2014年托福考试大纲(2013版)

语文：名句名篇默写范围调整 点评名师：合肥一中尹德余 和去年相比，2014年语文科考试说明总体稳定，有几点变化值得注意。

名句名篇默写范围调整较大，撤去了2013年考试说明中的7篇，新增9篇，总默写篇目为30篇。

其中，《古代诗歌散文欣赏(语文·选修)》增加了3篇，体现出安徽语文高考对中国传统文化的重视。

题型示例部分更换较多，论述类文本更换了5篇，保留了5道非选择题形式样题;文学类文本阅读更换了7篇，诗歌鉴赏更换了2篇，文学类文本阅读、诗歌鉴赏中的选择题形式样题仍然保留;作文部分也更换了新题型。

此外，新的考试说明把作文标准中的“深刻”细化为“透彻”、“精辟”、“独到”，实际上对学生的观察问题思考问题的能力提出了更高的要求。

复习建议 抓住一“纲”一“卷”，弥补缺陷。

“纲”即2014年考试说明。

考生要对考纲的条目、可能考到的知识点要非常熟悉，增强复习的针对性和有效性。

“卷”即高三以来自己的考试卷。

考生要深入分析自己以前的考试卷，寻找自己的不足，找准分数增长点。

在后期备考中，考生要做“踏实的农夫”，强化基础，颗粒归仓。

基础知识还是能够涨分的。

常考的字音字形下功夫记牢固，再积累一些成语，把语病类型想明白，文言文的实词虚词用法应该是课本当中出现过的内容，实际上是有范围的，古代诗文名句默写更是特定的，所有这些基础知识部分找相关资料复习准备是大有可为的，是最值得做的。

考生还要明白作文阅卷一个“趋中”现象，评出的分数高度集中在中部偏上的狭小区间内。

所以要懂得应试作文的一些基本特点，拿到基本分。

最影响考场作文判分的是审题立意、谋篇布局，这方面是后期作文训练的重点。

数学：密切关注“身边的数学” 点评名师：合肥一中毛巍 通过2014年的考试说明和近几年高考的对比研究，安徽省今年高考文理科数学将延续“保持稳定，注重基础，突出能力，着力创新”的特点，主要会在数学思想与数学方法上对学生进行考查。

数学科目题型示例中理科与文科所举例题数量都没有变，选择题举例30道，填空题举例15道，解答题举例18道。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲(课程标准实验版)英语学科Ⅰ．考试性质普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是由合格的高中毕业生和具有同等学力的考生参加的选拔性考试。

高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。

因此，高考应有较高的信度、效度，适当的难度和必要的区分度。

Ⅱ．考试内容和要求根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，依据中华人民共和国教育部2003年颁布的《普通高中课程方案(实验)》和《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》，确定本学科考试内容。

考核目标与要求一、语言知识要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题(见附录1至附录5)，要求词汇量为3 500左右（注：各省(自治区、直辖市)可以根据本地实际情况在《考试说明》中对词汇量进行适当调整，但不得低于2500个单词；同时，应制定计划，在一定时间内分期、分批增加至3500个单词。

）。

二、语言运用1．听力要求考生能听懂所熟悉话题的简短独自和对话。

考生应能：(1)理解主旨和要义(2)获取具体的、事实性信息(3)对所听内容做出推断(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度2．阅读要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。

考生应能：(1)理解主旨和要义(2)理解文中具体信息(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义(4)做出判断和推理(5)理解文章的基本结构(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度3．写作要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。

考生应能：(1)清楚、连贯地传递信息，表达意思(2)有效运用所学语言知识4．口语要求考生根据题示进行口头表达。

考生应能：(1)询问或传递事实性信息，表达意思和想法(2)做到语音、语调自然(3)做到语言运用得体(4)使用有效的交际策略教育部考试中心2014年高考英语课标版考试大纲的说明2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明课程标准实验版I.关于考试要求的说明一、语言知识要求考生了解和掌握《普通高中英语课程标准（实验〉》附录中所列出的各项内容，包括语音项目、语法项目、功能意念项目、话题项目和词汇。

