国外近十几年液压机及大型锻件生产发展概况

大型锻造操作机的进展作者：锻造操作机点击率：508 大型锻造操作机属于当前世界最大的多自由度重载机器人，（锻造操作机：）属于机、电、液高度一体化的复杂装备，它是万吨锻造压机的重要配套设备，也是国家经济建设急需的重大机械装备之一。

并且，大型锻件制造业是装备制造业的基础行业，是关系到国家安全和国家经济命脉的战略性行业，其发展水平是衡量国家综合国力的重要标志。

一、大型锻造操作机的发展历史锻造操作机最早出现在美国和原苏联，而后在日本、英国、奥地利等国发展起来，并成为系列化产品进入工业性生产。

最初的操作机多为全机械传动， 60、70年代出现了混合传动和全液压传动、结构紧凑、操作灵活的锻造操作机。

到了80年代，各国对锻造操作机的设计、制造、技术改造方面又有了更高的要求，不断改进结构及生产工艺，促进了锻压技术的发展。

特别是锻造操作机的需求量不断增加，引起了国内外大、中型企业对锻造操作机在生产中作用的重视。

90年代中期，国外大型锻造操作机技术已经成熟，大型操作机与30000kN自由锻造水压机联动操作，不断提高了水压机生产能力。

我国锻造操作机起步于60年代，开始只能由某些工厂自己制造有轨操作机。

90年代初期，我国自行设计制造的100kN锻造操作机于1992年5月在太原试制成功，其主要技术性能已达到世界80年代水平，能替代同类进口产品。

至今，我国自主研发投产的全液压锻造操作机最大夹持能力也只有500kN。

世界上装备的万吨级自由锻造压机近30台，最大的模锻水压机载荷能力高达7.5万吨，最大的六自由度锻造操作机操作力矩达7500kN·m，最大承载能力高达2500kN。

目前，我国已具备了万吨级锻压装备的设计与制造能力，如中国一重自主设计、自主制造的世界上最先进的150MN自由锻造水压机，2006年末已经投产使用，但与之配套的大型锻造操作机仍在研发当中。

二、大型锻造操作机的研究现状国内外大型锻造操作机的研究现状锻造操作机作为进行锻造工艺的重要设备，众多国外公司对其进行了系统化研究，目前，德国DDS公司、韩国HBE PRESS公司以及捷克ZDAS公司的锻造操作机的制造水平处在世界前列。

2023年模锻液压机行业市场分析现状
现代模锻液压机是模锻行业中不可或缺的设备，其在金属成型加工中具有重要作用。

模锻液压机市场目前仍处于稳定增长阶段，以下将对其市场分析进行详细介绍。

首先，模锻液压机市场的主要驱动力之一是汽车行业的快速发展。

汽车行业是模锻液压机的主要应用领域之一，因为模锻液压机可以用于制造汽车的引擎、底盘和其他关键部件。

根据国内外汽车市场的发展情况，模锻液压机市场也在保持着相对稳定的增长。

其次，工程机械行业的发展也是模锻液压机市场增长的关键因素。

随着国内外基础设施建设的不断推进，工程机械市场逐渐兴起。

而工程机械中很多零部件需要使用模锻液压机进行加工，因此模锻液压机市场也受到了工程机械市场的推动。

另外，航空航天行业的快速发展也对模锻液压机市场产生了积极影响。

航空航天行业对金属材料的要求非常严格，而模锻可以保持金属材料的连续纤维结构，提高材料的强度和耐久性。

因此，模锻液压机在航空航天行业中有着广泛的应用市场。

此外，冶金行业对模锻液压机的需求也较大。

冶金行业需要大量的金属材料，并且这些材料往往需要经过模锻等加工工艺才能获得理想的性能。

因此，冶金行业的发展直接推动了模锻液压机市场的增长。

总体来说，模锻液压机市场现状良好，而且前景广阔。

随着国内外工业化进程的不断推进和关键行业的快速发展，模锻液压机市场将继续保持增长态势。

未来，随着科技的不断进步和市场需求的不断变化，模锻液压机市场将出现更多新的机遇和挑战。

因此，模锻液压机制造商需要不断创新和提高产品质量，以适应市场的发展需求。

全球及中国液压件行业发展现状分析
一、液压件行业基本概述
液压件是指一切用于液压系统的元件。

液压件一般由动力元件（液压泵）、控制元件（溢流阀，顺序阀、方向阀等）、执行元件（液压马达、液压缸等）、辅助元件（油箱、管路等）、工作介质（矿物油，液压油）五个部分构成。

