英文疾病介绍——Hypertension
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Hypertension高血压病What Is Hypertension?➢Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated(提高的).➢High blood pressure (also called hypertension) is a serious illness that affects nearly 65 million adults in the United States. High blood pressure is often called a "silent killer" because many people have it but don't know it. Over time, people who do not get treated for high blood pressure can get very sick or even die. DiagnosisBlood pressure readings are usually given as two numbers -- for example, 120 over 80 (written as 120/80 mmHg). One or both of these numbers can be too high.The top number is called the systolic blood pressure, and the bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure.•Normal blood pressure is when your blood pressure is lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time.•High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the time.•If your blood pressure numbers are 120/80 or higher, but below 140/90, it is called pre-hypertension.Classification Of HypertensionHypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension; about 90–95% of cases are categorized as "primary hypertension" which means high blood pressure with no obvious underlying medical cause. The remaining 5–10% of cases (secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system.Causes Of Hypertension➢Genes（遗传因素）➢Diet（膳食因素）➢Social And Mental Condition（社会心理应激因素）Stress（压力）Anger（愤怒）Frightened（惊吓）➢Others（其它因素）Obesity（[əʊˈbi:sɪti:]肥胖症）Smoke（吸烟）Older Age（老龄）Inactivity（缺乏锻炼）Race（种族）Who is at risk?➢Anyone can have high blood pressure. Some people are more likely to have high blood pressure including:•African Americans(more sensitive to salt)•People over age 55•People with a family history of high blood pressure➢Your chances of having high blood pressure are higher if you:•Are overweight, Eat foods high in salt•Do not get regular exercise, Smoke•Drink alcohol heavily,•Under Stress, anger, frightened or sad in a long time. Hypertension SymptomsHigh blood pressure is sometimes called a silent killer(无症状杀伤者) because it may have no outward symptoms for years (可能没有外在症状长达数年).In fact, one in five people with the condition don‘t know they have it. Internally([ɪnˈtɜ:nəlɪ],在体内地), it can quietly damage the heart, lungs, blood vessels, brain, and kidneys if left untreated. It’s a major risk factor for strokes(中风/脑卒中) and heart attacks(心脏病). Pathological Changes(病变)高血压性心脏病：Left ventricle in hypertensive heart disease. 左心室壁明显增厚Primary granular([ˈgrænjələ],颗粒状的) atrophy([ˈætrəfi:],萎缩) of the kidney（原发性颗粒性固缩肾）：with clearly recognizable granular surface of the kidney. (肾表面出现清晰可辨的颗粒物) Arteriolar([ɑ:ˌtiəriˈəulə],小动脉的) nephrosclerosis([ˌnefrəˌskliəˈr əusis])（细动脉性肾硬化）：Severe arteriolar nephrosclerosis(严重细动脉性肾硬化). Nodular([ˈnɔdjulə])(结节性)hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage（高血压病脑出血）：Internalcapsule(内囊) or Basal ganglia([ˈbeisəl] [ˈɡæŋɡliə],基底神经节) instead of blood clots(被血凝块代替).Hypertensive retinopathy([retiˈnɔpəθi],视网膜病变)（高血压性视网膜病变）Complications(并发症)➢When blood pressure is not well controlled, you are at risk for:•Bleeding from the aorta([eɪˈɔ:tə],主动脉出血), the large blood vessel that supplies blood to the abdomen([æbˈdəʊmən]), pelvis([ˈpelvɪs]), and legs(给腹部、骨盆和腿部供血的大血管) •Chronic kidney disease(慢性肾疾病)•Heart attack and heart failure(心脏病和心力衰竭)•Poor blood supply to the legs(下肢供血不足)•Stroke(中风/脑卒中)•Problems with your vision(视觉障碍)Treatment•The DASH Diet -- Dietary Approaches(饮食疗法) to Stop Hypertension -- involves eating more fruits, vegetables, whole-grain foods(全谷类食物), low-fat dairy(低脂奶), fish, poultry(禽肉), and nuts(坚果). You should eat less red meat(红肉), saturated fats(饱和脂肪), and sweets(甜食).•Exercise•Medications: Diuretics([ˌdaɪju‘retɪk])(利尿药)Beta-blockers(β-阻断剂) ACE Inhibitors([ɪn’hɪbɪtə(r)])(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂) ARBs(肾上腺素能受体结合剂) Calcium Channel Blockers(钙通道阻滞剂)•Complementary Therapies（补充医学疗法）:Yoga（瑜伽）, tai chi （太极）, and deep breathing（深呼吸）also help. Prevention➢Adults over 18 should have their blood pressure checked regularly. ➢Lifestyle changes may help control your blood pressure. •Exercise often. Eat foods low in salt.•Lose weight or keep weight at a healthy level.•Do not smoke. Limit alcohol.Medical words:Obesity（[əʊˈbi:sɪti:]肥胖症）granular([ˈgrænjələ],颗粒状的) atrophy([ˈætrəfi:],萎缩) Arteriolar([ɑ:ˌtiəriˈəulə],小动脉的) nephrosclerosis([ˌnefrəˌskliəˈrəusis])（肾硬化）Basal ganglia([ˈbeisəl] [ˈɡæŋɡliə],基底神经节)retinopathy([retiˈnɔpəθi],视网膜病变) aorta([eɪˈɔ:tə],主动脉) abdomen([æbˈdəʊmən]) (腹部) pelvis([ˈpelvɪs]) (骨盆)Diuretics([ˌdaɪju‘retɪk])(利尿药)ACE Inhibitors([ɪn’hɪbɪtə(r)])(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)Therapy([ˈθerəpi])(治疗，疗法) Nodular([ˈnɔdjulə],结节性)。
