2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2003年北京外国语大学241二外英语考研真题及详解I. Choose the most appropriate word to complete each of the following sentences. (20%)1. The actress became well known through the ______ she received in thenewspapers, and television, etc.A. advertisementB. publicityC. publicationsD. information【答案】B【解析】句意：经过报纸电视的报道宣传，这位女演员开始出名了。

publicity（媒体）的关注，宣传，报道。

advertisement广告。

publication出版，发行，出版物。

information 消息，通知，信息。

2. The scientist was rewarded by the Government for his scientific ______.A. requirementB. progressC. achievementD. advance【答案】C【解析】achievement成就。

requirement 要求。

progress进步。

advance前进，提升。

3. The ability to use a language can be ______ only by the act of using the language.A. approachedB. overcomeC. conqueredD. acquired【答案】D【解析】acquire 获得。

approach接近。

overcome克服。

conquer征服。

4. The workers ______ their support for the strike.A. pledgedB. plungedC. ploughedD. pleaded【答案】A【解析】pledge保证,允诺。

目　录2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points). 1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 2. ______ s a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 4. ______ an be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie. 7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.答案：I. 1. meaning2.Back-formation3.bound4.Pragmaticsngue6.quality7. Generative Grammar8.Idiolect9.Critical10.CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.答案：Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is,norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.答案：The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense” for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.答案：Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. Therefore, there is every necessity to study language. And Linguistics serves as a way for us to learn more about language, and to explain some phenomena which we have taken granted for but which in fact is quite interesting or puzzling. For example, with the help of linguistics, people could explain why we call the thing we sit on a “chair”but not a “cat” or “dog”, or why we can talk about yesterday and even tomorrow while animals can not. These two kinds of phenomena are all attributed to the design features of language which make it unique from and advantageous over animal languages. The linguists have found that human language is arbitrary because there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic and its meaning. What’s more, human language has also the property of displacement which enables the language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.Linguistics does not only try to explain the phenomena of language itself, but also try to study the interrelation between it and other aspects of the whole human society. Thus, we have sociolinguistics, which studies the relation of language with society, and which tries to clear out the relationship of language to the society and culture; psycholinguistics, which aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication; applied linguistics, which relates some findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, foreignlanguage teachings.Of course, the present linguistic studies can not explain adequately all the phenomena concerned with language, for example, whether it is language determines culture or that culture determines language. Even with the theories which seem to work well on certain aspects of language we should not stay satisfied; for the theory is now accepted as true only because it haven’t been proved wrong.2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (22 points).1. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as (1) and (2) . The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.2. (3) grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while (4) grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.3. (5) studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and (6) studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.4. Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called (7) .5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is (8) and performance.6. There are two fields of morphology: the study of (9) and the study of (10) .7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of (11) , and “All theworld is a stage” is an example o-f (12) . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.8. (13) studies meaning in language, (14) s about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and (15) is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.9. (16) is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; (17) , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.10. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called (18) . It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.11. Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of (19) .12. (20) is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word.For example, the English word smog is made from (21) and (22) .答案：(1) langue (2) parole (3) descriptive (4) prescriptive (5) phonetics(6) phonology (7) homophones (8) competence (9) inflectional　(10) lexical/derivational (11) simile (12) metaphor (13) semantics(14) syntax(15) morphology (16) psycholinguistics (17) sociolinguistics (18) stylistics(19) overgeneralization (20) blending (21) smoke (22) fogII. Give brief definitions of the following terms (18 points).1. Phoneme2. CALL3. IC analysis4. Linguistic relativity5. Silent period6. Gradable antonym答案：1. Phoneme. It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. CALL. It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.3. IC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(orphrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.4. Linguistic relativity. This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5. Silent period. It refers to a period in the initial phase of the language acquisition process, during which children acquiring a new language in natural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension. And they may respond, if necessary, only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set of memorized phrases. This phenomenon is also observed when we see how children acquire their mother tongue.6. Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.III. Give Short answers to the following questions (40 points):1. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperativeprinciple”: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs，by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.2. How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”, we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore, the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between deep and Surface structures?答案：In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as “John is easy to please” and “John is eager to please”, and also to disambiguate structures like “the shooting of the hunters”. More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.5. For the system of transitivity, Halliday identified six kinds of process, each with different types of participants. List four of the processes and comment on the effectiveness of such classification.答案：For the system of transitivity, Halliday has identified six kinds of process, and four of them are material process, relational process, behavioral process, and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the systemic-functional approach of grammar interpretation. The classification of the system of transitivity helps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause; it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideationalfunction. These six types of process have divided up the semantic system of ideational function, by showing the various ways of language to react on the material world around us, and make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them, or in other words, to perform the ideational function.IV. Answer the following questions, citing examples to support your ideas (40 points).1. What are the seven functions of human language?答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions, and they are illustrated as follows:1) Informative function. It means that language is the instrument of thought and language serves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as “This is a book.” are the typical illustration of this function.2) Interpersonal function. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.3) Performative function. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4) Emotive function. The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example. God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.5) Phatic communion. The phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.6) Recreational function. The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.7) Metalingual function. The metalingual function refers to the fact that people can use language to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.2. What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. Class shift and folk etymology also contribute to change in meaning　(1) BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one．For instance，the word holiday used to mean“holy day”in religious English. Today it means“a day for rest”regardless of its religious nature.(2) NarrowingContrary to broadening，the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense．A typical example is the word meat which originally meant "food". In the course of time, the range of meaning was narrowed to mean specifically "the flesh of animals used as food".(3) Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift．Yet, in its narrow sense, meaning shift refers to the change of meaning, which has nothing to do with generalization or restriction. What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For instance，the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, the visible manifestation of a prayer, finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”.(4) Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. The word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering”, but it means “to act as an engineer” or “to plan, to maneuver” when used as a verb.(5) Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification，the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus; the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach．V. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points). Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “Mary, Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?” There would be reason to took beyond the words for the “meaning” of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith” to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith” instead of the usual “Mary”, he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means” that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that Sentence With a similar one in whichJohn Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear”. The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is Called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt; and a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.【参考译文】假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。

