants (VLB WI )during the past twenty years has been attributed to the establishment of the neonatal intensive care all over the country .Little in formation was reported on the conditions of VLBWI durin g the recent few years in China .Objective To investigate the factors in relation to the improved hospital s urvival rate of VLB WI .Methods The hospital data of 620VLBWI durin g the last ten years were analyzed by dividing patients into three groups according to the birth weight ,that is ,less than 1000grams ,between 1001and 1250grams and between 1251and 1500grams ,respectively .The ris k factors ,the effects of these factors and mortality 1991~1995and 1996~2000were analyzed and compared .Results The risk factors causing the premature birth of VLB WI were multiple births (27.3%),pre -rupture of membrane (20.2%),and pregnancy complications (11.5%).In 36.8%cases no reason could be found .All hospitalized VLB WI had at least one complication including apnea (61.9%),which happened at 78.8%,79.1%and 52.6%,respectivel y in the three groups ;h ypothermia (56.1%),at 65.2%,62.1%and 52.4%,respectively in the three groups ;intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH )(41.9%),at 80.3%,62.1%and 27.9%,respectively in three groups ;respiratory distress syndrome (RDS ,35.8%),at 62.1%,44.4%and 28.2%,respectively in the three groups ;patent ductus arteriosus (PDA ,27.2%),at 33.3%,26.8%and 26.2%,respectively in three groups and ,infection (26.1%),at 27.3%,37.3%and 9.2%,respectively in the three groups .The highest frequency of complications occurred in the babies with birth weight less than 1000grams .The survival rate was 86.5%for all VLB WI and 60.6%for babies less than 1000grams .In recent years ,the survivalrate has been improved significantl y (80.8%vs 89.2%,χ2=8.27,P <0.005).RDS ,infection and IVH were the primary causes of death .Conclusio ns The declines in the mortality of VLBWI were attributed to the improved neonatal intensive care ,continuous post -natal monitoring and the early findin g of complications .Early treatment of VLBWI could increase the survival rate .The prevention of in fections ,especially in nosocomial infection is one of the most important steps of decreasin g mortality .Improved survival rate in RDS may be associated with the introduction of surfactant replacement therapy and high -frequency ventilation .【Key words 】 Infant ,very low birht weight ; Survival rate ; Retrospective studies 极低出生体重儿由于其解剖生理特点,各器官发育不成熟,易发生各种并发症,死亡率极高。

我们对近10年来我院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU )收治的620例极低出生体重儿的临床资料进行回顾分析,为提高极低出生体重儿的存活率提供帮助。

对象与方法一、对象我院1991~2000年NICU住院的极低出生体重儿,即出生体重≤1500g者共620例。

男383例,女237例,入院年龄0.5h~15d,胎龄26~38周,体重650~1500g,其中小于胎龄儿35例。

二、方法本组病例按体重分三组:≤1000g,1001~1250g和1251~1500g。

对其并发症的发生和死亡进行分析,并按住院年份分为两组(1991~1995年和1996~2000年),对其生存和死亡进行分析比较。

临床资料包括极低出生体重儿的产生原因,常见的并发症:(1)低体温或寒冷损伤(指体温<35℃);(2)呼吸暂停、呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)、早产儿慢性肺疾病(CLD);(3)脑室内出血(I VH);(4)动脉导管开放(PDA);(5)感染(包括院内感染):有肺炎、败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)。

其他临床资料有常频呼吸机(I MV)、高频呼吸机(HFV)、表面活性物质(PS)应用情况及消炎痛治疗PDA的疗效。

三、统计学方法采用列联表资料的χ2检验。

结果一、出生体重与转归的关系620例极低出生体重儿治愈出院457例,好转放弃79例,死亡84例,全组病死率13.5%(84/620),病死率随体重增加而降低(χ2=47.01,P<0.001)。

导致死亡的直接原因为RDS40例;感染21例,分别为败血症11例,肺炎6例,NE C4例,其中院内感染12例;经头颅B超和(或)CT证实Ⅲ~Ⅳ度I VH16例;其他原因7例。

全组治愈率73.7%(457/620),随体重增加而上升(χ2=38.18,P<0.001);治愈者平均住院天数(28±14)d,且随体重增加而缩短(F=45.58,P<0.001)。

见表1、2。

表1 出生体重与转归出生体重(g)总例数转归(例数)治愈好转放弃死亡治愈率(%)病死率(%)治愈者住院天数(x±s)≤10006630102660.639.441±16 1001~1250153105242484.315.730±11 1251~1500401322453491.58.526±13 合计620457798486.5*13.5■28±14△ 注:*χ2=38.18,P<0.001;■χ2=47.01,P<0.001;△F=45.58, P<0.001 二、造成极低出生体重儿的原因全组极低出生体重儿产生的主要原因为多胎妊娠(27.3%)、羊膜早破(20.2%)、妊娠并发症(妊高征、胎盘早剥、前置胎盘共占11.5%)、习惯性早产(2.9%)、孕妇慢性内科疾病(1.3%)和原因不明(36.8%)。