翻译硕士法语2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:359满分:150分科目名称:日语翻译基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、次の日本語を中国語に訳してください。

（1*15＝15点）1.チームワーク2.面倒見が良い3.就職斡旋4.鞭撻5.オリジナリティー6.チャンレンジ7.キャリアを活かす8.スキルアップ9.五輪10.多岐にわたる11.アポイント12.拝承13.休心14.礼状15.身だしなみ二、次の中国語を日本語に訳してください。

（1*15＝15点）1.宣示；表现；显示2.顾虑3.赞助商；出资人4.暂缓增税5.西服6.吐槽7.召回8.记者招待会9.潜心钻研10.昵称；外号11.志愿者活动12.便利店13.工匠14.弊公司15.塞翁失马，安知非福三、次の日本語を中国語に訳してください。

（10*3＝30点）1.推薦書のような書類では法的な責任は生じないが、道義上の責任は重い。

したがって、紹介者は無責任な紹介を避けるべきである。

2.随筆の題は「身体髪膚これを父母に受く、あえて毀傷せざるは孝の始めなり」の古言に由来する。

3.つきましては貴社輸出商品についての必要かつ詳細な情報をお知らせ願います。

四、次の中国語を日本語に訳してください。

（10*3＝30点）1.进房间后，注意不要不脱大衣就坐下或翘起二郎腿，因为这也将会给自己带来负面影响。

2.我确信本公司商品一定能满足贵公司的需求，请您一读随信附上的出口产品清单。

3.正如诸位所知，在全球化的今天，企业间的竞争之激烈前所未有。

五、次の短文を中国語に訳してください。

（1*30＝30点）1946年、女性が投票や立候補をできるようになって初めての衆院選でのこと。

長野県に「高倉テル」1という候補者がいた。

名前だけ見て「女は女の候補に入れなきゃならん」と多くの女性が票を投じたそうだ。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:842满分:150 分科目名称:翻译与写作（英语）注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part One: Translate the following into Chinese ( 60 points)（1）My colleagues and I in fundamental physics are the intellectual descendants of Albert Einstein; we like to think that we too search for beauty. Some physics equations are so ugly that we cannot bear to look at them, let alone write down. Certainly, the Ultimate Designer would use only beautiful equations in designing the universe! We proclaim when presented with two alternative equations purporting to describe Nature, we always choose to the one that appeals to our aesthetic sense. “Let us worry about beauty first, and truth will take care of itself!” Such is the rallying cry of fundamental physicists.The reader may perhaps think of physics as a precise and predictive science and not as a subject fit for aesthetic contemplation. But, in fact, aesthetics has become a driving force in contemporary physics. Physicists have discovered something of wonder: Nature, at the fundamental level, is beautifully designed. It is this sense of wonder that I wish to share with you.（2）Since it was he who lost the fight, we ought to come again to the conclusion that people are powerless in the world. In reality, we believe the reverse, and it takes the act of the man in the water to remind us of our true feelings in this matter. It is not to say that everyone would have acted as he did. Y et whatever moved these men to challenge death on behalf of their fellows is not peculiar to them. Everyone feels the possibility in himself. That is the abiding wonder of the story. That is why we would not let go of it. If the man in the water gave a lifeline to the people gasping for survival, he was likewise giving a lifeline to those who observed him.The odd thing is that we do not even really believe that the man in the water lost his fight. “Everything in Nature contains all the powers of Nature,” said Emerson. Exactly. So the man in the water had his own natural powers. He could not make ice storms, or freeze the water until it froze the blood. But he could hand life over to a stranger, and that is a power of nature too. The man in the water pitted himself against an implacable, impersonal enemy; he fought it with charity; and he held it to a standoff. He was the best we can do.（3）There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August! Spring has many beauties, and May is a fresh and blooming month, but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields and sweet-smelling flowers—when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak wind, has faded from our minds as completely as they have disappeared from the earth—and yet what a pleasant time it is! Orchards and corn-fields ring with the hum of labor; trees bend beneath the thick clusters of rich fruit which bow their branches to the ground. A mellow softness appears to hang over thewhole earth; the influence of the season seems to extend itself to the very wagon, whose slow motion across the well-reaped field is perceptible only to the eye, but strikes with no harsh sound upon the ear.Part Two: Translate the following into English (40 points)（1）买到了几册新书，一册一册地加盖藏书印记，我最感到快悦的是这时候。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:357满分:150 分科目名称:英语翻译基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part I. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from English into Chinese. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. aerial refueling2. UAV3. debt risks4. community-level democracy5. telecom fraud6. satellite launch center7. pension insurance 8. crewed spaceship9. heavy-lift carrier rocket 10. maximum payload capacity11. overcapacity 12. downpayment13. asteroid 14. hypersonic aircraft15. aerodynamicsPart II. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from Chinese into English. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. 载人空间站2. 首飞3. 资产泡沫4. 增值税5. 探月工程6. 短期贷款7. 知识产权8. 机场跑道9. 旅行社10. 国有资本11. 飞行器设计12. 非政府组织13. 全球定位系统14. 社会主义核心价值体系15. 小康社会Part III. Translate the following passages from English into Chinese. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1In the Western imagination, Ch ina’s history has been inextricably linked to the notion of “empire”. But in fact, more than a millennium of Chinese history passed before anything resembling an empire ever existed. For centuries, seven separate states battled for military supremacy, until in 221 b.c. the Qin dynasty defeated the last of its rivals and unified the country. Military conquest is only part of the imperial story, however. China owes its ability to endure across time, and to re-form itself again and again after periods of disunity, to a fundamental reshaping of Chinese culture by the earliest dynasties, the Qin and the Han.Passage 2The winding course of the stream continually shut out the scene behind us and revealed as calm and lovely a one before. We glided from depth to depth, and breathed new seclusion at every turn. The shy kingfisher flew from the withered branch close at hand to another at distance, uttering a shrill cry of anger or alarm. Ducks that had been floating there since the preceding eve were startled at our approach and skimmed along the glassy river, breaking its dark surface with a bright streak. The pickerel leaped from among the lily pads. The turtle, sunning itself upon a rock or at the root of a tree, slid suddenly into the water with a plunge. The painted Indian who paddled his canoe along the Assabeth three hundred years ago could hardly have seen a wilder gentleness displayed upon its banks and reflected in its bosom than we did. Nor could the same Indian have prepared his noontide meal with more simplicity. We drew up our skiff at some point where the overarching shade formed a natural bower, and there kindled a fire with the pine cones and decayed branches that lay strewn plentifully around.Part IV. Translate the following passages from Chinese into English. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1中印作为战略合作伙伴，达成了许多战略共识，增强了战略互信。