2014年6月21日托福阅读真题智课网整理词汇题集合：第一篇：版本一：讲某个部落的人迁徙到一个新的地方。

他们即是游牧的，但又会种植作物。

但是最后不得不迁徙，因为人太多了。

wild animal和作物都不够吃。

版本二：climate对N族人的影响他们开始更大范围的hunt 种grain之类的版本三：一个人种（囧）在younger dryra年代的生活【编者注：此处人种经查找很可能为“Natufian”】一开始说因为河流和水源渐渐干涸，猎物（game）也随之越来越少（此处有题），所以人们需要更精湛的捕猎技巧，也因为这个发明了一种新的arrowhead（有题）。

后来呢他们捕不到足够的猎物了就settled了，开始cultivated rye crop，把野生的rye慢慢“驯化”了。

考古学家还在一个村子里发现了公元前11100－11020的rye，这是最早的人工培育rye。

但是呢，cultivated rye也不能满足需求啊，所以他们又变回游牧了，然后domestic rye又变wild了（有题）。

最后一段说他们后来因为水源干涸放弃了祖先生活的woodland，改而搬迁到更富饶的约旦河边（jordan river）。

哦这里也有题。

解析：历史题材文章结构为时间顺序，故而逻辑性较少，属于直线型文章。

读文章时光看首句不一定能概括全段，需通过题目进行段意还原。

而且还要多考虑各段之间的关系。

相关背景：Younger DryasFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThree temperature proxies showing the Younger Dryas event at around 12 ka BP. The NGRIP sequence (red –mislabelled as GRIP) uses the water molecule isotopic composition –δ18O. The Vostok and EPICA Dome C series show delta-deuterium. All 3 proxies use the same vertical axis.The Younger Dryas stadial, also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a geologically brief (1,300 ± 70 years) period of cold climatic conditions and drought which occurred between approximately 12,800 and 11,500 years BP. The Younger Dryas stadial is thought to have been caused by the collapse of the North American ice sheets, although rival theories have been proposed.It followed the Bølling-Allerød interstadial (warm period) at the end of the Pleistocene and preceded the preboreal of the early Holocene. It is named after an indicator genus, the alpine-tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala. In Ireland, the period has been known as the Nahanagan Stadial, while in the United Kingdom it has been called the Loch Lomond Stadial and most recently Greenland Stadial 1 (GS1). The Younger Dryas (GS1) is also a Blytt-Sernander climate period detected from layers in north European bog peat.The Dryas stadials were cold periods which interrupted the warming trend since the Last Glacial Maximum 20,000 years ago. The Older Dryas occurred approximately 1,000 years before the Younger Dryas and lasted about 3000 years. The Oldest Dryas is dated between approximately 18,000 and 15,000 BP.The Younger Dryas, an intense cooling and drying event of global proportions, has been attributed a major causal role in the adoption of agricultural economies in the southern Levant. Here, the impact of the Younger Dryas on human adaptations is evaluated using a small game index that measures the efficiency of human foraging as a proxy for site occupation intensity. The study examines faunal assemblages spanning the agricultural transition and dating to the Early and Late Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic periods (ca. 14,500 to 11,000 Cal. BP). The small game index and other supporting evidence document major fluctuations in human site occupation intensity across this critical phase. Site occupation reached an unprecedented high during the Early Natufian, but quickly reverted to pre-Natufian levels with the onset of the Younger Dryas in the Late Natufian phase. By decreasing site occupation intensity and increasing mobility, the Late Natufians implemented effective demographic strategies to cope with changing resource distributions. In contrast, there is no evidence for intensified resource use or food stress in the Late Natufian, at least in comparison to the Early Natufian phase. Although, it is tempting to assign the Younger Dryas a causal role in the adoption of agricultural economies, support for this hypothesis (in the form of food stress and resource intensification) does not currently exist.Natufian cultureThe Natufian culture /nəˈtjuːfiən/ was an Epipaleolithic culture that existed from 13,000 to 9,800 B.C. in the Levant, a region in the Eastern Mediterranean. It was unusual in that itwas sedentary, or semi-sedentary, before the introduction of agriculture. The Natufian communities are possibly the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world. There is some evidence for the deliberate cultivation of cereals, specifically rye, by the Natufian culture, at the Tell Abu Hureyra site, the site for earliest evidence of agriculture in the world. Generally, though, Natufians made use of wild cereals. Animals hunted included gazelles.The term "Natufian" was coined by Dorothy Garrod who studied the Shuqba cave in Wadi an-Natuf, in the western Judean Mountains, about halfway between T el Aviv and Ramallah.SettlementsRemains of a wall of a Natufian houseSettlements occur in the woodland belt where oak and Pistacia species dominated. The underbrush of this open woodland was grass with high frequencies of grain. The high mountains of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the steppe areas of the Negev desert in Israel and Sinai, and the Syro-Arabian desert in the east were much less favoured for Natufian settlement, presumably due to both their lower carrying capacity and the company of other groups of foragers who exploited this region.The habitations of the Natufian are semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone foundation. The superstructure was probably made of brushwood. No traces of mudbrick have beenfound, which became common in the following Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). The round houses have a diameter between three and six meters, and they contain a central round or subrectangular fireplace. In Ain Mallaha traces of postholes have been identified. "Villages" can cover over 1,000 square meters. Smaller settlements have been interpreted by some researchers as camps. Traces of rebuilding in almost all excavated settlements seem to point to a frequent relocation, indicating a temporary abandonment of the settlement. Settlements have been estimated to house 100–150, but there are three categories: small, median, and large, ranging from 15 sq. m to 1,000 sq. m of people. There are no definite indications of storage facilities.SedentismA semi-sedentary life may have been made possible by abundant resources due to a favourable climate at the time, with a culture living from hunting, fishing and gathering, including the use of wild cereals. Tools were available for making use of cereals: flint-bladed sickles for harvesting, and mortars, grinding stones, and storage pits.Development of agricultureAccording to one theory, it was a sudden change in climate, the Younger Dryas event (ca. 10,800 to 9500 BC), that inspired the development of agriculture. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year-long interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the Last Glacial Maximum, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would have endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but upon which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, they began to practice agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture is controversial in the scientific community.第二篇：版本一：M什么的cycle从larva到adult 有的larva也会不到adult版本二：metamorphosis，有frog 和butterfly 的例子。

