英语诗歌简明术语表

英语诗歌简明术语表A Concise Glossary of English Poetry Accent 重音Allegory 寓言Alliteration 头韵Allusion 典故Anapest 抑抑扬格Apostrophe 呼语Approximate rime 近韵Assonance 半韵Ballad 民谣Ballad stanza 民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗Cacophony 不与谐音Caesura 行停中顿Connotation 内涵，引申义Consonance 辅音韵Cosmic irony 命运反讽Couplet 对句Dactyl 扬抑抑格Denotation 本义Dimeter 二音步诗Doggerel 打油诗Dramatic irony 戏剧性反讽Dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白End rhyme 尾韵End-stopped line 行尾停顿诗行English or Shakespearean sonnet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Enjambment 跨行连续Epic 史诗Euphony 谐音Exact rhyme 全韵Eye rhyme 视觉韵Feminine rhyme 阴韵Figure of speech 修辞手法Fixed form 固定诗体Foot 音步Free verse 自由诗Haiku 俳句Heroic couplet 英雄偶句体Heptameter 七音步诗行Hexameter 六音步诗行Hyperbole 夸张Iamb 抑扬格Imagery 意象Internal rhyme 行中韵Irony 反讽，反语Italian or Petrarchan sonnet 意式/比特拉克体十四行诗Limerick 五行打油诗Literary ballad 文人民谣Lyric 抒情诗Masculine rhyme 阳韵Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻Meter 格律，韵律Metonymy 换喻，转喻Monometer 单音步诗行Narrative poem 叙事诗Octameter 八音步诗行Octave 八行诗节Ode 颂诗Onomatopoeia 拟声法Open form 开放诗体Overstatement 夸张Oxymoron 矛盾形容法Paradox 悖论Pentameter 五音步诗行Personification 拟人法Picture poem 涂画诗Prose poem 散文诗Quatrain 四节诗行Refrain 叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scheme 押韵格式Rhythm 节奏，韵律，格律Run-on line 连续诗行Sarcasm 讥刺Satire 讽刺Scansion 韵律分析，韵律图示Sestet 六节诗行Simile 明喻Situational irony 情景反讽Sonnet 十四行诗Speaker 说话者Spondee 扬扬格Stanza 诗节Stress 重音Symbol 象征Synecdoche 提喻Tercet 三行诗节Terza rima 三行诗节隔行押韵法Tetrameter 四音步诗行Theme 主题Tone 语气，语调trimeter 三音步诗行Triplet 同韵三行联句Trochee 扬抑格Understatement 低调陈述，轻描淡写Verbal irony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Villanelle 维拉内拉体。

英国文学Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is statedBlack humor:黑色幽默Metaphor: 暗喻Ballad: 民谣about the folk logeEpic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./ChivalryEuphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。

A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent（重音）Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism（唯美主义） A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art’s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine（亚历山大诗体）The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope’s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory（讽喻）A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of thetext is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context. Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration（头韵） A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion（引喻）A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself. A writer may allude to legends,historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eli ot’s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy（类比）The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.Anapest（抑抑扬格） A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe（顿呼） A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument.Arcadia（阿卡狄亚）A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia becamethe typical name for an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney’s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance（半谐音）The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade（晨曲） A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustuswas the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age.Avant-garde(先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad（民谣）A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律）A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza（民谣体诗节） A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse（无韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, oftenused in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque（诙谐作品）An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄） A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic traveland wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto（诗章） A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante’s Divine Comedy, Byron’s Don Juan and Ezra Pound’s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem（及时行乐） A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize the hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets（骑士诗人）English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, Edmund Waller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry （伦敦佬诗派）A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint （怨诗）A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer’s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young’s “TheComplaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne’s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare’s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example..Dithyramb（酒神颂歌）A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue （牧歌）A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy（挽诗） A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson’s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W.B. Yeats’s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗）A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epicsin western literature are Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid,Dante’s Divine Comedy and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.Epigram（警句诗） A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph（铭文） A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph（墓志铭）An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone’s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is wri t in water.”Epithet（表述词语）From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example, “Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-footed Achilles” in Alexander Pope’s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad（民间歌谣） A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot（音步） a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（自由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length. Georgian Poetry： the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets（墓园诗人）Several 18th century poets wrote mournfullypensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell’s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young’s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair’s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku（俳句）A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets haveexperimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period.Heroic quatrain（英雄四行诗）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Writtenin a Country Churchyard” is a notable example.Hexameter（六音步）In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter（抑扬抑抑扬格）A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might bedifficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter（六音步抑扬格）A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter（五音步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter（四音步抑扬格）A line of four iambic feet.Idyll（田园诗）A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery（意象） A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an ‘image’ is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, ‘imagery’ refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Imagism（意象派）A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “APetrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the ‘thing’ whether subjective or objective. 2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an ‘Image’ as ‘that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time’. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony（反讽）The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Lake poets（湖畔派诗人）The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric（抒情诗）A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets （玄学派诗人）Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity forelliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy（借代）A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer（单音步诗行）A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue（独白） A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue: A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or providesminimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exist, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character’s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce’s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement： A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism（新古典主义） This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter（八音步诗行）A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave（八行体）An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode（颂歌） A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia（拟声词）The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, fo r example, ‘hiss’, ‘bang’, ‘pop’ or ‘smack’.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron（逆喻）A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox（悖论）An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody（嘲仿）An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features.Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding’s Shamela,Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, and Lewis Carroll’s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Hiawatha are examples.Pastoral（田园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds’ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly,rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pattern poetry（拟形诗）The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert’s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter（五音步诗行） A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification（拟人） A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem（诗）An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element.Poet （诗人）Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who ‘makes’.Poet laureate （桂冠诗人） A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden’s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. They are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence（诗的破格）The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites（前拉斐尔学派）Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the ‘Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’ in 1848. Theiraim was a return to the ‘truthfulness’ and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody（韵律学）The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm（赞美诗）A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun（双关语） A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic（抑抑格） A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary in English scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian（四行诗节）A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English,used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain（叠句）Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme（诗韵）The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is ‘end rhyme’; inside a line it is ‘internal rhyme’. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory’s Le Mor te d’Arthur.Romanticism（浪漫主义）A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period. A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature. Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth’s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet（六行诗）The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina（六节诗）A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for eachstanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound’s Sestina, Altaforte.Song（歌）A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（十四行诗） A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd.The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave. (2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter;(3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节） A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most。

