考研英语---The use of English

考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析（17）(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.A new economics paper has some old-fashioned advice for people navigating the stresses of life: Find a spouse who is also your best friend. Social scientists have long known that __1__ people tend to be happier, but they debate whether that is because marriage causes happiness or simply because happier people are more__2__ to get married. The new paper, __3__ by the National Bureau of Economic Research, controlled for pre-marriage happiness levels. It__4__that being married makes people happier and more satisfied __5__ their lives than those who remain single—particularly during the most stressful periods, like __6__ crises.Even as fewer people are marrying, the disadvantages of remaining single have broad__7__. It´s important__8__marriage is increasingly a force behind inequality.__9__marriages are more common among educated, high-income people, and increasingly out of reach for those who are not. That divide appears to__10__not just people´s income and family stability, but also their happiness and stress levels.A quarter of today´s young adults will have never married by 2030, which would be the highest__11__in modern history, according to Pew Research Center.__12__both remaining unmarried and divorcing are more common among less-educated, lower-income people.__13__, high-income people still marry at high rates and are less likely to divorce.Those whose lives are most difficult could__14__most from marriage, according to the economists who wrote the new paper, John Helliwell and Shawn Grover. "Marriage may be most important when there is that stress in life and when things are going__15__," Mr. Grover said.__16__ marital happiness long outlasted the honeymoon period.__17__some social scientists have argued that happiness levels are innate, so people return to their natural level of well-being__18__joyful or upsetting events, the researchers found that the benefits of marriage persist. One__19__for that might be the role of friendship within marriage. Those who__20__their spouse or partner to be their best friend get about twice as much life satisfaction from marriage as others, the study found.第1题A.singleB.engagedC.marriedD.divorced第2题A.eagerB.likelyC.easyD.excited第3题A.madeB.studiedC.foundD.published第4题A.deniedB.concludedC.doubtedD.imagined第5题A.withB.fromC.byD.in第6题A.financialB.midlifeC.academicD.quarterlife第7题A.necessitiesB.transmissionsC.implicationsD.significances 第8题A.whenB.becauseC.soD.if第9题A.StableB.NormalC.ConstantD.Poor第10题A.affectB.promoteC.lowerD.control第11题A.figureB.rateC.scoreD.share第12题A.EvenB.StillC.YetD.And第13题catedB.IntelligentC.DignifiedD.Knowledgeable第14题A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.suffer第15题A.wrongB.badC.greatD.well第16题A.FortunatelyB.UnexpectedlyC.IntriguinglyD.Surprisingly第17题A.UnlessB.HenceC.UntilD.Though第18题A.afterB.beforeC.duringD.within第19题A.optionB.reasonC.resultD.tendency第20题A.believeB.seeC.considerD.regard下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.The Nobel Prize is a mysterious incarnation of power and authority, an anointed ritual whose claims are accepted as part of the order of things. The Nobel Prize is at once a relic of the past and a self-admiring mirror of our democratized, scientized, secularized modern culture. After a century of existence, the Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history: it helps shape our perception of ourselves for better or worse.Like monarchy, the Nobel Prize surrounds itself with mystery and extraordinary secretiveness. Indeed, the media have more easily breached the privacy of the British royal family than that of the Nobel institution.The prizes present themselves as if handed down from eternity. But as even a cursory inspection will reveal, the juries that pick the laureates have often shown bias, lapses of judgment and bitter infighting. In the sciences, a number of quarrels, scandals, and even lawsuits have erupted over claims to priority or credit for collaborations honored by Nobles. And while widely admired, the science prizes have also been charged with swaying research goals and funding, however inadvertently, and more insidiously with corrupting scientific ambitions by the lure of Nobel fames. Such controversies, together with public dissent from several prizes, have been part of the Nobel history since its beginning. All prizes stir arguments; the Nobel´s fame simply magnifies this hugely.The very glory and stature of the Nobel Prizes prompt some sharp questions. Should such high endeavors of the human spirit as science, literature, and peace be treated as competitions, however exalted? Should these priceless efforts be paid the enormous, though "honorary," price lavished on the winners? Would it matter if there never had been a Nobel Price? Or if it vanished tomorrow? The problem is that the prices are not merely awards and medals but are aspects of power woven into our lives: it was once and future Nobelists who built the nuclear bombs that still hang fatefully over us; Nobelists now play an important part in public and military policy.It is also true that the Nobel Prizes show modern fame: the Nobel Prize pays honor to some of the highest human adventures in nature and matter, creativity and justice. Where else, moreover, can both the unfamed and the general public find a replacement for the authority and coherence, to whatever degree, the Nobel has come to possess? In a world and age as inwardly fractured as ours this is a question not lightly dismissed.