南京航空航天大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:214满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士法语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I: Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire 单项选择（20%）1. On ne sait pas ______ il vient, oùil va, ni qui il est.A. oùB. làoùC. d’oùD. ce qu’2. Elle admire beaucoup l’énergie _______ il mène toute chose.A. qu’B. avec laquelleC. en quoiD. dans laquelle3. Ayant peur ______ par le vent, nous n’avons pas pris le cafésur la terrasse.A. d’être gênésB. d’embeterC. de gênerD. d’être ennuyé4. Pourvu que vous ______ bien votre travail, on vous laissera transquille.A. faitesB. ferezC. avez faitD. fassiez5. L’enfant est roi aujourd’hui, tout le monde ______.A. l’entendB. le supposeC. le constateD. le propose6. La maladie de sa mère est assez grave, dans son cas, un traitement urgent est absolement______.A. disponibleB. dispensableC. indispensableD. inévitable7. V ous m’avez poséune question ______, bien imprécise, ce n’est pas facile àrépondre.A. bien claireB. très drôleC. trop généraleD. assez bête8 Il ne se passe pas une journée ______ il n’y ait d’accident de la route.A. àmoins qu’B. sans qu’C. oùD. tant qu’9. Comme d’habitude, Paul est le premier ______ arriver.A. pourB. deC. enD. à10. ______ de ces voitures sont en panne?A. LesquellesB. DesquellesC. QuellesD. Celles11. Un Français ______ cinq fait aujourd’hui partie de ce qu’on appelle le troisième âge.A. surB. parC. entreD. dans12. Dimanche prochain, Paul va ______ de guide auprès d’une délégation chinoise.A. se servirB. devenirC. se faireD. servir13. Il faut qu’on ______ cette voiture chez un mécanicien.A. conduiseB. dirigeC. rouleD. pilote14. Il a dit qu’il ne buvait plus parce que c’était ______ par le médecin.A. autoriséB. défenduC. prévuD. averti15. Ma femme est très ______ quand je prends l’avion.A. dangereuseB. peurC. inquièteD. crainte16. Maintenant on peut trouver des pommes en ______ saison.A. toutB. tousC. touteD. toutes17. Notre ami nous a réservédes chambres dans ______ hôtel.A. ceB. cetC. cetteD. ces18 ______ retard de Sophie, j’ai manqué l’avion.A. Malgré leB. Grâce auC. Parce queD. A cause du19. David ne m’a pas reconnue, il m’a ______ pour ma soeur.A. prisB. priseC. appriseD. crue20. — Les étudiants n’ont toujours pas compris le texte.— Pourtant je ______ ______ ai déjà expliqué dix fois.A. le leurB. leur l’C. lui l’D. le luiII. Compréhension écrite 阅读理解（10%）1. Texte unUn frère ou une soeur en plusEntre le plus jeune de la famille c’est une position favorable dans bien des cas, mais quand le dernier grand frère n’est pas làpour vous voler vos disques ou votre pull tout neuf, la maison semble parfois un peu vide. Alors on rêve d’avoir une soeur ou un frère pour le remplacer et pour animer la famille.“Vivre sans frontière” vous offre cette possibilité. Si vous le souhaitez et quelques que soient vos raisons, vous pourrez accueillir pendant un an un jeune étudiant étranger: ils ont en général entre 16 et 18 ans, ils viennent de terminer leurs études secondaires dans leur pays d’origine et suivent pendant un an les cours d’un lycée français. Ces étudiants devront être considérés par votre famille comme un enfant en plus qui partagera la vie de tous les jours. V ous, vous découvrirez des habitudes, des façons de penser et vous vous perfectionnerez dans la langue de votre hôte. Et peut-être, qui sait, vous ferez-vous en quelques mois un ami pour la vie?“Vivre sans frontière” est la seule association en France qui organise des échanges de longue durée entre jeunes et familles dans quelques 65 pays du monde.21.Que signifie le titre de ce texte? Ce titre signifie que (qu’) ______A. le nombre des naissances augmente en France.B. il est possible de recevoir des étudiants étrangers.C. chaque famille doit nourrir un enfant de plus.D. dans chaque famille, il y a un garçon ou une fille.bien d’enfants a la mère de famille?A. Un seul enfant.B. Un garçon et une fille.C. Deux garçons.D. Au moins deux garçons.23.Pourquoi la famille veut-elle recevoir un étudiant étranger? Parce qu’ ______A. il ne vous volera pas vos disques.B. il pourra faire le ménage.C. il pourra rendre la famille plus animée et le dernier-né moins seul.D. il y a un pull tout neuf à lui donner.24.Cette possibilité est-elle intéressante pour les jeunes étudiants étrangers? Pourquoi?A. Oui, elle leur permet d’apprendre un métier en France.B. Oui, elle leur permet d’apprendre la langue française.C. Oui, elle leur permet de suivre un an d’études dans une Université française.D. Oui, elle leur permet de rester en France.25.Que signifie “partager la vie de tous les jours”?A. Partager leurs dépenses.B. Suivre les mêmes cours.C. Vivre de la même manière.D. Vivre en commun.Texte deuxSi j’avais la possibilitéde passer plusieurs mois en France, il me semble que je préfèrais m’installer en province. Mais si je devais rester simplement quelques jours ou quelques semaines, je choisirais Paris. Dans ce dernier cas, je viendrais àParis, car c’est la capitale de la France, une ville célèbre entre toutes pour la beauté de ses monuments, la richesse de ses musées, la vie culturelle en général. J’aimerais aussi beaucoup me promener dans les grandes avenues ou les quartiers connus du monde entier: les Champs-Elysées, le boulevard Montparnasse, le quartier Latin, des noms qui font rêver les étrangers.Pourtant, si je devais vivre en France, je choisirais la province, car je pense que la qualité de la vie doit y être meilleure. Une capitale est toujours active, donc, bruyante, et la vie quotidienne y est certainement plus agitée. Par ailleurs, il me semble qu’en province on peut mieux découvrir l’âme du pays. D’abord parce qu’on dispose sûrement de davantage de temps pour la découvrir, et ensuite parce qu’il est probablement plus facile d’entrer en contact avec les gens, sans doute plus disponibles qu’àParis, de leur parler, de les connaître donc et àtravers eux, leur pays.26.“Dans ce dernier cas, je viendrais àParis...” “Dans ce dernier cas” veut dire ______A. “S’il doit rester longtemps en France”.B. “S’il devait rester longtemps en France”.C. “S’il doit rester peu de temps en France”.D. “S’il devait rester peu de temps en France”.27.Paris est connu surtout pour ______A. les grandes avenues.B. la qualitéde la vie.C. les quartiers connus.D. la beautéde ses monuments et la richesse de ses musées.28.Pourquoi l’auteur choisirait-il la province s’il vivait en France?Parce que la vie en province est ______A. calme.B. agitée.C. bruyante.D. difficile.29.Pourquoi est-il facile d’entrer en contact avec les gens en province?Parce que, d’après l’auteur, les gens en province ______A. sont curieux.B. sont bavards.C. ont l’habitude d’être dans la rue.D. sont aimables et serviables.30.Pourquoi peut-on mieux découvrir l’âme du pays en province?Parce qu’en province ______A. il y a beaucoup plus de choses à voir.B. on a plus de temps libre.C. il y a plus de gens dans la rue.D. les gens parlent français plus lentement. III. Version 法译汉（30%）Les rôles inversés?L’expérience des parents ne pèse plus lourd aujourd’hui, car elle n’est plus tout à fait comme auparavant. Aujourd’hui une technique est à peine connue qu’elle est déjàdépassée. Les parents sont souvent obligés de demander aux enfants de les initier aux nouvelles technologies: les rôles se trouvent donc inversés.IV. Thème 汉译法（25%）1.我们班女生没有都走，有两三个留下来整理房间。

梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
南京航空航天大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:333
满分:150 分
科目名称:教育综合
注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、名词解释（共6题，每题5分，共30分）
1. 课程标准
2. 科举制度
3. 学习动机
4. 班级授课制
5. 最近发展区
6. 助产术（苏格拉底法）
二、简答题（共5题，可任选4题作答，每题10分，共40分）
1. 简述教育的基本要素
2. 简述教师劳动的特点
3. 简述学校德育的基本途径
4. 简述班集体的教育功能
5. 简述教学工作的基本环节
三、分析论述题（共5题，可任选4题作答，每题20分，共80分）
1. 论述建构主义学习理论的基本观点
2. 论述孔子因材施教思想及其教育影响
3. 结合经验，论述“理论联系实际”的教育教学原则
4. 结合经验论述教师的素养
5. 论述卢梭的自然教育思想
科目代码：010科目名称：教育综合第1页共1页。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:242满分:100 分科目名称:法语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I: Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire 单项选择(20%)1. Je vais________Italie et elle va________Japon.A.en, enB. au, auC. en, auD. au, en2. Il a passé toute la soirée ________ écrire des letters.A. parB. pourC. àD. d’3. Est-ce que les filles __________ les mains avant de se mettre à table.A. sont lavésB. se sont lavésC. se sont lavéesD. se sont lavé4. Combien d’heures travaillez-vous _________ jour?A. chaqueB. toutC. unD. par5. -V oulez-vous du café?- Oui, donnez-_______ une tasse! Merci.A. m’enB. le-moiC. me-leD. moi6. Elle me disait que son mari ________ la rejoindre à Paris.A. viendraitB. venaitC. viendraD. sera venu7. De nous tous, c’est elle qui danse _________.A. mieuxB. le mieuxC. bienD. très bien8. Le médecin me conseille de rester _________ lit et _______ boire beaucoup d’eau.A. au; pourB. sur le; àC. au; deD. dans; de9. __________ trente candidats, douze ont été reçus.A. ParmiB. SurC. DansD. En10. Notre ami nous a réservé des chambres dans _________ hôtel.A. ceB. cetteC. cetD. ces11. Regarde ces deux dictionnaires! ____________ choisiras-tu?A. lequelB. laquelleC. quelD. quelle12. Personne ne veut rester enfermé chez _________ par un temps si beau.A. luiB. elleC. soiD. moi13. Cette jeune femme de vingt ans _________ le français depuis dix ans.A. apprendB. enseigneC. prendD. lit14. Les filles étaient ________ d’être invitées à la soirée.A. toutesB. tousC. toutD. toute15. C’est une maladie qui est facile _________ guérir.A. pourB. deC. àD. en16. Mon ordinateur ne fonctionne plus, je demande à mon père de me prêter ________ .A. leB. enC. le leurD. le sien17. Il n’y a qu’un étudiant dans la classe. Où sont donc __________?A. autresB. les autresC. autruiD. d’autres18. –Quelle leçon avez-vous ________ hier?–Nous avons appris la lecon 3.A. priseB. apprisC. appriseD. pris19. Un Français __________ cinq fait aujourd’hui partie de ce qu’on appelle le troisième âge.A. dansB. parC. entreD. sur20. Tes études, tu dois__________occuper.A. enB. yC. t’yD. t’enII. Conjugaison des verbes au temps et au mode convenables. 时态填空(5%)21.M on frère(pouvoir) __________ réussir s’il travaillait plus dur.22.J e voulais bien le raconter, mais il (partir) __________déja sans lasisser un mot.23.I ls nous ont dit qu’ils (surmonter)__________ sûrement la crise de la qurantaine.24.Q uinze jours après, ces touristes(traverser) __________l’Alsace sur les canaux.25.I l faut que tous les garçon(arriver) __________à temps.III. Compréhension écrite. 阅读理解(10%)Texte 1Quel Métier choisirChoisir un métier, c’est décider de son avenir! Mais, n’ayez pas peur ! Les évolutions des métiers sont très rapides: il est possible que vous n’excusez pas le même métier toute votre vie ou pas dans les mêmes conditions , et peut-être même que vous exercerez un métier qui n’existe pas encore. Le choix que vous faites aujourd’hui n’est donc pas définitif, mais il vous permet de fixer un but afin de constuire un sens de formation, qui pourra bien sûr s’affirmer et s’enrichir au fur et à mesurer votre vie professionnelle.Si généralement vous avez votre petite idée sur le métier que vous souhaitez exercer, pourtant les représentations que vous en avez ne correspondent pas toujours à la réalité. Pour bien connaître les métiers et les secteurs professionnels, la première étape importante est de bien connaître vos propres idées en recherchant des informations précises. Plusieurs possibilités s’offrent à vous. D’abord, rendez-vous dans le centre de documentation et d’in formation de votre établissement ou dans le centre d’information et d’orientation le plus proche où vous pourrez consulter l’abondante documation sue les métiers.Puis vous pouvez aussi poser des questions àvos parents, àleurs amis, àvos voisins sur leur activités professionnelle, telle que : que font-ils exactement comme métier ?Comment s’organise leur journée ? Dans quel service travaillent-ils ? Tavaillent-ils seuls ou en équipe ? Ce qu’ils ont vécu est précieux. Les conférences sur des métiers et les salons d’orientations sont aussi une bonne occasion de rencontrer des gens intéressants.Enfin, vous pouvez visiter une entreprise à l’occasion de journées portes ouvertes. Mieux encore, un stage d’observation de quelques jours vous permettra de rentrer dans l’entreprise afin d’être directement face à la réalité.26 Pou choisir un métier, quel conseil l’auteur donne-il aux jeunes gens ?A Il faut bien réfléchir, car choisir un métier , c’est décider de son avenir.B Ce n’est pas la peine de le faire t out de suite, car le métier évolue très vite.C On peut en choisir un, car ce n’est pas le choix définitif.D On peut en choisir un, mais il faut d’abord suivre des conseils.27 Que faut-il faire avant le choix d’un métier ?A Il faut d’abord rendre claires les idées sur le choix d’un métier.B Il faut avoir de petites idées sur les métiers qu’on souhaite exercer.C Il faut que le choix s’accorde à la réalité du besoin social.D Il faut lire les journaux et demander aux gens qu’on connaît.28 Quand on va au centre de documentation, quel but veut-on atteindre selon le texte ?A Trouver une liste bien complète sur les entreprises.B Connaître mieux le domaine et le métier qu’on va choisir.C Trouver plus de secrets commerciaux dans ce domaine.D Avoir une vue plus large du marché de travail.29 Pourquoi faut-il aussi demander les avis des parents et ceux des voisins ? parce queA Ils peuvent nous aider à trouver un tavail intéressant.B Ils peuvent prendre des décisions pour les jeunes gens.C Les jeunes veulent trouver le même travail qu’eux.D Leurs périences sont plus directes et plus vivantes.30 En quoi consistent ces trois sources d’informations ?A Ces trois sources d’informations consistent en une théorie seule.B Elles consistent en théorie-expérience indirecte-pratique.C Elles consistent en théorie-pratique-théorie.D Elles consistent en théorie—pratique-expérience indirecte.Texte 2La compréhension d’un texteUn individu ayant à lire un texte dans une langue qu’il connaît mal aura la réaction suivante : « Je ne peux pas lire ce texte, je ne comprends pas certains mots.» Et en effet, l’obstacle à la compréhension est en partie dû à une faible connaissance du vocabulaire. Est-ce à dire qu’avec un dictionnaire on parviendrait àcomprendre le texte en cherchant la traduction de la plupart des mots ? Certes, il y aura un résultat après de gros efforts, cependant il faut se souvenir que la compréhension d’une langue n’est pas seulement liée à la traduction d’une suite d e mots mais àla perception des relations qui existent entre ces termes.Devant un mot inconnu, le lecteur dispose de plusieurs moyens pour comprendre :--- Le mot est compris selon le texte. Le lecteur utilise le sens de la phrase pour deviner le mot inconnu.--- Le mot est découpé en unité plus petite. Le lecteur reconnaît dans le mot quelque chose qu’il a déjàlu. Il voit «courage »dans le découragement et comprend grâce àsa connaissance de la valeur de « dé- ».--- Le mot est reconnu grâce à la prés ence d’un élément : photo, dessin et image.--- Le mot est compris à l’aide de la connaissance du vocabulaire ou d’un dictionnaire.Il faut encourager le lecteur à compter sur le texte pour lui donner le sens d’un mot.31 Ce document est destiné ________A. seulement aux étudiants.B. seulement aux professeurs.C. à tous ceux qui veulent lire en langue étrangère.D. à tous ceux qui lisent à l’aide d’un dictionnaire.32 L’auteur du document ________A. encourage les lecteurs à lire davantage.B. encourage les lecteurs à lire correctement.C. montre comment comprendre facilement un texte.D. montre comment mieux utiliser un dictionnaire.33 Après avoir lu le texte, comment peut-on comprendre le mot « découvrir » ?A. Je vais utiliser mon dictionnaire.B. Je vais demander à un ami français.C. Je le comprends grâce à une image, une photo, ou un dessin.D. Je le comprends grâce à la connaissance du vocabulaire.34 Comment peut-on comprendre mieux un texte en langue étrangère selon l’auteur ?A. Il faut traduire le texte mot à mot et deviner le sens des mots nouveaux.B. Il faut comprendre les sens et leurs relations.C. Il faut compter sur les mots pour leur donner le sens.D. Il faut utiliser le sens du texte pour deviner le mot inconnu.35 Quel est le meilleur titre du texte ?A. Comment peut-on comprendre mieux un texte ?B. Comment peut-on mieux utiliser un dictionnaire ?C. Comment peut-on élever le niveau d’une langue étrangère ?D. Comment peut-on mieux traduire un texte ?IV. Version 法译汉(25%)Les étrangers en FranceI ls ont 4 100 000, et 1 900 000 d’entre eux sont des travailleurs salariés.Certains viennent d’ autres pays européens: d’Espagne (250 000), d’Italie (210 000), mais 675 000 viennent d’Afrique du Nord. Il y a aussi de nombreux travailleurs d’Afrique Noir.Les tavailleurs d’Afrique de Nord et d’Afrique Noir ont très souvent beaucoup de difficultés en France. Ils viennent en France pour trouver un emploi qui leur permettra de vivre mieux et surtout d’aider leur famille , restée au pays,mais la plupart ne trouvront que des emplois durs, fatigants et mal payés.Ils auront aussi, bien souvent, des difficultés à trouver un logement et vivront dans des chambres inconfortables avec plusieurs compagnons.Enfin, ils auront des difficultés pour lire, pour parler, pour écrire, car la plupart ne connaissent pas le français. Pour résoudre ce grave problème, il y a depuis quelques années, des cours du soir, des cous à la télévision qui permettent aux travailleurs immigrés d’apprendre rapid ement la langue. V. Thème:汉译法(25%)1. 只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:211满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Only after he handed in his paper _____ he had made a few spelling mistakes.A. he realizedB. has he realizedC. did he realizeD. would he realize2. ____ is most touching in O Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintaintheir dignity.A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. One3.______ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.A. Since thatB. Since nowC. By nowD. Now that4. “John told me that he was late for school this morning.” “Oh, he rarely used to be late, ______?”A. wasn’t heB. was heC. didn’t heD. did he5. “Mrs. White is quite unfriendly.” “I think she’s ____ than unfriendly.”A. shyerB. shyC. more shy ratherD. more shy6. If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to ______ in the courtyard.A. combineB. uniteC. mobilizeD. assemble7. Such a change would not _____ to the present wishes of the great majority of people.A. comfortB. complyC. conformD. confirm8. Your dislike for women drivers has no logical foundation: it is due only to ______..A. preferenceB. prejudiceC. psychologyD. propaganda9. The doctor carefully examined the driver who suffered ______ all over his body in a car accident.A. scarsB. scratchesC. bruisesD. wrenches10. Police officer assures us ______ will be taken to guard against the recurrence of such incidents.A. preventionB. preparationC. predictionD. precaution11. A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, _____ he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.A. asB. ifC. wheneverD. whereas12. One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, ______ located innorthwestern Arizona.A. beingB. whereC. which isD. and13. His acceptance speech was _______, eliciting thunderous applause at several points.A. tediousB. cowardlyC. well-receivedD. loud14. During the war, the shipping lanes proved _____ to attack.A．vulnerable B．dangerous C．futile D．difficult15. After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, so he had become______.A．hoarse B．inarticulate C．speechless D．tongue-tied16. We decided to ______ the program.A. carry awayB. adhere toC. give inD. get at17. He is very cute and always _____ giving offence.A. cautious ofB. aware ofC. certain aboutD. good at18. Diamonds that are _____ or are too small for jewelry are used to cut very hard metals.A. flawedB. perfectC. luminousD. crude19. Leaves are not distributed _____ on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very precise way that assures them the maximum light.A. dangerouslyB. randomlyC. denselyD. linearly20. Accountants record all information ______ the economic aspects of an organization’s activities.A. submitted toB. limitingC. pertinent toD. taxingII. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined ( for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program ) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.1. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.A. the necessity of standardized testsB. the validity of standardized testsC. the method used to interpret standardized tests’ results.D. the theoretical grounds of standardized tests.2. The author’s attitude toward standardized tests is _______.A. criticalB. vagueC. optimisticD. positive3. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Standardized tests should no longer be used.B. Standardized tests’ results accurately reflect testees’ abilities.C. The value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretationD. Special methods must be applied to evaluate standardized tests.4. According to the passage, an informed prediction _______.A. can surely be validated by later performanceB. is based on abundant and the most reliable informationC. always tends to be wrong like other predictions tooD. don’t need any interpretation5. According to the passage, standardized tests work most effectively when ____________.A. the objectives to be measured are most precisely defined.B. the user knows how to interpret the results in advance.C. the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillful.D. they measure the traits or qualities of the testsPassage 2A quality education is the basic liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries，allowing them to jump forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason，the international community has devoted itself to getting all the world’s children into primary school by 2015，a commitment known as Education for All.Can education for All be achieved by 2015? The answer is undoubtedly “yes”，although it is a difficult task．If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum five years of primary school，instead of just enrolling（注册）for classes，which used to be the measuring stick for education，the challenge will become even more difficult．Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates．The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the standard. Still，the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community．59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems．They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support．The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress．But this is attainable with creative solutions，including the use of information technologies，flexible and targeted foreign aid，and fewer people living in poverty．A new plan for achieving global education targets is to be put to development and finance ministers at ameeting of the World Bank’s Development Committee.A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country’s capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies，institutions and management．Where a country scores well on these standards，foreign assistance can be highly effective．The new action plan calls on governments to show their commitment by transforming their education systems. Meanwhile, external partners would provide financial and technical support in a transparent manner.6．In the first paragraph，the author says a quality education has the function of_________．A. helping countries free from foreign rulesB. letting people get rid of any exploitationC. giving people more freedomD. speeding up the progress of society7．According to the international community, the goal of Education for All is to ____.A. get all children to achieve education on the base of enrollment ratesB. make all the children in the world go to primary school by 2015C. let poor children have the same chances as rich ones to go to schoolD. support those countries determined to transform their education systems8. In the past, the enrollment of students for classed played a part of ______.A. ensuring children to complete five years’ education successfullyB. measuring the standard of educationC. measuring teachers’ teaching levelsD. attempting to make all the children in poor countries well educated9. According to the passage, which of the following belongs to the right policy of achieving Education for All?A. Setting up more primary schools.B. Speeding up the development of economy first.C. Using information technologies.D. Increasing the internal financing.10. We can know from the last paragraph that the high efficiency of foreign aid ______.A. depends on a country’s high standards of policies, institutions and managementB. is mainly achieved in those observing high-performing educational systemsC. is the most essential for helping the poor get rid of povertyD. is the most important policy for achieving Education for AllPassage 3.We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown thatanimals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.11. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off theelectricity____.A. was strengthenedB. was not affectedC. was alteredD. was weakened12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to______ .A. try to control unpleasant stimuliB. turn off the electricityC. behave passively in controllable situationsD. become abnormally suspicious13. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ______.A. they disliked its tasteB. it affected their immune systemsC. it led to stomach painsD. they associated it with stomachaches14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment wasthat_____ .A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinB. the sweetener was poisonous to themC. their immune systems had been altered by the mindD. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_______.A. can be weakened by conditioningB. can be suppressed by drug injectionsC. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD. can be altered by electric shocksPassage 4As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an "afterimage" superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the "local adaptation" but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce "lateral adaptation." Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.16. This selection is concerned primarily with ____.A. the adaptation of the eye to colorB. the color of colorsC. the properties of colored surfacesD. the effect of changes in color intensity17. Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different would depend mostly on ____.A. the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB. what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsC. the properties of the surfaces viewedD. the individual's power of lateral adaptation18. If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit --- such as a lawn or shrub in shadow --- we can expect ____.A. a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB. some inability to see colors of the latter---named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC. the immediate loss of the "afterimage" of the first objectD. the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensitylevel19. The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ____.A. some experiments with color pigmentsB. the nature of colorC. the color properties of various surfacesD. the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to color20. This selection tells us all the following EXCEPT that ____.A. color depends on what other colors are seenB. the adjustment of the eye to the color it sees affects the next color it seesC. since properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not change, the surfaces of objects always look justthe same in artificial light as in daylightD. the adjustment of the eye is affected by three variables: size of areas, intensity of color and length of timeIII. Translation A (20 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Please write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1.Despite these distinctions, the similarities between manufacturing and service organizations are compelling.Every organization has processes that must be designed and managed effectively. Some type of technology, be it manual or computerized, must be used in each process. Every organization is concerned about quality, productivity, and the timely response to customers. A service organization, like a manufacturer, must make choices about the capacity, location, and layout of its facilities. Every organization deals with suppliers of outside services and materials, as well as scheduling problems. Matching staffing levels and capacities with forecasted demands is a universal problem. Finally, the distinctions between manufacturing and service organizations can get cloudy.2.Anger is good for you, as long as you keep it below a boil, according to a new psychology research basedon face reading. People who respond to stressful situations with short-term anger or indignation have a sense of control and optimism that lacks in those who respond with fear. Therefore, in maddening situations in which anger or indignation are justified, anger is not a bad idea, and the thinking goes.IV. Translation B (15 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into English. Please write your version in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.二战后，日本开始重建时，政府选定汽车、钢材、化学品、造船及机械制造作为支持产业。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:826满分:150 分科目名称:工程经济学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释（3分/题，共15分）1．工业产品的寿命周期成本2．差额净现值3．物化劳动4．固定资产净值5．名义利率二、单项选择题（1.5分/题，共15分）1.现金流量是指投资项目在寿命周期内现金活动的（）。