英文诗歌术语名词解释Poetry, like any other form of art, has its own set of unique terms and concepts that are used to describe and analyze various aspects of the craft. Here are some key English poetry terms and their explanations:1. Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things, without using the words 'like' or 'as.' For example, 'Her smile is a ray of sunshine.'2. Simile: A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words 'like' or 'as.' For example, 'She sings like an angel.'3. Imagery: The use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental images in the reader's mind. It appeals to the reader's senses and helps them visualize the poet's words.4. Meter: The rhythmic pattern created by stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Different meters, such as iambic pentameter or trochaic tetrameter, have specific patterns and contribute to the overall musicality of a poem.5. Rhy The repetition of similar or identical sounds at the end of lines in a poem. Rhyme can create a sense of musicality and unity within a poem, and various rhyme schemes exist, such as AABB or ABAB.6. Stanza: A group of lines that form a unit within a poem. Stanzas are often separated by white space on the page and can vary in length and structure.7. Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in close proximity. For example, 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.'8. Symbolism: The use of objects, characters, or actions to represent abstract ideas or qualities. Symbols can add layers of meaning and depth to a poem.9. Enjambment: The continuation of a sentence or thought from one line to the next without a pause. Enjambment can createa sense of flow and movement within a poem.10. The The central message or idea that a poet explores in a poem. It is a unifying concept that ties the various elements of a poem together.These terms are just a glimpse into the world of poetry, and there are many more techniques and concepts to explore. Learning about these terms can enhance our understanding and appreciation of poetry, as well as inspire us to create our own poetic masterpieces.。

A Glossary of Poetic TermsBallad（民谣）A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Blank verse（无韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Couplet（双偶）A pair of lines of verse, usually rhymed and of the same number of feet.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare‟s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example.Elegy（挽诗）A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson‟s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyar d”, or W. B. Yeats‟s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗）A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epics in western literature are Homer‟s Iliad, Virgil‟s Aeneid,Dante‟s Divine Comedy and John Milton‟s Paradise Lost.Foot（音步）a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（自由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic pentameter（五音步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Image, imagery（意象）A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an …image‟ is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, …imagery‟ refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Lyric（抒情诗）A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphor（隐喻）A metaphor goes further than a comparison between two different things or ideas by fusing them together: one thing is described as being another thing, thus …carrying over‟ all its associations.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Monologue（独白）A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking. The best-known one is Robert Browni ng‟s My Last Duchess.Ode（颂歌）A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Pastoral（田园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds‟ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pentameter（五音步诗行）A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Quatrian（四行诗节）A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English, used with various meters and rhyme schemes.Rhyme（诗韵）The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is …end rhyme‟; inside a line it is …internal rhyme‟. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain andthe Green Knight and Thomas Malory‟s Le Morte d’Arthur.Simile（明喻）a comparison of two unlike things using the words "like" or "as".Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Song（歌）A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（十四行诗）A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave. (2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter; (3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian stanza (斯宾塞诗体）A fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter, rhymed ababbcbcc.Stanza（诗节）A unit of several lines of verse. Much verse is split up into regular stanzas of three, four, five or more lines each. Examples of stanza forms include ottava rime, quatrain, rhyme royal, Spenserian stanza, terza rime.Syllable（音节）Sounds in language uttered with a single effort of articulation.Symbol（象征）A symbol is something which represents something else by analogy or association. A symbol may be seen as a species of metaphor in which the exact subject of the metaphor is not made explicit, and may even be mysterious.Tone（语调）The writer‟s or speaker‟s attitude toward his subject, his audience, or himself.。