二、全球液压件行业发展现状
全球液压市场步入成熟阶段，近年来全球液压件市场规模稳中有升，2019年其市场规模达2441亿元，同比下滑1.29%，估计2020年市场规模约为2580亿元。

分地区看，2020年，液压产品销售额最高的地区为美国，占比高达38%，中国位居第二，占比30.2%，其他地区的销售占比均在10%以下。

三、中国液压件行业发展现状
2011-2016年工程机械行业进入调整期，国内液压件市场随之下行。

2016年下半年以来，国内工程机械进入景气周期，液压市场景气度回升，2016至2020年，我国液压市场规模从579亿元增长到约779亿元，年复合增长率为7.7%。

四、液压件行业技术
液压件生产的流程主要包括铸造、加工、装配和测试。

其中，铸造工艺是液压件制造的关键环节，需要生产企业长期的技术积累来保证产品的质量和可靠性，这也是国内厂商和外资厂商的差距所在。

液压件技术门槛高，与发动机、电控系统合称为制约我国机械行业发展的三大瓶颈。

液压件的生产及组装工艺需要综合运用材料力学、机械设计、金属材料、金属工艺学、热处理技术、传感技术、自动化控制技术等多学科知识，具备较强的技术门槛。

此外随着自动控制技术、计算机技术、微电子技术、磨擦磨损技术、可靠性技术及新工艺和新材料的不断运用，传统技术有了新的发展，也使液压元件的质量水平有一定的提高。

国内外液压机技术现状及发展趋势
日期: 2010-5-4 22:16:56 浏览: 7 来源: 学海网收集整理作者: 佚名
摘要本文首先概述液压机应用场合 ,工作原理 ,分类及特点 ,然后对国内外液压机的技术现状进行了综述 ,最后对液压机技术发展趋势进行了展望。

一概述
液压机是制品成型生产中应用最广的设备之一.自19世纪问世以来发展很快 ,已成为工业生产中必不可少的设备之一由于液压机在工作中的广泛适应性，使其在国民经济各部门获得了广泛的应用如板材成型管、线、型材挤压粉末冶金、塑料及橡胶制品成型胶合板压制打包人造金刚石耐火砖压制和炭极压制成型轮轴压装校直等等.各种类型液压机的迅速发展,有力地促进了各种工业的发展和进步.八十年代以来,随着微电子技术,液压技术等的发展和普及应用,液压机有了更进一步的发展.。