A、实际收入B、实际支出C、收支净额D、实际收入，实际支出，收支净额2.确定外贸货物影子价格的基础是实际可能发生的（）。

A、市场价格B、口岸价格C、计划价格D、出厂价格3.某项目现金流量如表1所示，基准投资回收期为9年，该项目的静态投资回收期为（）。

表1 某项目现金流量表年份0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8～n项目净现金流量-6000 0 0 800 1200 1600 2000 2000 2000累计净现金流量-6000 -6000 -6000 -5200 -4000 -2400 -400 1600A、4.2年B、5.2年C、6.2年D、7.2年4.一般情况下，当一个方案的净现值大于零时，其内部收益率( )。

A、小于基准收益率B、大于基准收益率C、等于基准收益率D、无法确定5.下列叙述中，( )是不正确的。

A、资产负债率是反映项目各年所面临的财务风险程度的指标B、流动比率是反映项目各年偿付流动负债能力的指标C、速动比率是反映项目各年快速偿付流动负债能力的指标D、速动比率是反映项目资金周转速度的指标6. 某项目的NPV（15%）=5万元，NPV（20%）= -20万元，则内部收益率IRR为（）。

A、16%B、17%C、18%D、19%7.项目经济评价中满足需要上的可比原则不应包括（）。

A、产量可比B、质量可比C、品种可比D、价格可比8. 某设备原始价值为18000元，不考虑残值，每年低劣化增加值为1000元，则设备的最佳使用年限为（）。

2017年南京航空航天大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Only after he handed in his paper _____ he had made a few spelling mistakes.A. he realizedB. has he realizedC. did he realizeD. would he realize【答案】C【解析】句意：他交上卷子之后才意识到自己犯了几个语法错误。

only位于句首表示状语时，句子需要部分倒装。

2. _____ is most touching in O Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. One【答案】B【解析】句意：欧·亨利的小说中最感人的是普通人努力维护尊严的勇气。

句中第二个is是谓语，所选词引导主语从句，又在主语从句中做主语，因此what符合题意。

3. _____ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.A. Since thatB. Since nowC. By nowD. Now that【答案】D【解析】句意：既然我们都准备好了，我们应该立刻开始行动。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷 ） 科目代码: 601 满分: 150 分 科目名称: 数学分析 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！1.（13分）计算下列极限（1）1lim 1xx x x →∞+⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭； （2）1326lim ()12x x x x x e x →+∞⎡-+--⎢⎣ 2.（12分）写出点0x 是函数()f x 的第一类间断点的定义，并证明：区间(,)a b 上的单调函数的间断点必是第一类的.3.（13分） 设函数()f x 在(,)a +∞可微，lim ()lim ().x a x f x f x L →+→+∞== 证明：存在(,)a ξ∈+∞，使得'()0.f ξ=4.（12分）已知arcsin ,y x = 求()(0).n y5.（12分）设函数()f x 在[0,1]上二阶可导，且''()0,[0,1]f x x ≤∈，证明：1201()().3f x dx f ≤⎰6.（13分）（1）写出反常积分22ln , (0)a x I dx a a x +∞=>+⎰在变换2a x t =下的形式； （2）计算反常积分220ln (0)x I dx a a x +∞=>+⎰. 7.（13分）若()e k nx n f x xn -=在[0,)+∞上一致收敛，求k 的取值范围.8.（12分）设二元函数(,)(,)f x y x y g x y =-，其中(,)g x y 连续且(0,0)0g =.（1）求'(0,0)x f 和'(0,0)y f ；（2）判断(,)f x y 在(0,0)点的可微性.9.（13分）设二元函数(,)f x y 在点(0,1)的邻域内存在一阶连续偏导数，且(0,1)0,'(0,1)0y f f =≠，令()0(,),sin d y g x y f x t t =⎰.（1）根据隐函数定理验证方程(,)0g x y =在点(0,)2π的邻域内能确定一单值函数()y x ϕ=； （2）求'(0)ϕ.10.（12分）计算三重积分22d xx y V Ω+⎰⎰⎰，其中Ω为曲面22z x y =+22z x y =+围成的有界区域.11.（12分）设函数(,)f x y 在xoy 平面上二阶连续可微，t L 是从点(0,0)到点(1,)t 的光滑曲线.（1）证明曲线积分(,)(,)()d d t L f x y f x y I t x y x y∂∂=+∂∂⎰与路径无关； （2）若(,)f x y 满足(,)(1)e ,ax y f x y ax x-∂=+∂且(0,)e f y y =，求()I t 的最小值. 12.（13分）设第二型曲面积分22e d zI x y x y ∑=+，其中∑为由曲面22z x y =+与平面1,2z z ==所围成立体表面的外侧. （1）分析该曲面积分能否用Gauss 公式计算；（2）求I 的值.。