2013年全国英语学科新课标版《考试大纲》、《考试说明》解读及复习建议[五篇材料]第一篇：2013年全国英语学科新课标版《考试大纲》、《考试说明》解读及复习建议安徽省2013年高考英语新课标版《考试大纲》、《考试说明》解读及复习建议一、《考试大纲》2013年全国新课标版《考试大纲》英语学科与2012年的《考试大纲》相比，在考试内容和要求、时间、分值、题型题量等方面都没有发生变化。

词汇量要求仍为3500左右(各省、自治区或直辖市可以根据本地实际情况在考试说明中对词汇量进行适当调整，但是不得低于2500个单词；同时，应该制定计划，在一定时间内分期、分批增加至3500个单词)。

基于考生的实际情况，《考纲说明》将《考试大纲》附录词汇表单词量压缩到了3000个左右，作为高考命题的词汇范围，并为命题需要增加了个别带星号的、仅要求考生知道其意思的单词。

《考试大纲》中对考生的语言运用能力(听力，阅读理解，写作)考查标准无变化。

试卷形式、结构以及参考试卷等均无变化，说明2013年全国课标版试卷的命制将在总体上和思路上与2012年高考试卷保持一致。

2013年高考英语考试的题型仍包括听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作四大类型，分别考查考生对英语基础知识的掌握和运用情况及英语听、读、写几方面的能力。