外文资料Development Status and Trend of Hydraulic Press1 PrefaceWith the progress and development of nearly 50 years of science and technology, hydraulic technology has become a modern machinery and equipment technology of the important basic subject and basic technology, hydraulic machine is a by liquid pressure to transmit energy, to achieve the various processing of machine tools. With the application of new technology and new technology, the application of hydraulic press in metal forming and non metal forming is more and more widely.2 Application areas of hydraulic pressHydraulic press is suitable for almost all process of pressure processing. At present, the main application of hydraulic machine in the following areas: 1. Deep drawing sheet metal forming technology, mainly used in forming automobile and home appliances industries metal cover; the metal parts forming, mainly including pressure molding, metal profiles extrusion, cold forging, hot forging process and free powder; products such as magnetic materials, powder metallurgy etc.; the non pressed metal material forming, such as SMC molding, automotive interior parts molding and rubber products; hot pressing the wood products, such as hot pressing processing plant fiber board materials, profiles; the other applications such as pressing, correction, plastic, stamping process.3 Main structural forms of hydraulic pressAccording to the form of the structure classification, hydraulic machine mainly includes single column hydraulic press, four column hydraulic machine, frame type hydraulic machine and other structures of the hydraulic machine. Single column hydraulic machine can be divided into two structures of whole body and combined frame, single column hydraulic machine at work, due to the deformation of the body and the slide block and the work bench will produce a certain angle, so they are usedin applications to the precision request is not high, such as: pressing, plank pressure type, straightening technology [3]. Four column to beam connected by the four column hydraulic machine, and the slider of the activity crossbeam rely on four column guiding, the machine has has the advantages of simple structure, low manufacture cost etc..Therefore, the most widely used. Welded frame column instead of cylindrical column four column hydraulic machine for frame type hydraulic press, the slider guide rely on to guide with high accuracy, advantages of anti partial loading capacity is large, but the manufacturing cost is higher than the four column hydraulic machine guide rail fixed on the upright post conducting. In many higher requirements on accuracy of occasions, such as sheet metal stamping, precision metal forming process. The above three kinds of hydraulic machines accounted for more than 95% of the total number of hydraulic press. According to different needs, in addition to all other special structure of the hydraulic machine, such as: multi column, multi type, horizontal, gantry type structure of the hydraulic machine.4 Current situation of domestic hydraulic machine industry4.1 In production capacity and market, domestic hydraulic machine, the annual output has great growth rate, which in 2004, sales of domestic hydraulic machine about in 10 billion yuan, in 2005 reached 1.3 billion, the first quarter of 2006, the hydraulic press production enterprises of the annual orders has been basically saturated. In 2006, sales revenue, domestic breakthrough billion yuan enterprises have more than three, such as Hefei Metalforming Machine Tools Co., Ltd., Tianjin day forging press Co., Ltd., Xuzhou pressure Machinery Co., Ltd., which Hefei Metalforming Machine Tools Co., Ltd., Tianjin day forging press Co., Ltd. in 2005 sales revenue has exceeded 200 million yuan. Comparison of domestic hydraulic machine from the output value and sales income and foreign developed countries, also does not have the advantage, but from the production units and total tonnage compared in international, our country hydraulic machine production in leading position. Domestic hydraulic machine in the domestic market share of more than 90%, the output value of exports accounted for less than of the total output value, less than5%, only a small number of enterprises have export conditions, mostly exported to the third world countries. Domestic imports of hydraulic machines for some special hydraulic machines, most of the Japanese products, European and American products less.4.2 On the technical level of the product, the technical level of the domestic hydraulic press has reached the international medium or advanced level. Some hydraulic machine production enterprises through the introduction of technology or cooperation with the domestic and foreign industry, technology development is very fast. But in some high technology content of the hydraulic machine. Some key technologies, such as hydraulic and electric control parts, but also through cooperation with domestic and foreign enterprises or research institutes, high-end hydraulic components and electronic components also rely mainly on imports. At present,domestic hydraulic machine product or as a stand-alone or stand-alone consisting of unrelatedproduction line, mainly rely on artificial material, with automatic feeding hydraulic machine units is less than 3%, consisting of multiple machines, automatic line basically is still in initial stage. From the point of view of product distribution, low hydraulic machine mainly concentrated in the small tonnage, the units possession of more than 70% of the total but the value does not exceed 30%, generally small tonnage column or single column hydraulic machine. With certain technical content of mid-range frame type hydraulic machine output more than 50% for special occasions of quite advanced in the control of high-grade products output share about at around 15%, this kind of hydraulic machine generally use the advanced electro-hydraulic proportional technology, to improve and achieve certain special functions.4.3 In the quality level, with the continuous improvement of product quality requirements, the domestic various hydraulic machine manufacturers pay more and more attention to the quality of products. Because the technology of domestic hydraulic press is the first time that the Soviet Union was introduced and absorbed,the domestic production of hydraulic press is far superior to the products of Japan and South Korea in the rigidity and strength, and the products are quite. And foreign products compared our products in terms of quality still exist the following problems: in terms of reliability, failure rate is still relatively large, mainly concentrated in the hydraulic system, mostly because of hydraulic and electrical components of the low reliability caused by; II the problem of oil leakage is more common in domestic hydraulic machine; and the processing quality of 3 key parts still need to improve; (4) in appearance and aesthetic aspects and a foreign company's