2017年南京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Vocabulary and Structure(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Only after he handed in his paper ________ he had made a few spelling mistakes.（分数：1.00）A.he realizedB.has he realizedC.did he realizeD.would he realize2.________is most touching in O Henry's stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.（分数：1.00）A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.One3.________ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.（分数：1.00）A.Since thatB.Since nowC.By nowD.Now that4.“John told me that he was late for school this morning.” “Oh, he rarely used to be late, ________?”（分数：1.00）A.wasn't heB.was heC.didn't heD.did he5.“Mrs. White is quite unfriendly.” “I think she's ________ than unfriendly.”（分数：1.00）A.shyerB.shyC.more shy ratherD.more shy6.If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to ________in the courtyard.（分数：1.00）bineB.uniteC.mobilize7.Such a change would not ________ to the present wishes of the great majority of people.（分数：1.00）fortplyC.conformD.confirm8.Your dislike for women drivers has no logical foundation: it is due only to ________.（分数：1.00）A.preferenceB.prejudiceC.psychologyD.propaganda9.The doctor carefully examined the driver who suffered ________all over his body in a car accident.（分数：1.00）A.scarsB.scratchesC.bruisesD.wrenches10.Police officer assures us ________will be taken to guard against the recurrence of such incidents.（分数：1.00）A.preventionB.preparationC.predictionD.precaution11.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, ________he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.（分数：1.00）A.asB.ifC.wheneverD.whereas12.One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, ________located in northwestern Arizona.（分数：1.00）A.beingB.whereC.which isD.and13.His acceptance speech was ________, eliciting thunderous applause at several points.（分数：1.00）B.cowardlyC.well-receivedD.loud14.During the war, the shipping lanes proved ________to attack.（分数：1.00）A.vulnerableB.dangerousC.futileD.difficult15.After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, so he had become________.（分数：1.00）A.hoarseB.inarticulateC.speechlessD.tongue-tied16.We decided to ________the program.（分数：1.00）A.carry awayB.adhere toC.give inD.get at17.He is very cute and always ________ giving offence.（分数：1.00）A.cautious ofB.aware ofC.certain aboutD.good at18.Diamonds that are ________ or are too small for jewelry are used to cut very hard metals.（分数：1.00）A.flawedB.perfectC.luminousD.crude19.Leaves are not distributed ________on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very precise way that assures them the maximum light.（分数：1.00）A.dangerouslyB.randomlyC.denselyD.linearly20.Accountants record all information ________ the economic aspects of an organization's activities.（分数：1.00）A.submitted toB.limitingC.pertinent toD.taxing二、Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：30.00)Passage 1The standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.（分数：7.5）(1).In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ________.（分数：1.5）A.the necessity of standardized testsB.the validity of standardized testsC.the method used to interpret standardized tests' resultsD.the theoretical grounds of standardized tests(2).The author's attitude toward standardized tests is ________.（分数：1.5）A.criticalB.vagueC.optimisticD.positive(3).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.5）A.Standardized tests should no longer be used.B.Standardized tests' results accurately reflect testees' abilities.C.The value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretation.D.Special methods must be applied to evaluate standardized tests.(4).According to the passage, an informed prediction ________.（分数：1.5）A.can surely be validated by later performanceB.is based on abundant and the most reliable informationC.always tends to be wrong like other predictions tooD.don't need any interpretation(5).According to the passage, standardized tests work most effectively when ________.（分数：1.5）A.the objectives to be measured are most precisely definedB.the user knows how to interpret the results in advanceC.the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillfulD.they measure the traits or qualities of the testsPassage 2A quality education is the basic liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to jump forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason, the international community has devoted itself to getting all the world's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.Can Education for All be achieved by 2015? The answer is undoubtedly “yes”, although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling（注册）for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, the challenge will become even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the standard. Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solutions, including the use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.A new plan for achieving global education targets is to be put to development and finance ministers at a meeting of the World Bank's Development Committee.A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these standards, foreign assistance can be highly effective.The new action plan calls on governments to show their commitment by transforming their education systems. Meanwhile, external partners would provide financial and technical support in a transparent manner.（分数：7.5）(1).In the first paragraph, the author says a quality education has the function of ________.（分数：1.5）A.helping countries free from foreign rulesB.letting people get rid of any exploitationC.giving people more freedomD.speeding up the progress of society(2).According to the international community, the goal of Education for All is to ________.（分数：1.5）A.get all children to achieve education on the base of enrollment ratesB.make all the children in the world go to primary school by 2015C.let poor children have the same chances as rich ones to go to schoolD.support those countries determined to transform their education systems(3).In the past, the enrollment of students for classes played a part of ________.（分数：1.5）A.ensuring children to complete five years' education successfullyB.measuring the standard of educationC.measuring teachers' teaching levelsD.attempting to make all the children in poor countries well educated(4).According to the passage, which of the following belongs to the right policy of achieving Education for All?（分数：1.5）A.Setting up more primary schools.B.Speeding up the development of economy first.ing information technologies.D.Increasing the internal financing.(5).We can know from the passage that the high efficiency of foreign aid ________.（分数：1.5）A.depends on a country's high standards of policies, institutions and managementB.is mainly achieved in those observing high-performing educational systemsC.is the most essential for helping the poor get rid of povertyD.is the most important policy for achieving Education for AllPassage 3We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.（分数：7.5）(1).Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity________.（分数：1.5）A.was strengthenedB.was not affectedC.was alteredD.was weakened(2).According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ________.（分数：1.5）A.try to control unpleasant stimuliB.turn off the electricityC.behave passively in controllable situationsD.become abnormally suspicious(3).The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ________.（分数：1.5）A.they disliked its tasteB.it affected their immune systemsC.it led to stomach painsD.they associated it with stomachaches(4).The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader's experiment was that________.（分数：1.5）A.they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinB.the sweetener was poisonous to themC.their immune systems had been altered by the mindD.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning(5).It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals ________.（分数：1.5）A.can be weakened by conditioningB.can be suppressed by drug injectionsC.can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD.can be altered by electric shocksPassage 4As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation.” Also, because of thepersistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.（分数：7.5）(1).This selection is concerned primarily with ________.（分数：1.5）A.the adaptation of the eye to colorB.the color of colorsC.the properties of colored surfacesD.the effect of changes in color intensity(2).Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different would depend mostly on ________.（分数：1.5）A.the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB.what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsC.the properties of the surfaces viewedD.the individual's power of lateral adaptation(3).If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit—such as a lawn or shrub in shadow—we can expect ________.（分数：1.5）A.a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB.some inability to see colors of the latter—named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC.the immediate loss of the “afterimage” of the first objectD.the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensity level(4).The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ________.（分数：1.5）A.some experiments with color pigmentsB.the nature of colorC.the color properties of various surfacesD.the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to color(5).This selection tells us all the following EXCEPT that ________.（分数：1.5）A.color depends on what other colors are seenB.the adjustment of the eye to the color it sees affects the next color it seesC.since properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not change, the surfaces of objects always look just the same in artificial light as in daylightD.the adjustment of the eye is affected by three variables: size of areas, intensity of color and length of time三、Translation A(总题数：2，分数：20.00)21.Despite these distinctions, the similarities between manufacturing and service organizations are compelling. Every organization has processes that must be designed and managed effectively. Some type of technology, be it manual or computerized, must be used in each process. Every organization is concerned about quality, productivity, and the timely response to customers. A service organization, like a manufacturer, must make choices about the capacity, location, and layout of its facilities. Every organization deals with suppliers of outside services and materials, as well as scheduling problems. Matching staffing levels and capacities with forecasted demands is a universal problem. Finally, the distinctions between manufacturing and service organizations can get cloudy.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________22.Anger is good for you, as long as you keep it below a boil, according to a new psychology research based on face reading. People who respond to stressful situations with short-term anger or indignation have a sense of control and optimism that lacks in those who respond with fear. Therefore, in maddening situations in which anger or indignation are justified, anger is not a bad idea, and the thinking goes.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、Translation B(总题数：2，分数：15.00)23.二战后，日本开始重建时，政府选定汽车、钢材、化学品、造船及机械制造作为支持产业。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:620满分:150 分科目名称:基础英语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary (20 points)A.Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to writedown your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. reminiscea) indulge in enjoyable recollection b) remind someone of past eventsc) talk about something again d) feel repentant over something2. tackya) very pretty b) lacking in tastec) carefully prepared d) costing a lot of money3. verbositya) nonsense b) obscurityc) gibberish d) wordiness4. acmea) height b) significancec) development d) result5. exhilaratea) cause (someone) to feel surprised and upset b) make (someone) feel very happy and animatedc) make (someone) feel bitter or resentful d) give support or confidence to (someone)6. restivea) extremely graceful b) having a restc) resisting control d) peaceful and quiet7. discrepancya) unlikeliness b) congruityc) incredibility d) difference8. unequivocala) unambiguous b) unbelievablec) indignant d) indiscreet9. preposterousa) macabre b) unfortunatec) dangerous d) outrageous10. sojourna) a pleasant trip b) a nostalgic recollectionc) a temporary stay d) a sad experienceB. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)1.What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman Conquest.2.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our pledge of support: to preventit from becoming merely a forum for invective.3.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, andtrauma.4.These young men had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewilderingworld-weariness.5.To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proximity to the frustrated majority.6.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his penwould prove mightier than his pickax.7.Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity.8.Scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the springsnowmelt now comes earlier every year.9.These coasts remind me of people; either they are forbidding and unapproachable, or else they present nomystery and show all they have to give at a glance.10.His invasion of Russia is no more than a prelude to an attempted invasion of the British Isles.II. Cloze (20 points)A.Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the requiredword on the answer sheet. (10 points)NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson is on the 1 of becoming the oldest woman to travel in space.Whitson will be 56 2 she rockets off the planet Thursday. She’ll celebrate her 57th 3 in February on the International Space Station.That’s a 4 cry from John Glenn’s space shuttle flight at 5 77, and it’s a 6 years shy of the male runners-up over the years. But it’s enough to 7 Barbara Morgan’s record as the world’s oldest spacewoman. Morgan was selected for NASA’s teacher-in-space program in 1985 8 didn’t get a chance to fly until 2007, when she was 55.This will be the third space station mission for Whitson, a biochemist, and her second stint 9 commander. She’ll launch from Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, 10 two younger men, one Russian and the 11 French.“I love wo rking at NASA, but the part that has been the 12 satisfying on a day-to-day 13 hasbeen working onboard the space station,” Whitson 14 reporters over the summer.“It doesn’t 15 if I’m cleaning the filters. I feel like I’m helping personally push 16 exploration . . . that’s 17 I want to go again.”Whitson already has 18 377 days in space and has performed multiple spacewalks. Her upcoming six-month mission should push her 19 534 days in space, the U.S. record 20 in September by 58-year-old astronaut Jeffrey WilliamsB. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)without open initial four-wheel offer access hot evacuee devastate feel although chance seaside slow spokesman loadput helicopter emergency toA road has been cleared to the 1 town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.8 quake that 2 the North Canterbury region of the South Island.The inland road to Kaikoura was 3 on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and 4 drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.A convoy of 27 army vehicles 5 with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to 6 the pace of relief efforts, 7 the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had been evacuated by sea and air.Nearly 500 8 came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS Canterbury and were 9 up in empty student dormitories, where they were 10 cooked breakfasts and 11 showers after arriving at 5am.Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 12 to begin checking on isolated high-country farms from the Clarence river 13 the upper Awatere valley, delivering 14 food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone 15 assistance since the quake early on Monday.Police 16 Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone or internet 17 and the next few days would be the first 18 for police to check on them.Aftershocks continued to be 19 , but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the 20 quake.III. Error correction (20 points)Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨most fascinating voice!” theAs the rise of Hitler in Germany, Churchill became a vocal critic 1. __________of his own government’s policy of appeasement. He had urged 2. __________re-armament, particularly the build up of the Royal Air Force in the 3. __________face of the threat of the growing German Luftwaffe. When appeasementfailed and Britain went to war, Churchill saw as the only man who could 4. __________stand up to the Nazi menace.It has frequently been remarked as his judgment was sometimes 5. __________erratic, but the power of his oratory rallied the British people at a time that 6. __________they seemed doom to lose. Then, when the United States entered 7. __________the World War II in December 1941, he addressed Congress, emphasizing 8. __________the need for Anglo-American solidarity and cited his own trans-Atlantic 9. __________ inheritance: his mother was the New York heiress Jenny Jerome. For him the 10. _________vital component was not the sharing blood, but the shared language. During 11. _________the war, the British Cabinet set up a committee to develop a simple form 12. _________of English that the whole world could embrace.Although Churchill fell from power in 1945, his commanding of rhetoric 13. _________was far from over. He coined the term “Iron Curtain”, marked the advent of 14. _________the Cold War. Returning to popular favour, he was Prime Minister oncemore from 1951-1955.Determined that history would judge him favourable, he wrote The 15. _________Second World War in six volumes between 1948 to 1953. It won him 16._________Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. 