西南大学网络教育习题
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西南大学网络教育习题1：[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressive B:evocative C:performative D:phatic 参考答案：D2：[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:Syntax B:Applied linguistics C:Morphology D:Semantics 参考答案：D3：[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A:Language is just for communication.B:Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C: Language is a sign system.D:Language is arbitrary and conventional. 参考答案：A4：[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au] B: [u:] C:[ju:] D:[e] 参考答案：B5：[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.A:Semi-vowels B:Affricates C:Nasals D:Glides 参考答案：C6：[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A:root B:free morpheme C:stem D:suffix 参考答案：C7：[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongueB:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogyC:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three 参考答案：D8：[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.A：False B：True 参考答案：B9：[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptive B：analytic C：descriptive D：linguistic 参考答案：C10：[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：sense B：sounds C：objects D：ideas 参考答案：B11：[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 参考答案：错误12：[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 答案：正确13：[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A：Arbitrariness B：Displacement C：Duality D：Meaningfulness 答案：D14：[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primary B：better C：secondary D：unchangeable 参考答案：C15：[判断]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 答案：错误16：[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.A: phatic B:informative C:emotive D:directive 参考答案：C17：[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds. 参考答案：B18：[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. 参考答案：错误19：[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVC B:CCVCCCVC C:CCVCCVC D:CVVCCVC 参考答案：A 20：[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.A:sociolinguistics B:pragmatics C:syntax D:computational linguistics 答案：B 21：[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmission B: interchangeability C:displacement D:creativity 答案：C 22：[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:Sociolinguistics B:Comparative linguistics C:Syntax D:Computational linguistics 答案：A 23：[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: two ree our D:five 参考答案：B1：[判断题]All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 答案：正确2：[单选题]In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___.A：a minor roleB：a significant roleC：a basic roleD：no role 答案：A3：[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "achieved” is ______.A:VCCVCC B:VCVCC C:VCVVCVC D:VCCVCVC 案：B4：[单选题]The relation between the two words "buy” and "sell” can be described as____. A: gradable antonymy B:converse antonymy C:complementary antonymyD:synonymy 答案：B5：[单选题]Which of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A:Objectivity B:Reliability C:Validity D:Both A and C 参考答案：A6：[单选题]Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.A:get the students familiar with cultural differencesB:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture willC:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D:All of the above.参考答案：D7：[单选题]The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A：voiceless B：voiced C：vowel D：consonantal 参考答案：A8：[单选题]The sound /f/ is ____.A：voiced palatal affricate B：voiced alveolar stopC：voiceless velar fricative D：voiceless labiodental fricative 参考答案：D9：[单选题]____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A：/z/ B：/d/ C：/k/ D：/b/ 参考答案：B10：[单选题]A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A：back B：central C：front D：middle 参考答案：C11：[单选题]Bound morphemes are those that ____.A：have to be used independently B：can not be combined with other morphemesC.can stand as words on their own D：have to be combined with other morphemes答案D 12：[判断]The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car"答案：错误13：[单选题]_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A：Words B：Morphemes C：Phonemes D：Sentences 参考答案：B14：[单选题]The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______.A：identical B：same C：exactly alike D：similar 参考答案：D15：[单选题]The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.A：lexical B：morphemic C：grammatical D：semantic 参考答案：C16：[单选题]Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____.A：in phonemic contrast B：in complementary distributionC：the allophones D：minimal pair 参考答案：A17：[单选题]According to Grice's theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A:strictly observed B:secretly and deliberately violatedC:blatantly or apparently violated D:Both A and B 参考答案：C18：[单选题]Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______.A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C:Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 参考答案：C19：[单选题]Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce "mans” and "photoes” as the plural forms of "man” and "photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A:Negative transfer B:OvergeneralizationC:Positive transfer D:mother tongue interference 参考答案：B20：[判断题]Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 参考答案：错误21：[单选题]_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A:Roots B:Stems C:Affixes D:Compounds 参考答案：C22：[单选题]Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.A:recreational B:metalingual C:phatic D:performative 参考答案：B23：[单选题]The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.A:Grice B: Austin C:Chomsky D:Saussure 参考答案：A1：[判断题]A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. 参考答案：错误2：[判断]The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages. 答案：错误3：[判断题]Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing. 参考答案：错误4：[判断题]What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning the context of use is considered. 参考答案：正确5：[判断]Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.正确6：[判断题]Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input. 正确7：[判断题]Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages. 参考答案：错误8：[判断]“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy. 答案：错误9：[判断题]Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages. 参考答案：错误10：[判断题]For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults. 参考答案：正确11：[判断题]“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.参考答案：正确12：[判断题]Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. 参考答案：正确13：[判断题]Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way. 参考答案：错误14：[判断题]Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. 参考答案：正确15：[判断题]Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 参考答案：错误16：[判断]The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday错误1：[单选题]READING COMPREHENSION. Read the passage, choose the correct answer tothe question following the passage. (Notice: In the final exam, there will be five questions following the passage.)Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learnt the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact.Now, what is meant by system? Every language operates within its own system, that is, within its own recurring patterns or arrangements which are meaningful to its speakers. The sounds, which are used to form words, which, in turn, are used in speech utterances, are always arranged in particular ways or designs which convey the same meaning to all speakers of the language. Let us examine some examples in English.When I say the words "the man”, you know I'm talking of one man and of a man previously mentioned. "The men”, on the other hand, conveys the meaning of more than one man. When you hear "arrive” you know it would fit into the place used for verbs in sentence. "Arrival”, on the other hand, would fit into the slot used for what we generally call a noun, wouldn't it? To continue, in English, word order is an important part of the system. Compare the two sentences: "The cat bit the lady.” and "The lady bit the cat.” The forms of the words are exactly the same, aren't they? But what a difference in the meaning!Examining another feature of the "system”, we find that in English adjectives don't "agree” with nouns. We say "the boys are tall” and "the tall boys”; "the girl is tall” and "the tall girls”. In the native language of your students, changes may occur because of gender (masculine or feminine) or because of number (singular or plural).This system of meaningful arrangements of sounds and forms in speech which the youngest native speaker knows by the time he reaches six or seven may differ in important respects from any other language system in the world.Question:From this passage it can be said of language that ______.A：Different languages are different in their grammatical systems.B：Languages that possess the feature of gender agreement may be more complex than those that do not.C：The change of word order will change the meaning of a sentence.D：Different cultures have different languages. 参考答案：A1：[论述题]Answer the following question in 120 to 160 words.1. Why are speech and writing treated differently in linguistics?2. How should errors on the part of foreign language learners be treated?3. What is an indirect speech act?4. What are conversational implicatures? Exemplify how they arise.5. What is a register？参考答案：1．While speech is the vocal/spoken form of language, writing is the written form of language.They belong to different systems though they may overlap. That speech is primary over writing is a general principle of linguistic analysis. First, speech existed long before writing systems came into being. Second, written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds. Third, genetically children learn to speak before learning to write. Everything considered, speech is believed to more representative of human language than writing. Most modern linguistic analysis is thus focused on speech, different from traditional grammar of the 19th century and therebefore.2．①When a second language learner uses a linguistic item in a way which fluent or native speakers of the language regards as showing faulty or incomplete learning, he is considered to have made an error. Usually, error is used as a cover term referring generally to the learner's misuse of the target language, may it be grammatical or pragmatic, conscious or unconscious.②The structuralist linguists follow the behavioristic view that to learn is to change old habits and build new habits. In their opinion errors occur when the learner fails to respond correctly to a particular stimulus in the second language. Since an error may serve as a negative stimulus which reinforces "bad habits”, it should not be allowed to occur.③The post-structuralists regard errors as evidence of the learning process. By makinghypothesis about the target language, the learner arrives at a particular interlanguage. Then he modifies his hypothesis and goes towards the target language. ④Obviously, errors can be found at the stage of interlanguage. As stated by Corder (1967), errors are significant in the process of language teaching and learning.3. According to the speech act theory, each utterance is produced with a certain illocutionaryforce, and at the same time, a speech act is performed in the name of that illocutionary force.For example, in producing "Get out of the room!”, the speaker performs a speech act ofordering. An indirect speech act is a speech act performed indirectly, that is throughperforming another kind of speech act. For example, people often indirectly perform the speech act of requesting through performing the speech act of questioning, as the mother does in the following conversation:Mother: Tommy, can you pass me the salt?Tom: Here you are.Mother: Thanks, honey.Obviously, the mother here is not asking Tom whether he has the ability to pass her the salt;instead, she is making an indirect speech act, i.e. a request.Indirect speech acts are often felt to be more polite ways of performing certain kinds of speech act, such as requests and refusals.4． According to Grice, when we speak we generally have something like the Cooperative Principle and its maxims in our mind to guide us, though sub-consciously, or evenunconsciously. We will try to say things which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner. Hearers will also try to interpret what is said to them in this way. The CP and its maxims not always strictly observed. In blatant, apparent violations, the speaker deliberately violates some maxims and makes it clear to his hearers, yet at a deeper level the CP and its maxims are still thought, by both the speaker and his hearers, to be upheld.When blatant, apparent violations of some maxims take place, what Grice terms"conversational implicatures” will arise. The following conversation illustrates the violation of the maxim of relation:A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don't you think so?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren't they?B's response is obviously not relevant to A's question. The conversational implicature of B's utterance is something like "I don't want to talk about her” or "It is not proper to talk about her here and now.”5. There exist types or varieties of the same one language, and they are assumed to be relatedboth to the language user and to the use to which language is put. Varieties that are related to use are known as Registers. (According to Halliday, "Language varies as its function varies; it diff ers in different situations.” The type of language which is selected asappropriate to a type of situation is a register.) Halliday distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.Field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity.It is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication group are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with "how”communication is carried out. Fundamental to the mode of discourse is the distinction between speaking and wring.The three variables are the features of the context of situation which determine the features of language appropriate to the situation, i.e. register. And they determine the register collectively, not piecemeal.。
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