二、《考试说明》——“命题词汇范围增加100个”变化解读1、英语科目最新的变化体现在对词汇量的要求上。

2012年考试说明显示，高考命题词汇范围在3000个左右，今年则提升到3100个左右，并在附录词汇表中增加了50个新词。

仔细研究这些词汇，我们会发现这些新增词汇生活气息很浓，实用性很强，比如说awesome这个词在口语中就可以表示“太棒了，了不起”的意思，再比如aggressive这个词现在常用来形容一个人有进取心，有冲劲，buffet自助餐，corrupt 腐败的，radiation辐射等这些新增词反映了今年高考对考生语言运用能力和表达能力提出了新的要求。

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Give your opinion and explain the reasons.2.Some people prefer to make detailed plans for the future. Others prefer to concentrate on present things and don't make any plans at all. Which way do you prefer? Please use specific reasons to support your answer.2014.7.6 CN1.Describe one thing you didn't want to do but you were asked to do. How was the result? Please explain with details.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Wealthy people should be required to help poor people. Please answer the question with specific examples and details.2014.7.12 CN1.What’s your favorite school subject? How does it become your favorite? Please give your answers with specific details.2.When going on vacation, do you prefer to have outdoor activities or indoor activities? Please include examples and details in your answer.2014.7.26 NA1.Which of the following skills would you choose to learn if you had a chance: 1. playing the piano2.swimming3.car repairing? Explain why.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technological devices have brought distance between people. Please use details and examples in your response.2014.8.10 NA1.Describe what your life would be like if you were banned from using cell phone for a month. Please include details and examples in your response.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Environmental protection is as important as economic development. Use details and examples to support your response.2014.8.16 CN1.Describe a family activity that you enjoy most. Please use specific reasons and examples to support your response.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games or video games is a waste of teenagers' time. Please use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.1.What the advantages and disadvantages of allowing students to eat in class? Please include specific details in your response.1. Some universities are planning to replace paper books and magazines with electronic books. What is your opinion and why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.2.Which one would you like to choose: 1.courses related to a specific career 2.a variety of courses. Please explain your choice with specific examples and details.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's easier to teach children in primary schools than students in universities. Please include reasons and details in your explanation. 2014.8.30 CN1.Your friend is always late for group events, what suggestions do you have for him?2.Is it better for students to sit in an assigned seat all the time or sit in different seats from time to time?2014.9.6 NA1.Describe an interesting style of clothing in your country. Please use specific details.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Part-time jobs help people prepare for their future career. Please give your opinion with specific reasons and details.2014.9.13 NA1.Talk about a book you liked when you were a child, and explain why you liked that book. Use details and reasons in your response.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Process is more important than result. Please include details and examples in your explanation.2014.9.14 CN1.Describe a friend of yours. Explain how you become friends. Please include details in your response.2.Some students take notes very often during class. Other students do not take notes or rarely take notes. Which do you think is better? Please explain with details.2014.9.21 CN1.Describe an interesting style of clothing in your country. Please use specific details.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Part-time jobs help people prepare for their future career. Please give your opinion with specific reasons and details.2014.9.27 CN1.Describe a change in your country. It could be a social, economical or political change. Explain how this change influenced people in your country. Please include specific reasons and details in your response.1. Many students do volunteer works in schools or communities. If you are a volunteer, what kind of work are you interested in? Gardening in a community, doing activities with children, or cleaning a place in the city. Explain reasons and use examples to support your response.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching sports programs on television is not a good use of time. Please give your opinion and explanation using specific examples and details.2. Some students prefer to live alone or live with their friends when they study abroad. Other students prefer to live with local families. Which do you prefer and why?2014.9.27 NA1.Describe a good study habit you have that is different from other students. Explain how this habit helped you. Please include reasons and details to support your response.2.Which shop do you prefer, large department store or small boutique? Please give your answer with specific examples and details.2014.10.11 CN1.Describe a character in a book, film , or poem, explain why you like him or her. Please use specific details.2.Do you like to save up your little extra money or spend it right away? Why? Please give specific reasons to support your response.2014.10.18 NA1.You're admitted to two universities at the same time. One is prestigious but has high tuition and the other is not but gives you a scholarship. Which would you go to and why?2.Some teachers prefer students to send questions about course work or assignments by email. Other teachers prefer that students ask these questions in