17. _________ By his death in 1965, he proved his mastery of both the written and 18. _________spoken forms of language – not just in the heavyweight arena of war 19. _________and politics. His unique wit and acerbic asides made him out of the most 20. _________acute observers of the twentieth century.IV. Paraphrase (30 points)Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write down your restatement on the answer sheet.1.Nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down thespine of any healthy visitor.2.No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S.history.3.She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no”is a word the world neverlearned to say to her.4.They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have everfaced.5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.6.Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.7.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth tolead the land we love.8.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.9.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.10.Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.V. General Knowledge (20 points)A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)1. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” This statement is cited to represent _________.A. The arbitrariness of languageB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. The origin of languageD. Innate Hypothesis2. “Nasty weather, isn’t it?” What function does this sentence fulfill?A. Informative function.B. Interrogative function.C. Performative function.D. Phatic function.3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the procedure of error analysis?A. Recognition.B. Comparison.C. Description.D. Explanation.4. Which of the following tests seeks to predict the learner’s probable strengths and weaknesses in learning a second language?A. Achievement test.B. Proficiency test.C. Aptitude test.D. Diagnostic test.5. The classification of varieties of language into Dialects and Registers is based on ____.A. The user and use of the languageB. The function of the languageC. The goal of the languageD. The structure of language6. Who is regarded as “Father of the English Novel” ?A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Jonathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding7. Which of the following writers is NOT a Nobel Prize winner for literature?A. William FaulknerB. Doris LessingC. V. S. NaipaulD. J. M. Coetzee8. _________ ’ writing has established her as one of the greatest contemporary writers of fiction in Canada, and she has received many important prizes, including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as “master of the contemporary short story” and three-time winner of Canada’s Governor General’s Award for Fiction.A. Margaret AtwoodB. Marian EngelC. Alice MunroD. Doris Lessing9. Which of the following statements about literary genre is NOT true?A. Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally.B. An epic is an extended narrative poem or a novel, which celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.C. A picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic work of fiction focusing on a lower-class rogue-hero, who experiences a series of loose, episodic adventures.D. Gothic Novel is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.10. Which one of the following sentences is NOT from Walden?A. Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with Nature herself.B. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.C. If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown!D. Morning is when I am awake and there is a dawn in me. Moral reform is the effort to throw off sleep.B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. predicate2. complementary distribution3. suprasegmental phonology4. broadening5. textual function6. sonnet7. Lake Poets8. ecological consciousness9. patriarchy10. Lost GenerationVI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.Passage AFor many years, parts of America’s space industry have complained that the rules governing the export of technology are too strict. Understandably, the government does not want militarily useful stuff to fall into the hands of its foes. But the result is a system that is too stric t in its definition of “militarily useful” and which favours lumbering dinosaurs such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing, which survive on fat government contracts, rather than nimble but small “furry mammals” that need every customer they can get, domestic or foreign.In December 2007 one of those mammals, a company called Bigelow Aerospace, filed the first legal challenge to America’s rules for exporting space technology. It disputed the government’s claim that foreign passengers travelling on a spaceship or space station were involved in a transfer of technology. The outcome suggests that there may be a chink in the armour of the export-controls regime.Improbable as it sounds, Bigelow Aerospace makes and launches inflatable space-station modules and hopes, one day, to build a commercial space station. Under the existing rules, any non-American passengers on its space stations would have to comply with onerous export controls. These take months to satisfy and could plausibly even culminate in government monitors being present while the foreigner was near American space technology. Even training on the ground in a mock-up module was deemed a transfer of technology and therefore required export controls.Yet, taking a passenger flight does not mean you can build an aeroplane, observes Mike Gold, head of Bigelow’s office in Washington, DC. His line of argument, it seems, has been accepted. Mr Gold says that the company received the ruling in February and that it has spent the past two months digesting it. He says that Bigelow has got “everything we could want”, though the ruling still precludes passengers from what he describes as the “bad-boy list of export control”—nationals from Sudan, Iran, North Korea and China will not be allowed to fly or train on suborbital p assenger flights, or visit Bigelow’s space station.Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling. Marc Holzapfel, legal counsel for Virgin Galactic, describes it as a “major development” because it frees the industry from having to go through the “complicated, expensive and dilatory export-approval process”. Tim Hughes, chief counsel of SpaceX, says the approval is exciting, because it seems to represent a “common-sense approach” and bodes well for similar requests made by companies such as his own to carry foreign astronauts hoping to work on missions to the International Space Station.The result also means something to the entire export-control regime, known as the International Traffic inArms Regulations (ITAR). Robert Dickman, executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, says the decision appears to convey a new willingness to “move away from the very restrictive approach that has been in place for almost a decade”. His organisation is hosting a forum later thi s month involving the private spaceflight industry and senior government officials to discuss the regulations.During the American presidential campaign, Barack Obama said that, if elected, he would review ITAR, focusing on space hardware. George Nield, associate administrator for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Authority, says although he has not seen the new ruling, it was good news that the government “may now be willing to revise some of its export-control restrictions to enable American firms to be more competitive in their efforts to sell aerospace products and services globally”.1. What does “furry mammals” in the first paragraph probably refer to?A. giants in space industryB. small and Medium Enterprises in space industryC. a representative cross-section of the furry fandomD. smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair2. The word “onerous” in the third paragraph of the passage is closest in meaning to___.A. complicatedB. irreplaceableC. inevitableD. stackable3. According to the passage, what seems the most possible reason for export controls?A. ideological tacticB. safety of the countryC. protection of technologyD. economic benefits4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Bigelow has fulfilled its objective.B. Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling because it simplified the export-approvalprocess.C. The new decision means something to the private spaceflight industry.D. George Nield stands in the middle when talking about the ruling.5. What is the best title for this passage?A. Freedom to fly.B. America’s space industry.C. Export-controls of space technology.D. Furry mammals need to survive.Passage BYou may have heard the legend of the pilot who bid passengers farewell after landing with these words: “The safest part of your trip is now over.” That isn’t just one pilot’s boast, it’s a truth most air travelers take for granted. Safety is an accumulation of knowledge about risk converted into practice, and no other mode of transportation has been as expansive as flying in incorporating what we know about the fallibility of humans and machines. As a result, the act of hurtling through the air at 500 mph six miles above the ground is less likely to result in your demise than almost any other type of travel. From the plane seats to the cabin air to the course and altitude of the flight, every decision in commercial aviation comes after careful consideration of its impact on safety.Airplane design is important to its saf ety. In the past 50 years, the world’s commercial airliners have racked up nearly one billion flight hours, providing an industry meticulous about recordkeeping with a steady stream of information that is used to constantly improve the design of airplanes and engines. And all this information gives engineers a truer understanding of the machine’s limits. Besides, manufacturers now know what happens in the real world, which prompts refinements that may make a genuine difference in safety instead of only in design.An equal amount of attention is also paid to the area where you sit. Capacious or cramped, first-class or economy, all airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection. The modern airliner seat can withstand 16 times the force of gravity. And seat protection doesn’t stop there. The fabrics and cushions are fire retardant and self-extinguishing, and they will not emit toxic smoke. Even the items you find in the seat back are tested to make sure they can’t become lethal. Th e insulation in the cabin walls is fire retardant, and, in the case of a fire, emergency lighting is close to the floor. This makes it easier to locate the exits in a smoke-filled cabin.Technology is no substitute for experience, skill and judgment. Airlines know the importance of good pilots and good training, which is why so much effort goes into selection and schooling. And what they need most is a personality that ensures good communication skills, that ensures leadership potential, the ability to work as part of a team and low risk-taking. For example, U.S. carriers expect pilots to have accrued hundreds of hours on their own nickel before applying to become commercial pilots.The pilots and the airplanes may be the stars of the show in commercial aviation, but behind the scenes, a new, almost Star Wars-like air traffic system is being built where airplanes guided by GPS will fly self-programmed routes, communicating with each other and with the ground. This is very different from the days when maps, blackboards and pencil and paper calculations were used to direct airplanes. Many planes today can operate in a geographic window so exact that their horizontal position remains within a wingspan, with vertical deviation less than the height of the tail. The linking of onboard and on-the-ground systems creates highways in the sky where nobody veers out of their lanes. Today, with more improvement on airplanes, your airplane ride may be the safety of your day.6. According to the passage, what does the author mean by saying “The safest part of your trip is now over”?A. It is just one pilot’s boast.B. It is often said by a pilot to bid farewell to passengers after landing.C. Airplane ride is taken as a safer transportation by most air travelers.D. Most air travelers take it for granted that airplane ride is the safest transportation.7. In terms of the factors that guarantee the safety of the plane, which one is NOT mentioned ____.A. airplane designB. pilots with good experience, skill and judgmentC. the airliner seats with protection effectD. improvements on airport property8. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Airplanes are more expansive than other mode of transportation in incorporating the fallibility ofhumans and machines.B. More flight hours can help engineers improve the design of airplanes and engines.C. Only some airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection.D. A amount of attention should be paid to selecting a certain kind of pilot for airliners.9. The last sentence in Paragraph 4 implies that ___.A. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have spent much in accumulating much experience andobtain some abilities at their own expense.B. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have to spend much money in obtaining some mostfundamental flight and landing skills.C. Commercial pilots seem to be the most demanding ones among all different kinds of pilots.D. Even hundreds of hours on his own nickel are insufficient for a pilot to be a qualified commercial pilot.10. What is the best title for this passage?A. Why Are Airplanes Safe?B. What Are Needed to be a Good Pilot?C. Factors to be a Safe Traveler.D. Road to Become a Pilot.Passage CThe subatomic particle is better known to scientists as the Higgs boson. And after decades of searches, it seems likely the elusive particle has been successfully detected inside an underground tunnel experiment run by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) outside Geneva. Results “consistent” with the hard-to-detect particle, in the words of CERN chief Rolf Heuer as he announced the discovery July 4, may be the opening act in explaining the structure of the sky over our heads.A source of heartburn t o serious science types now, the “God particle” nickname for the Higgs boson comes from the title of a 1993 book by Nobel-prize winner Leon Lederman, who was trying to play up the elusive nature of the particle.For a glimpse of one implication of this latest big news in science, climb aboard a time machine, saysphysicist Jonathan Feng of the University of California-Irvine, and visit the birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago.“Simply take the universe backwards, to an early time when the cosm os was a hot mass, brand new, filled with particles that each weighed perhaps 500 times as much as a proton,” says Feng (protons are positively charged subatomic particles inside atoms). “Now play the film forward. Just let it go until it expands to fill w ith today’s stars and galaxies, and what you find is that it contains amounts of that particle that are just right to be ‘dark matter’ filling the universe.”Terrific, you might say, but what’s so wonderful about dark matter?Dark matter is basically a b unch of stuff, likely exotic physics particles, that we can’t really see (hence its name) but we know is out there. Astronomers realized a few decades ago that galaxies should be spinning faster than they are if the stars within them were the only things providing the gravity that holds them together. So, their theories go, there must be something - dark matter - slowing them down.It turns out that stars are just the shiny hubcaps on each galaxy, outweighed by a factor of nearly 6-to-1 by all the dark matter out there. Dark matter even pulls itself together through gravity. For example, the journal Nature last week reported that a dark matter cloud gravitationally connects two clusters of galaxies, called Abell 222 and Abell 223. This cloudy filament stretches over 11 million light years between the clusters and weighs 98 trillion times as much as our sun.That’s a lot of dark matter. So is the Higgs boson this elusive dark matter particle (or particles) then?Nope. But it may be a key to dark matter, physicists say.The Higgs boson is the physics particle that gives other particles their mass. Essentially it interacts with them to increase their resistance to being moved faster, which we can measure as mass.Because the Higgs boson’s basic job is to interact with other physics particles to give them mass, “the Higgs boson can interact with dark matter very easily,” Caltech’s Sean Carroll explained on NPR’s Science Friday show after the recent “God particle” announcement. “Dark matter is one of the most excit ing implications of this discovery,” Carroll said.How? That brings us back to Feng’s rerun of the universe. “Having a particle out there theoretically just a little heavier than the Higgs boson, which interacts with it, is waving a red cape in front of the eyes of physicists,” Feng says. “There is a lot more data coming from CERN ahead that may reveal the dark matter particle.”Dark matter particles that theoretically could be detected at CERN’s underground Large Hadron Collider are envisioned by a theory called “focus point supersymmetry.” Supersymmetry theories predict that the already-discovered particles that comprise everyday matter have much-heavier “super” counterparts awaiting detection (for example, the already detected “quarks” inside protons woul d have an undetected super-partner called “squarks”). Focus point supersymmetry predicts both a Higgs boson with a weight similar to the one reported on July 4, about 130 times as heavy as a proton, and dark matter particles.“In fact, the simplest focus p oint models predict that dark matter particles should be seen not long from now in the underground detectors that are searching for them,” if the CERN lab indeed found a Higgs boson,。