products comparison and certain gap. Generally speaking, domestic hydraulic machine in quality and some of the more well-known company's products and certain gap, but with the improvement of domestic manufacturers of quality continuous attention and management level, the quality of domestic hydraulic machine will close to and catch up with international level.5 development direction and trend of hydraulic press5.1 Equipped with automatic feeding device of the hydraulic press or automatic production line will be the future direction of the development of hydraulic press. At this stage, due to the cost of labor and technical problems, domestic enterprises to use artificial up and down. But in some developed countries, in the last century sixty or seventy's automatic production line has been basically popularized. In order to enhance the image of enterprises and improve production efficiency, and now the domestic enterprises have begun to use and procurement of automatic production line and automatic up and down material of the hydraulic press. Some enterprisesalso began in the raw material on the production line of the hydraulic machine and the transformation of the robotSemi automatic production line.5.2 The demand for hydraulic machines will be greatly increased. Due to processing equipment, technology and other reasons, the domestic multi position hydraulic machine is not a lot of. Multi station hydraulic machine has many advantages: multi-channel processes in a hydraulic machine in different stationcompleted, reducing the hydraulic units, thereby reducing the occupied area of equipment; (2) reduce the equipment to send material procedure and operating personnel; (3) to improve the production efficiency; and (4) to reduce the investment cost. Now some large hydraulic machine production enterprises in the processing and technology has been equipped with a multi station hydraulic machine design and production capacity. Over the next ten years, the domestic multi station hydraulic machine will be widely used in certain industries. In the United States, there are 70% stamping lines for multi station press, Japan's press line in the multi station press also accounted for 32% of the number of bus, and in the domestic stamping line almost no multi station press.5.3 Fast, high speed hydraulic machine in mass production can be multiplied to improve efficiency. If the hydraulic machine can improve the efficiency of one times, then a production line can replace two production lines, in the case of a small increase in the user's investment can be replaced by a line of two lines. General general hydraulic machine and the speed of the return speed of only 100~200mm/s, and now the rapid hydraulic press has been as high as 450mm/s. Some foreign high-speed and small hydraulic presses every minute of the number of strokes to reach hundreds of times. Due to the birth of rapid hydraulic press, 2000 years after the new automobile press line adopts hydraulic proportion has reached more than 60%, and in the 1990s before the automobile press line, almost all the mechanical press. There is a great potential to improve the speed and efficiency of the hydraulic machine, the manufacturer should be to strengthen research and development in this area, in conjunction with automatic feeding device based on, to achieve efficient work.5.4 Relying on electro hydraulic proportional technology, sensors, electronic, computer, network, etc. to improve the performance of hydraulic press. Rapid development since the last century 80s electro hydraulic proportional components, the application of proportional valve and proportional pump in the hydraulic machine make the function of the hydraulic press can through the electric to control the hydraulic press hydraulic control system has undergone a qualitative change, proportional pressure, proportional speed control, synchronization, energysaving, high speed, variable pressure and speed, accurate pressure and position control functionsbegan to be used in some high-end hydraulic machine. In the electronic control using the powerful function of computer and network, combined with microelectronics technology, with the combination of electro-hydraulic proportional technology and electronic hydraulic technology and computer, improve both to expand the function of hydraulic machine, the performance of the hydraulic machine, do without changing the hardware. Only through changing the program or software, can adapt to different process requirements, to achieve the function of flexible. In addition, the network technology can be used in equipment management, the hydraulic machine as a node in the network to achieve remote management, monitoring and other functions.5.5 In environmental protection, energy saving, in the future in the design and manufacture of hydraulic machines should be paid enough attention to the manufacturing enterprises. This aspect should do the following: 1. Reduce the power of the hydraulic press and reduce the energy loss in the work. In the hydraulic system, as far as possible to reduce the overflow, throttle, reasonable design of hydraulic system. For example a rely on relief valve overflow protection pressure hydraulic machine consumption of energy may be closed pump protection 2 times the pressure of the hydraulic machine, rely on energy storage device to improve the no-load speed of the system at least two times higher than that of the fast cylinder system is a waste of energy above. Improve the sealing quality, reduce the pollution of hydraulic oil leakage to the environment. Reduce noise, to isolate and close the large noise source.6 Needs to be improved.Domestic hydraulic machinery industry in the development of the need to strengthen domestic hydraulic press technology and production capacity has gradually become mature, in the domestic market share reached 90% and has begun to export to some developed countries. But the hydraulic machine industry in the development of the future, still need to work hard, in particular, to do the following:6.1 To strengthen enterprise technology research and development capabilities, toenhance the ability of new product development. Machine tool industry in the high-end competition in largely depends on the technological content of products, hydraulic machine industry in China to want to occupy the world in the high-end market, must first be in the technology reached the international advanced level, domestic set up a special hydraulic machine research institutions and personnel, in order to improve the level of the integrated technology of hydraulic machine.6.2 To strengthen joint between enterprises, the main production enterprises, automatic feedmaterial enterprises, research institutes, coalition, play to their respective advantages, mutualdevelopment and take complete sets of automatic production line project, solve the interrelated technology.6.3 Improve the quality of products, to provide high reliability of