2003年10月MBA真题及详解论说文：“读经不如读史。

”对上述观点进行分析，论述你同意或不同意这一观点的理由，可根据经验、观察或者阅读，用具体理由或实例佐证自己的观点。

题目自拟，全文500字左右。

【真题详解】（一）材料分析本题给出了一个观点，要求对这个观点进行分析、表明立场，或支持或反对，并找到相应的论据来证明自己的立场是有道理的。

“读经不如读史”是鲁迅先生在《读经与读史》一文中提出的观点。

发表于1925年12月10日北京《国民新报副刊》，后收入《华盖集·这个与那个》。

“经”一般指四书五经，其中四书为《论语》、《孟子》、《大学》和《中庸》；而五经为《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《周易》、《春秋》。

“史”是指历朝断代史籍，一般可分为：正史、别史、杂史、野史、稗史，其中只有正史为官方所修订。

“经”重于理论阐述，“史”重于史迹实录。

自鸦片战争以来，中国尽显沉沦之象，许多士大夫都铁肩担道义，倡导学以致用，力挽中国百年来倾颓之势。

面对这种情况，鲁迅先生倡议“读经不如读史，读史不如读子，读子不如读集”。

鲁迅反对封建复古教育，认为读经不如读史，读史可以以史为鉴，而且可以觉悟到中国的改革刻不容缓。

鲁迅实则在教育我们：全面地理解史实，才能更好地掌握从中总结出的经验教训。

（二）名言警句1．欲灭其国，必去其史！2．以铜为鉴，可正衣冠；以古为鉴，可知兴替；以人为鉴，可明得失。

——唐太宗3．历史就在每一个人的生活中。

——莎士比亚4．历史好比一艘船，装载着现代人的记忆驶向未来。

——史蒂芬·斯宾得5．历史应是人类的教师。

——赫尔巴特6．我们根本没想到要怀疑或轻视“历史的启示”；历史就是我们的一切。

——恩格斯7．历史以人类的活动为特定的对象，它思接千载，视通万里，千姿百态，令人销魂，因此它比其他学科更能激发人们的想象力。

——马克·布洛赫8．究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言。

——司马迁9．史者，所以明夫治天下之道也。

2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant.B. A physician.C. A pediatrician.D. An ophthalmologist.【答案】D【解析】通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。

2003年中国人民大学246二外法语考研真题及详解招生专业：英语语言文学俄语语言文学考试科目：二外法语plétez les phrases suivantes en choisissant A,B,C,D.Chaque phrase a un seul choix.（20points）1.Donne-moi un stylo-bille s’il te plaît,le bleu ou le noir,n’importe_____.A.quelmentC.quoiD.lequel【答案】A【解析】句意：请给我一支圆珠笔，蓝色的或黑色的，哪一个都行。

n’importe quel无论哪一个，n’importe comment无论怎样，n’importe quoi无论什么，lequel做主语相当于qui，n’importe lequel不存在。

2.En_____de la pluie et du froid,nous sortons.A.vueB.casC.raisonD.dépit【答案】D【解析】句意：尽管下雨了又很冷，我们出去了。

en dépit de意为“尽管”，加名词；en vue de意为“为了，目的在于”；en cas de意为“如果，倘若”；en raison de意为“根据，由于”。

réussite de Phillipe est plus surprenante_____qu’il n’avait rien révisé!A.pour autantB.d’autantC.autant deD.autant【答案】B【解析】句意：菲利普的成功很出人意外，更何况他什么也没复习。

d’autant que意为“因为，更何况”；pour autant意为“因此”；autant de意为“和……一样多”；autant que 意为“就，按”，后接虚拟式。