南京航空航天大学2016年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:214满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士法语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I: Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire (20%)1.C’est une maladie qui est facile _________ guérir.A. pourB. deC. àD. en2.Ma mère m’a empêchéde sortir ________ un temps si froid.A. parB. dansC. durantD. sous3.– V oulez-vous du café?- Oui, donnez-_______ une tasse! Merci.A. m’enB. le-moiC. me-leD. moi4.Le médecin me conseille de rester _________ lit et _______ boire beaucoup d’eau.A. au; pourB. sur le; àC. au; deD. dans; de5.__________ trente candidats, douze ont été reçus.A. ParmiB. SurC. DansD. En6.Notre ami nous a réservédes chambres dans _________ hôtel.A. ceB. cetteC. cetD. ces7.Est-ce que les filles __________ les mains avant de se mettre à table.A. sont lavésB. se sont lavésC. se sont lavéesD. se sont lavé8.Elle me disait que son mari ________ la rejoindre à Paris.A. viendraitB. venaitC. viendraD. sera venu9.De nous tous, c’est elle qui danse _________.A. mieuxB. le mieuxC. bienD. très bien10.Personne ne songeait à_________ les bonnes manières.A. le faire apprendreB. lui étudierC. lui faire apprendreD. lui fait apprendre11.Mon ordinateur ne fonctionne plus, je demande à mon père de me prêter ________ .A. leB. enC. le leurD. le sien12.Elles étaient ________ heureuses à l’idée de partir.A. toutB. touteC. toutesD. touts13.Je suis désolé de vous __________ attendre si longtemps.A. faireB. avoir faitC. faitesD. laisser14.J’ai perdu mon chien et j’ai cherchépartout, mais je ne l’ai vu ________ part.A. aucuneB. touteC. nulleD. autre15._________ il fasse mauvais, je sortirai avec des amis.A. Quoi queB. QuelqueC. C’est queD. Quoique16.Mon frère __________ réussir s’il travaillait plus dur.A. pourraitB. pouvaitC. pourraD. puisse17.Ils ont passé __________ nombreuses années en France.A. deB. lesC. desD. pour18.Ma soeur a des cheveux __________ longs.A. toutesB. toutC. tousD. toute19.– Quelle leçon avez-vous ________ hier?– Nous avons appris la lecon 3.A. priseB. apprisC. appriseD. pris20.– Avez-vous déjà parléde cette maison à votre femme?- Oui, je _______ ai parlé.A. le luiB. lui enC. lui l’D. en luiII. Compréhension écrite. (10%)Texte 1 La protection des animauxTu seras surpris par le nombre d’espèces animals en danger: 10 000 pour la planète, et plus de 46 pour l’Europe. Qui est responsable de cette situation? L’homme, bien sûr, qui est le premier chasseur de l’animal. Il ne chasse plus pour se nourrir, mais pour se divertir, pour la peau de l’animal ou simplement parce qu’il pense qu’il est nuisible. C’est pourquoi le loup et l’ours brun, autrefois très nombreux en Europe, font partie, à présent, des espèces les plus en danger. L’agriculture intensive, la déforestation, l’expansion des villes, le tourisme augmentent la vulné-rabilité de beaucoup d’espèces:leur espace pour vivre est plus réduit et la nourriture moins abondante.A part la convention de Berne en Europe qui permet de protéger la faune et la flore en voie d’extinction, chaque pays de l’Union a adoptédes mesures spéciales particulièrement menacées. Les parcs nationaux sont souvent la meilleure solution pour la sauvegarde de l’espèce.21.Pourquoi les espèces animales sont menacées? Laquelle des causes citées ci-dessous estfausse?a.Parce que le nombre de villes ne cesse de s’élever.b.Parce que les forêts disparaissent.c.Parce que qu’on a établi trop de sites touristiques.d.Parce qu’on mange plus d’animaux sauvages.22.Pourquoi l’homme d’aujourd’hui continue à chasser l’animal? Laquelle des causesci-dessous est fausse?a.Parce qu’il ne peut pas manger à sa faim.b.Parce que la chasse constitue une des activités de loisir pour l’homme.c.Parce que la peau de l’animal lui est utile.d.Parce qu’il pense que l’animal lui ferait du mal.23.Parmi les descriptions consacrées àla situation actuelle de l’animal, laquelle ne correspondpas à la réalité?a.L’animal a moins d’espace pour vivre àcause de l’expansion des activités humaines.b.L’animal a plus de difficultés àtrouver de quoi manger.c.Le loup et l’ours brun n’en sont pas moins nombreux qu’avant.d.Des mesures ont étéprises en vue de protéger les espèces animals en danger.24.Pourquoi l’Europe a-t-elle lancéla convention de Berne?a.C’est pour protéger les plantes en danger.b.C’est pour protéger les animaux en danger.c.C’est pour protéger les plantes et les animaux en danger.d.C’est pour encourager les pays d’Europe à créer des parcs nationaux.bien d’espèces animales sont en danger au-delà de l’Europe?a. 10,000b. 46c. 2,954d. environ 9,950Texte 2 Le mass médiaEvènement politique ou économique, exploit sportif ou catastrophe: la radio est généralement la première à informer le public, immédiatement, à toute heure de la journée. Très rapidement, elle donne la parole aux témoins, interviewe des spécialistes et des personnalités, complète l’information au fur et àmesure pour finalement faire le point dans les journaux de mi-journée ou fin d’après-midi.La télévision réagit presque aussi rapidement, mais recherche le spectaculaire. Vers 13 heures et surtout en fin de journée, elle veut frapper les téléspectateurs par des images accompagnées de réactions à chaud.Commentaires, explications, prises de position, analyses sont le domaine de la presse écrite qui prend du recul par rapport au fait brut. Pour elle, il s’agit plus de faire comprendre que de montrer. La presse écrite quotidienne a malheureusement un gros handicap: il se passe beaucoup de temps entre l’évènement et la parution du journal, surtout le week-end, presque la plupart des journaux ne paraissent pas le dimanche.Les journaux du matin ignorent ce qui s’est passé la nuit précédente, et si les journaux du soir comme le Monde peuvent réagir aux événements de la matinée ou en début de l’après-midià la grande satisfaction des Parisiens, ils ne pourront être lus que le lendemain par les provinciaux.Celui qui veut limiter le handicap-temps des journaux et qui ne veut pas se contenter des faits présentés par la radio ou la télévision peut, grâce à Internet et au Minitel, s’informer directement auprès des agences de presse, consulter plusieurs journaux des leur parution et regarder les images proposés par les chaînes de télévision françaises et étrangères.Toutes les grandes industries (exploitations pétrolières, agricoles, chimiques) devront baisser leur production et développer une politique de sauvegarde de l’environnement.Le premier minister japonais refuse de participer àce projet. Il n’accepte pas de revoir sa production industrielle nationale. Il a violemment protesté mais il n’a pas eu le choix. Il a dû accepter la décision de la majoritéen signant l’accord international contre la pollution.De plus, au cours de cette réunion, les premiers ministres ont ajoutéque ce problème n’était pas seulement le problème des enterprises. En effet, le plus important est d’essayer de faire comprendre que ce problème est celui de tout le monde. Si nous ne changeons pas nos habitudes, nous détruirons la Terre.26.Ce texte est _____________.a. un article de magazineb. un article d’un quotidianc. un récitd. un roman policier27.De quel type d’information s’agit-il?a.Il s’agit d’une information culturelle.b. Il s’agit d’un fait divers.c.Il s’agit d’une information politique.d. Il s’agit d’un évènement artistique.28.Que veulent essayer de faire les premiers ministres?a.Ils veulent augmenter les productions industrielles.b.Ils veulent diminuer les productions industrielles.c.Ils veulent développer l’industrie.d.Ils veulent ralentir l’évolution d’agriculture.29.Le premier minister japonais ne veut pas __________.a.de pollution dans son pays.b.signer l’accord internantional contre la pollution.c.augmenter la production industrielle de son pays.d.déveloper l’industrie dans son pays.30.Si nous ne changeons rien, quel sera le résultat?a. un grand danger pour notre Terreb. moins de pollutionc. la même Terre dans 20 ansd. une Terre plus fécondeIII. Version (30%)1.Un méchant cache de la dynamite dans la voiture du héros pour le faire sauter: la voiture a eneffet explosé. Mais, plus de la moitiéde la salle sait bien que le héros n’a pas sauté avec elle.2.Il la suivait. Elle se sentait inquiète. Que fallait-il faire? Elle est tournée au coin de la rue ets’est mise àcourir en regardant de temps en temps derrière elle. maison est située àquinze minutes de la plage et nous pouvons, si vous le désirez, mettreàvotre disposition des bicyclettes.4.Alors que les adolescents songent à l’avenir et aux possibilités qu’il offre, leurs parentscommencent àpenser aux années écoulées et aux oppotunités qui se raréfient.5.Le fabuleux destin d’Amélie Poulain est vraiment un film amusant, émouvant, poétique quimet en scène de nombreux personnages plus attachants les uns que les autres.6.J’ai dû attendre d’avoir cinq ans pour pouvoir descendre toute seule dans la rue et dix anspour remonter, parce que je n’arrivais pas àattraper le bouton de l’ascenseur.IV. Thème: (25%)1. 地铁比汽车快，而大区快线又比地铁快，但开得最快的是高速列车。