products. In the hydraulic system reliability, installation quality, processing quality, oil leakage, the cleaning of hydraulic oil to improve, in order to adapt to the automatic line, production line.7 Four column hydraulic machineHydraulic machine or hydraulic machine, is the use of liquid pressure transmission machinery by using Pascal's law made many kinds of. Of course, use is also based on the needs of a variety of. If the liquid type according to the transfer pressure, there are two types of oil press and hydraulic press. The hydraulic press machine has a large total pressure, commonly used in forging and stamping. Forging hydraulic press is divided into two kinds of forging hydraulic press and free forging hydraulic press. Die forging hydraulic press to use the mold, and free forging hydraulic press without mold. China's first million tons of hydraulic press is the free forging hydraulic press. Four column hydraulic machine is composed of two parts of mainframe and control system. The main body of the hydraulic press includes hydraulic cylinder, beam, column and filling device. The power mechanism is composed of an oil tank, a high pressure pump, a control system, an electric motor, apressure valve, a direction valve, etc.. The hydraulic press is suitable for pressing process of plastic material. Processes such as powder products molding, plastic products forming, cold (hot) extrusion of metal forming, sheet drawing and cross compression, bending, turning, correction and so on. Four column hydraulic press is an independent body and the electrical power system, and centralized control buttons, can realize the adjustment, manual and semi - automatic three kinds of mode of operation.First, the characteristics of the equipmentMachine is an independent body and the electrical power system, the centralized control buttons, can realize the adjustment, manual and semi - automatic three working mode: the machine working pressure, pressing speed, fast no-load downward and deceleration stroke and scope can according to the need of the process adjusted and can complete the ejection process, with the top of the process and drawing process of three kinds of process, each process and constant pressure, Cheng two process action choice, constant pressure molding process after the suppression with ejection delay and automatic return.Independent power organization and electrical system, and the use of button centralized control, can be completed and semi automatic adjustment of two methods of operation. Itsmobile station is driven by a variable frequency controller, which is the world's leading electrical PLC programmable controller. After YH25 - 315D "t" shape move action table depicting the production innovation, is conducive to progress the series hydraulic machine automation, progress produces power, decreased operator labor intensity.Using liquid as the medium to transmit energy, using advanced composite cylinder hydraulic circuit, low oil temperature, air travel speeds were 10MM/ seconds or more, industry and trade into the speed of 20 mm / sec, standby equipment, fast moves up and down sliding noise less than 75 dB, adopts four-column.three-plate structure, activities in the vertical accuracy by four precise guide set of control, anarbitrary point of the work surface and the working surface of parallel precision achieves 0.08mm below.1 reduce the quality and save the material. For automobile engine bracket, radiator bracket and other typical parts, hydraulicThe forming part is reduced by 20%~40% than the pressing part, and the weight of the 40%~50% can be reduced by the hollow stepped shaft parts.2 reduce the number of parts and tooling and reduce die cost. Hydraulic forming parts usually only need 1 sets of mold, but most of the stamping parts. The engine bracket parts of the hydraulic forming are reduced from 6 to 1, and the radiator bracket parts are reduced from 17 to 10.3 can reduce the subsequent mechanical processing and assembly of welding. Take the radiator bracket as an example, the heat dissipation area increased by 43%, solder joint from 174 to 20, the process from 13 to 6, the productivity increased by 66%.4 to improve the strength and stiffness, especially the fatigue strength, such as the hydraulic forming of the radiator support, its stiffness in the vertical direction can be increased by 39%, the horizontal direction can be increased by 50%.5 lower production costs. According to the statistical analysis of the application of the hydraulic forming parts, the production cost of the hydraulic forming parts is lower than that of the stamping parts by 15%~20%, and the die cost is reduced by 20%~30%.Two, structural typeAccording to the direction of the force, the hydraulic machine has two kinds of vertical and horizontal. Most of the hydraulic press is vertical, extrusion with liquid, the structure of the machine is more horizontal. According to the structure type, hydraulic machine with double column, four poster, the eight columns, welding framework and multi-layer steel strip winding frame type, medium and small vertical hydraulic machine also useful C type rack. Type C typehydraulic press three open, easy to operate, but poor rigidity. The welded frame typehydraulic press used for stamping is rigid, and is open and closed. In the upload of vertical column free forging hydraulic machine, an oil cylinder fixed in the beam, the plunger piston and the movable beam rigid connections, movable beam by a guide post, in the working fluid under pressure on mobile. The beam has a front and back working table. The anvil and the lower anvil are respectively mounted on the moving beam and the working table. The working force is composed of the upper and lower beams and columns. Three working cylinders are used in large and medium sized free forging press driven by pump accumulator to get three working force. The working cylinder is also provided with a balancing cylinder and a return cylinder which are applied to the upward force.Three, working principleFour column hydraulic machine hydraulic system is composed of a power mechanism, a control mechanism, execution mechanism, auxiliary mechanism and working medium. The power mechanism usually adopts the oil pump as the power mechanism. In order to meet the requirements of the implementation of the speed of movement of the actuator, the use of an oil pump or a plurality of oil pump. Low pressure (oil pressure less than 2.5MP) gear pump; medium pressure (less than 6.3MP) with the vane pump; high pressure (oil pressure less than 32.0MP) with a plunger pump. Pressure processing all kinds of plastic materials and forming, such as stainless steel plate sheet extrusion, bending, stretching and metal parts of cold pressure forming, and can also be used for the suppression of powder products, grinding wheel, bakelite, thermosetting resin products.中文译文液压机的发展现状及趋势1 前言随着近50年的科学技术的进步与发展，液压技术已经成为了一门影响现代机械装备技术的重要基础学科和基础技术，液压机是一种利用液体压力来传递能量,以实现各种压力加工工艺的机床。