person. Which do you think is better? Explain why.2014.10.18 CN1.What kind of clothes do you usually wear and why? Please include specific examples and details in your explanation.2014.10.25 NA1.Nowadays, 'quiet cars' can be found on trains, in which people are forbidden to use their cell phones, computers, or talk loudly. What is your opinion about this policy?2.When going on vacation, do you prefer to have outdoor activities or indoor activities? Please include examples and details in your answer.2014.10.26 CN1.What do you think about the fact that robots finish so many tasks for human beings. Is it a good thing? Please give your answers with specific reasons and details.2.Some people prefer to keep reading a new book until it is finished. Some others prefer to stop reading whenever they lose interest. Which method of reading do you think is better and why? 2014.11.2 CN1.Which type of movie is not enjoyable for you to watch: action, romance or science fiction movies? Please give your answers with specific examples and details.2.Some people prefer to listen to or watch news everyday, while others do it occasionally. Which way do you prefer and why? Please use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. 2014.11.8 CN1.If the city you're living in receives a large amount of money, what do you think the city should invest in: transportation, tourism or education? Please use details and examples in your response.1.While choosing a house or an apartment to live in, what is the most important characteristic you care about? Why?2.Do you like to go to concert/theater alone or with friends? Please give your opinion with specific reasons and details.2. Which do you prefer? A job in a distant city with a high salary, or a job in your current city with a lower salary.2014.11.9 CN1.College students should be allowed to keep pets in their dormitories. What's your view? Please include specific reasons and details in your explanation.2.Some people think that people from small cities are more friendly and more helpful than people from big cities, what is your opinion and why?2014.11.15 CN1.What kind of music do you enjoy most? Explain why you enjoy this kind of music. Please include reasons and details in you explanation.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend money on projects that can encourage citizens to lead healthier lifestyle. Please give your opinion and explanation.2014.11.24 CN1.Describe a person whom you want to learn from and explain what and why you want to learn from him.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to go to schools before they are 16. Please use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 2014.11.29 CN1.Which one of the following activities do you prefer to do by yourself rather than with a group of people? 1.Study2.Exercise3. Shopping. Please include specific details.2.Do you think the government should spend funding to save the animals on the verge of extinction, or should the money come from private sources? Please give your opinion and explanation using specific examples and details.2014.12.6 CN1.If you are a volunteer in a hospital, what kind of work would you choose, 1. take care of patient's family2. talk to patient3. read to patient. Please give specific reasons and details.1.Describe the differences between two cities that you have visited. Give details and examples to support your response.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Employees should be required to wear formal clothes instead of the casual clothes in the workplace. Please give your opinion and explanation using specific examples and details.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should encourage students to use computers since primary school. Please include specific reasons and examples to support your answer.2014.12.13 CN1.Which of following way of education do you think works best for children and teenagers: reading books, talking to the elderly in the community, or traveling around the world? Please give specific reasons and examples to support your response.2.Some people like to share their thoughts through publications like newspapers and blogs, others prefer to only share them with friends. Which one do you prefer?2014.12.14 CN1.Your university plans to ask each student to do 40 hours of community service per year. What is your opinion on it? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this program? Please include reasons and details to support your response.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: When students hand in their assignments later than the deadline, teachers should reduce their scores? Please use specific reasons to support your answer.2014.12.21 CN1.The university is recruiting volunteers to help the community protect the environment, if you are recruited, which of the following three tasks will you choose? 1. Pick up trash and litters on the street2. Plant trees and flowers to beautify the town3. Teach children to protect the environment 2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people today know more about the world than their parents did when they're at the same age? Please explain your opinion with details.2014.12.27 CN1.What do you do to deal with homesick when you are away from home? Please include specific reasons and examples to support your answer.2.Someone likes to collect old things like newspaper, others throw things away after they use them. What about you? You would use past experience to support your response.2014.12.28 CN1.Your friend often feels nervous when speaking in front of large group of people. What suggestions would you give to your friend to overcome this fear?2.When on a trip, some people like to keep a journal and take pictures; some people just enjoy the journey without recording. Which do you prefer and why?。