目　录
2016年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2015年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2014年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2013年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2012年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2011年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2010年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法语考研真题
2008年南京航空航天大学外国语学院212法语考研真题及答案2007年南京航空航天大学外国语学院212法语考研真题及答案2006年南京航空航天大学外国语学院212法语考研真题及答案2005年南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院212法语考研真题2004年南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院204法语考研真题
2016年南京航空航天大学外国语学院242法
语考研真题。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:357满分:150 分科目名称:英语翻译基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part I. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from English into Chinese. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. aerial refueling2. UAV3. debt risks4. community-level democracy5. telecom fraud6. satellite launch center7. pension insurance 8. crewed spaceship9. heavy-lift carrier rocket 10. maximum payload capacity11. overcapacity 12. downpayment13. asteroid 14. hypersonic aircraft15. aerodynamicsPart II. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from Chinese into English. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. 载人空间站2. 首飞3. 资产泡沫4. 增值税5. 探月工程6. 短期贷款7. 知识产权8. 机场跑道9. 旅行社10. 国有资本11. 飞行器设计12. 非政府组织13. 全球定位系统14. 社会主义核心价值体系15. 小康社会Part III. Translate the following passages from English into Chinese. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1In the Western imagination, Ch ina’s history has been inextricably linked to the notion of “empire”. But in fact, more than a millennium of Chinese history passed before anything resembling an empire ever existed. For centuries, seven separate states battled for military supremacy, until in 221 b.c. the Qin dynasty defeated the last of its rivals and unified the country. Military conquest is only part of the imperial story, however. China owes its ability to endure across time, and to re-form itself again and again after periods of disunity, to a fundamental reshaping of Chinese culture by the earliest dynasties, the Qin and the Han.Passage 2The winding course of the stream continually shut out the scene behind us and revealed as calm and lovely a one before. We glided from depth to depth, and breathed new seclusion at every turn. The shy kingfisher flew from the withered branch close at hand to another at distance, uttering a shrill cry of anger or alarm. Ducks that had been floating there since the preceding eve were startled at our approach and skimmed along the glassy river, breaking its dark surface with a bright streak. The pickerel leaped from among the lily pads. The turtle, sunning itself upon a rock or at the root of a tree, slid suddenly into the water with a plunge. The painted Indian who paddled his canoe along the Assabeth three hundred years ago could hardly have seen a wilder gentleness displayed upon its banks and reflected in its bosom than we did. Nor could the same Indian have prepared his noontide meal with more simplicity. We drew up our skiff at some point where the overarching shade formed a natural bower, and there kindled a fire with the pine cones and decayed branches that lay strewn plentifully around.Part IV. Translate the following passages from Chinese into English. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1中印作为战略合作伙伴，达成了许多战略共识，增强了战略互信。