快锻液压机国内外现状及旧水压机改造161002　齐齐哈尔车辆厂　魏　伟 摘要　介绍了国内外快锻液压机的现状,提出了对旧式水压机进行快锻改造的途径。

Current state of high speed forging hydraulic press at home and abroad and reconstruction for old water pressIntroduce the current state of high speed forg ing hydraulic press at hom e and abroad and br ing out a proposal for im pr oving the old hydraulic press.叙词　锻造液压机　现状　改造1　引言随着现代工业的快速发展,人们对自由锻件的尺寸精度和生产率提出了越来越高的要求,因而对液压机的锻造速度和压下精度的要求也随之提高。

为了适应这种需要,快锻液压机应运而生。

目前,国内外绝大多数都用液压油做为介质,并采用泵直接驱动。

据悉,至今世界上只有两台用水做为介质的泵直接驱动的快锻液压机。

国内现有的大中型锻造液压机的液压系统大多为泵—蓄能器驱动的水压机,其主控阀多是摇杆式提阀或凸轮式提阀。

过去,人们对水压机进行的改造注重在减轻操作工人的劳动强度,各种型式的接力器取代了笨重的大手把操纵,但压机的技术性能尚未得到改善和提高。

因此,如何改造传统结构型式的水压机成了当务之急的研究课题。

2　国内外快锻液压机现状2.1　国外快锻液压机的进展目前,在一些发达国家,快锻液压机的设计制造已相当成熟,其结构有如下共同点:¹泵直接驱动。

º用液压油做为工作介质。

»大多采用下拉式主机结构。

¼液压泵站一般设置在主机附近的地下室内。

主机及系统结构性能的先进性介绍如下:(1)液压系统的显著特点普遍采用了逻辑阀。

国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势工程机械主要配套件有动力元件、传动元件、液压元件及电气元件等。