语言学概论考研真题与典型题详解第2章语言的功能2.1语言的社会功能2.1.1知识要点一、语言和言语1．定义（1）语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类作为必不可少的思维工具和最重要的交际工具来使用的一种音义结合的符号系统，包括说话中反复使用的有限的材料和为数不多的规则。

（2）言语是对语言的运用，包括：①言语行为，指人用语言说和写的过程，是人的一种行为；②言语作品，指人说出来的话和写出来的东西，是语言的表现形式，是运用语言工具，表达思想所产生的结果。

2．区别（1）语言是从言语中抽象概括出来的社会公认的词语和规则的总和，是抽象的，不自由的，具有社会性。

言语是个人说和写的行为及说出来的话和写出来的作品，是具体的、自由的、具有个人特点。

（2）语言的规则和材料是有限的。

言语是运用语言产生的言语是无限的。

（3）语言系统是社会共有的交际工具，因而是稳定的，具有相对静止的特点。

言语是人们运用语言进行交际的过程和结果，具有运动状态。

3．联系（1）语言是从言语中概括出来的，存在于言语之中，通过言语表现出来，没有言语就无所谓语言。

（2）语言的存在以言语需要为前提。

（3）言语是对语言的运用，以语言为活动基础，语言在言语中起着规范作用。

二、语言在人类交际工具中的地位语言是人类最重要的交际工具1．语言是一种社会现象，和人类现象有紧密的联系。

2．语言这种交际工具是人类特有的。

3．除语言外，人类还借助其他的交际工具。

（1）文字（2）旗语、电报代码、信号灯（3）面部表情、手势、躯体姿态等非语言工具三、语言的社会本质1．语言是一种社会现象（1）语言中的语音与语义怎样结合成特定的语言成分都是社会习惯所使然，都是约定俗成的。

（2）语言依存于社会①语言是随着社会产生而产生的②语言又是随着人类社会的发展而发展、死亡而死亡的。

（3）社会不能没有语言2．语言具有全民一致性3．语言作为社会现象的特殊性语言是既非基础又非上层建筑的一种特殊的社会现象，它是以交际工具和思维工具的身份来替社会服务的。

2003年中国人民大学246二外法语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2003年中国人民大学246二外法语考研真题及详解招生专业：英语语言文学俄语语言文学考试科目：二外法语plétez les phrases suivantes en choisissant A,B,C,D.Chaque phrase a un seul choix.（20points）1.Donne-moi un stylo-bille s’il te pla?t,le bleu ou le noir,n’importe_____.A.quelmentC.quoiD.lequel【答案】A【解析】句意：请给我一支圆珠笔，蓝色的或黑色的，哪一个都行。

n’importe quel无论哪一个，n’importe comment无论怎样，n’importe quoi无论什么，lequel做主语相当于qui，n’importe lequel不存在。

2.En_____de la pluie et du froid,nous sortons.A.vueB.casC.raisonD.dépit【答案】D【解析】句意：尽管下雨了又很冷，我们出去了。

en dépit de意为“尽管”，加名词；en vue de意为“为了，目的在于”；en cas de意为“如果，倘若”；en raison de意为“根据，由于”。

réussite de Phillipe est plus surprenante_____qu’il n’avait rien révisé!A.pour autantB.d’autantC.autant deD.autant【答案】B【解析】句意：菲利普的成功很出人意外，更何况他什么也没复习。

d’autant que意为“因为，更何况”；pour autant意为“因此”；autant de意为“和……一样多”；autant que 意为“就，按”，后接虚拟式。

中国人民大学815英语语言文学文化考研专业课真题复习笔记学习建议中国人民大学英语语言文学文化（科目代码：815）研究方向：英美文学及文论研究、英语国家文化研究、普通语言学及应用语言学研究、翻译学研究。

诺登学习网作为一家专业的研究生考试学习网站，给出一些专业的学习建议，以帮助考生顺利上岸。

该专业适用于中国人民大学以下学院：外国语学院2023年中国人民大学外国语学院《815英语语言文学文化》考研全套（会员免费）1．考研真题中国人民大学外国语学院《815英语语言文学文化》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解全国名校英美文学考研真题详解2．英美文学吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（重排版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】3．英美文化朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》配套题库（含考研真题）王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解王佐良《欧洲文化入门》配套题库（含考研真题）朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》（第4版）配套题库（含考研真题）4.英语语言学胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】注意要点:（1）翻译，专业课里的翻译和基英里面的翻译一起练，（2）文学，听了一些文学有声书，比如莎士比亚的戏剧、哈代的小说等等。

再去看其他的做补充，进一步完善笔记。

最后专门准备论述题，冲刺背诵。

先看英国文学，看完之后，熟悉了很多遍之后，再去看其他的补充。

1。

3考研真题与典型题详解I。

Fill in the blanks。

1。

The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研）2。

Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language。

（北二外2003研)3. Language， broadly speaking， is a means of______ communication。

4。

In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences b ased on limited rules。

This feature is usually termed______5。

Linguistics is the scientific study of______。

6。

Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some r ules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8。

The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______。