英语文学作品中的专业术语（英语专业）文学术语复习1. sonnet十四行诗,商籁诗type of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables, and with a formal pattern of rhymes2. tragedy 悲剧A drama or similar work, in which the main character is brought to ruin or otherwise suffers the extreme consequences of some tragic flaw or weakness of character；Play, novel or other narrative, depicting serious and important events, in which the main character (usually a good and noble person of high rank) comes to an unhappy end.3. neo-classicism新古典主义 A mid 18th Century art movement started in Rome and aimed at recreating the art of ancient Greece and Rome. It was a reaction to the excesses of Baroque and Rococo and part of a Classical revival that prevailed into the 19th Century.4. realism 现实主义The nineteenth- century literary movement that reacted to romanticism by insisting on a faithful, objective presentation of the details of everyday life. Also regarded as the style of art and literature in which things, especially unpleasant things, are shown or described as they really are in life5. Renaissance 文艺复兴(period of the) revival of art and literature in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, based on classical forms. The term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism, being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried o n by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but inman, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas6. free verse自由诗体A poetic form divided into lines of no particular length or meter, without a rhyme scheme Also called open form poetry, free verse refers to poems characterized by their nonconformity to established patterns of meter, rhyme, and stanza. Free verse uses elements such as speech patterns, grammar, emphasis, and breath pauses to decide line breaks, and usually does not rhyme.7. imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicatinga relation.8. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.9. epic（史诗）: A long narrative poem, elevated and dignified in theme, tone, and style, celebrating heroic deeds and historically (at times cosmically) important events; usuallyfocuses on the adventures of a hero who has qualities that are superhuman or divine and on whose fate very often depends the destiny of a tribe, a nation, or even the whole of the human race.10. Puritanism：清教主义is behavior or beliefs that are based on strict moral or religious principles, especially the principle that people should avoid physical pleasures，advocating for more "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety.11. tragic flaw: 悲剧性缺陷the principal defect in character or judgment that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. In a tragedy, the quality within the hero or heroine which leads to his or her downfall. Examples of the tragic flaw include Othello's jealousy and Hamlet's indecisiveness, although most great tragedies defy such simple interpretation.12. heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. Or two lines of poetry one after the other that RHYME and usually contain ten syllables and five stresses13. stream of consciousness意识流a continuous flow of ideas, thoughts, and feelings, as they are experienced by a person; a style of writing that expresses this without using the usual methods of description and conversation: Virginia Woolf's use of stream of consciousness in her novel 'Mrs. Dalloway'。

1.alliteration：It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or morewords that are next to or close to each other. It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.2.caesura：a pause in a line of verse, often coinciding with a break between clauses orsentences. It is usually placed in the middle of the line, but may appear near the beginning or towards the end.3.Sonnet - a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment.4.Free verse: a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre: the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme.5. heroic couplet: a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.6. Paradox: a statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true.7. Conceit: An unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings.8. Mock epic: a poem employing the lofty style and the conventions of the epic poetry to describe a trivial or undignified series of events; thus a kind of satire that mocks its subject by treating it in an inappropriately grandiose manner, usually at some length. One of the outstanding examples in English is Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.9. Satire: a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions or societies to ridicule and scorn. Satire is often an incidental element in literary works that may not be wholly satirical, especially in comedy. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal is a bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.10. Epigram：a short poem with a witty turn of thought, or a wittily condensed expression in prose. Originally a form of monumental inscription in ancient Greece, the epigram was developed into a literary form by poets.11. Allegory:Allegory is a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape.12. Simile:A figure of speech in which two things, essentially different but thought to be alike in one or more respects, are compared using “like,” “as,” “as if,” or “such” for the purpose ofexplanation, allusion, or ornament.13. metaphor: the most important and widespread figure of speech, in which one thing, idea, or action is referred to by a word or expression normally denoting another thing, idea, or action, so as to suggest some common quality shared by the two. In metaphor, this resemblance is assumed as an imaginary identity rather than directly stated as a comparison.14. verbal irony: it involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is really meant, as in its crude form, sarcasm..15. dramatic irony:the audience knows more about a character’s situation than the character does, foreseeing an outcome contrary to the character’s expectations, and thus ascribing a sharply different sense to some of the character’s own statements.。

1. Allegory （寓言）A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。

2. Alliteration （头韵）Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。

3. Allusion （典故）A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。

4. Analogy （类比）A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。

5. Antagonist （反面主角）The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。

6. Antithesis （对仗）The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences. 对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。

1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。