目前工程机械动力元件基本上都用内燃式柴油发动机（简称柴油机）；传动分机械传动、液力机械传动、静液压传动、电传动等。

但目前工程机械用得最多、最普遍的为液力机械传动及静液压传动。

整个传动系统还包括传动轴、驱动桥等。

静液压传动有多种结构形式，有的有传动轴、驱动桥，有的没有，视情况而定；液压元件主要有缸、泵、阀、密封件及液压附件等。

静液压元件的泵（主要是变量泵）、马达（变量与定量），以及相应的减速机等；电气元件以前对工程机械的影响还并不大，最早的工程机械电气系统，主要是起动电路及照明电路，系统及元件都非常简单，起动可以用拖起动，白天干活不用照明，因此，这两个电路系统出了故障也能勉强维持工作。

但工程机械发展到今天，电气系统及电气元件已经成了工程机械一个非常关键的部分，可以说今天的绝大多数工程机械，电气系统出了故障根本就不能工作，有的甚至寸步难行，等于一堆废钢铁。

因此电气系统、电器元件目前也是工程机械最关键最主要的配套件之一。

主要电器元件除传统的元件外，还有各种传感器，各种控制元件及微处理机等等。

下面就国际上这些工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势谈谈看法。

1国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况目前国外工程机械主要配套件大多数都生产历史悠久，技术成熟、供应充足，生产集中度高，品牌效应突出。

配套件的发展随主机的发展而发展，同时配套件自身的发展反过来又促进主机的发展。

目前国外工程机械配套件的发展形势好过主机的发展形势。

1.1 目前国外工程机械配套件的发展形势比较好近些年来国外工程机械有一种发展趋势，主机制造企业逐步向组装企业方向发展，配套件逐步由供应商来提供。

比如世界上实力最强的主机制造企业美国的卡特彼勒、凯斯、日本的小松、瑞典的沃尔沃等世界上这些大型的工程机械主机制造企业，其配套件的配套能力也是非常强的，它们的配套件外配的数量也是在逐年大幅度地增长，一些中小工程机械企业就更是如此，配套件逐步主要由零部件制造企业来提供。

国外大型自由锻发展概况三、国外近十几年液压机及大型锻件生产发展概况进入20世纪90年代，世界经济发展的动向是，新技术成为推动经济发展的重要因素，世界性产业结构调整继续深化和国际化的步伐加快，发展中国家的经济迅速发展，发达国家不仅在产品上、还在资本和技术上寻求向外扩张。

我国加入世贸组织是表明要参与国际经济大循环，我国的大型锻件生产也将推向国际化，大锻件生产的技术含量很高，要参与国际竞争，实质就是质量、品种、成本和投资深化的竞争，也就是先进生产技术的竟争。

了解国外大型锻件生产发展水平、行业生产技术发展状况，才能探讨加速我国大型锻件生产的技术改造，在提高自给率的同时开发国际市场，这是当前十分重要的问题。

在20世纪90年代前后，由于发达国家重工业生产不景气，成套设备市场处于饱和状态，造成大型锻件市场紧缩，竞争激烈，再加上油价上涨、劳动力不足、严格执行环保法规，这些辣手问题困扰着大型锻件的生产发展。

另一个难题是随着大型机械产品和重大成套设备技术不断发展，对大型锻件的质量提出了更高的性能要求。

为了扭转这种局面，适应市场的高要求，再加上近十几年出现不少新钢种，冶金技术和锻压加工技术的快速发展，推动了世界性大型锻件生产行业的大改组、大投资和生产技术的大提高，以适应市场激烈竞争的要求。

在20世纪60～70年代，国外生产大型自由锻件的国家通过采用新技术、新设备、结构调整，关闭和新建一批液压机，重新进行分工，经过几年逐步走向合理。

如美国、英国、德国、意大利关闭10多家大型铸锻件生产厂，关闭、拆除10多台60MN以上自由锻水压机，其中美国有60MN、120MN、140MN，英国有2台60MN，德国有90MN和2台60MN、意大利80MN、120MN等。

（一）近十几年大型锻件生产技术的发展特点锻造用钢锭质量直接决定锻件毛坯的质量，而锻件产量与锻压设备性能和辅助设备配置有关，为此，国外大型锻件生产企业主要抓冶炼质量及水压机性能和辅肋设备的配置。

文章编号:100320794(2000)1120003202液压机技术的现状与发展趋势秦　勇(甘肃工业职工大学,甘肃兰州730030)摘要:主要对国内外液压机技术的发展状况作了介绍,并指出其发展趋势。

关键词:液压机;类型;特点中图号:TH13719文献标识码:A1　概述液压机是制品成型生产中应用最广的设备之一。

目前,液压机的最大标称压力已达750MN,用于金属的模锻成型。

随着金属压制和拉伸制品的需求逐年提高,对产品品种的要求也日益增多,另一方面,产品的生产批量也逐渐缩小。

为与中小批量生产相适应,需要能快速调整的加工设备,这使液压机成为理想的成型工艺设备。

特别是当液压机系统实现具有对压力、行程速度单独调整功能后,不仅能实现对复杂工件以及不对称工件的加工,而且,废品率非常低。

与机械加工系统相比,有极大的优越性。

80年代以来,随着微电子技术、液压技术等的发展,液压机有了更进一步的发展,其高技术含量增多,众多机型已采用C NC或PC机来控制,提高了产品的加工质量和生产率。

2　液压机的分类和特点液压机按照机架结构形式分为梁柱式、组合框架式、整体框架式、单臂式等。

按照功能和用途可分为手动液压机,锻造液压机,冲压液压机,一般用途液压机,校正、包装液压机,层压液压机,挤压液压机,压制液压机,打包液压机,专用液压机等10余种类型。

液压机有以下几个特点:(1)液压机的动力传动为“柔性”传动,较机械加工复杂的传动系统简单,可避免机器过载的情况。

(2)液压机基本的动作方式有3种:单动、双动和三动。

但其拉伸过程中只有单一的直线驱动力,使加工系统有较长的使用寿命和高的工件成品率。

3　国内外液压机技术发展状况液压机的液压系统和整机结构等方面发展已经比较成熟,国内外机型无较大差距,主要差别在于加工工艺和安装方面。

良好的工艺使机器在过滤、冷却及防止冲击振动方面有明显改善。

(1)在油路结构设计方面,国内外都趋向于集成化、封闭式设计。

液压模锻锤行业投资研究及前景分析报告液压模锻锤是一种重要的金属冷锻设备，广泛应用于航空航天、汽车制造、军工等领域。

近年来，随着国家对高端装备制造领域加大投资和支持力度，液压模锻锤行业发展迅速，市场需求不断增加，具有较好的投资前景。

一、液压模锻锤市场现状分析目前，液压模锻锤市场主要由国内外知名企业瓜分，如西门子、德国拉贝、意大利Bertoni、美国埃里克森等。

国内液压模锻锤制造商虽然数量较多，但大多数企业技术水平较低，产品质量参差不齐。

中高端产品主要依赖进口，受到市场价格竞争的影响较大。

二、液压模锻锤市场需求分析液压模锻锤的市场需求受工业领域发展、科技进步和国家政策等因素影响。

航空航天、轨道交通、汽车制造、军工等高端装备领域对液压模锻锤的需求量逐年增长。

随着国家“中国制造2025”和“一带一路”倡议的推动，液压模锻锤市场需求将会进一步扩大。

三、液压模锻锤市场竞争分析液压模锻锤行业竞争主要体现在技术创新、质量控制、售后服务等方面。

国外制造商在技术创新方面占有一定优势，而国内企业则在成本控制、售后服务等方面较具竞争优势。

企业要想在市场中占据一定份额，需要加强技术创新、提高产品质量和售后服务水平。

四、液压模锻锤行业发展趋势随着国家对高端装备制造领域加大投资和支持力度，液压模锻锤行业未来发展前景广阔。

未来，液压模锻锤将向高精度、智能化、绿色化方向发展，应用领域也将进一步拓展，如3D打印、新能源车等新兴领域，市场需求将会进一步增长。

总之，液压模锻锤行业具有广阔的发展前景，但由于国内企业技术水平相对较低，需要提高技术创新能力和产品质量水平，才能在激烈的市场竞争中获得更多的市场份额。