第21题The Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history because ______.A.it reflects the modern world and results in many follow-up questionsB.it dismisses authority and coherenceC.the standard for the prize is unclear and arouses many questionsD.the prize cannot be seen as a driving force for social development第22题Which of the following statements is true about the Nobel Prize?A.The prizes need to be diversified.B.The prizes are unexpected to the winners.C.The prize manifests authority and coherence.D.Prejudice does not exist among the panel of judges any longer.第23题The author´s attitude towards Nobel Prize is______.A.ambiguousB.negativeC.objectiveD.critical第24题The word "fractured" (Line 5, Paragraph 4) probably imply that______.A.alienation is seen as one of the problems of modern worldB.people are stratified and separated by modern technologyC.the Nobel Prize is accepted by people from all walks of lifeD.the world is diversified and Nobel does not necessarily mean authority第25题Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.The Authority of NobelB.On the Glory of NobelC.Nobel and the Modern WorldD.A mirror of Modern Culture上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Psychologists have known for a century that individuals vary in their cognitive ability. But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others? In order to answer that question, we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams of two to five members. Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks, which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world. One task involved logical analysis, another brainstorming; others emphasized coordination, planning and moral reasoning. Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality: People with good vocabularies, for instance, also tend to have good math skills, even though we often think of those abilities as distinct. The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general intelligence also exists for teams. On average, the groups that did well on one task did well on the others, too. In other words, some teams were simply smarter than others.We found the smartest teams were distinguished by three characteristics. First, their members contributed more equally to the team´s discussions, rather than letting one or two people dominate the group. Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible. Finally, teams with more women outperformed teams with more men. This last effect, however, was partly explained by the fact that women, on average, were better at "mindreading" than men.In a new study, we replicated these earlier findings. We randomly assigned each of 68 teams to complete our collective intelligence test in one of two conditions. Half of the teams worked face to face. The other half worked online, with no ability to see any of their teammates. We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, andwhether social ability would matter as much when people communicated purely by typing messages into a browser.And they did. Online and off, some teams consistently worked smarter than others. More surprisingly, the most important ingredients for a smart team remained constant regardless of its mode of interaction: members who communicated a lot, participated equally and possessed good emotion-reading skills.第26题It can be inferred from the first paragraph that______.A.some groups are really smarter than othersB.the 697 volunteer participants need to complete a series of short tasks togetherC.the selected short tasks must have practical significanceD.logical analysis and brainstorming are important in each task第27题According to psychologists, individual intelligence______.A.is characterized by generalityB.is related to math skillsC.is not related to teamsD.is key to smarter teams第28题According to the author, the characteristics of smarter teams include all the following EXCEPT ______.A.the members have relatively equal contribution to the team´ s discussionsB.the members have a higher IQC.the members have a stronger ability of reading complex facial expressionsD.there are more female members than other teams第29题In a new study, the other half of people work online because______.A.it´ s necessary to ensure the accuracy of the experimentB.online collaboration is becoming more and more importantC.the experimenters want to see whether collective intelligence will be showedD.the experimenters want to prove social ability is vital to every team第30题The best title for the passage may be______.A.How to Develop a Smarter TeamB.Why Some Teams Are Smarter Than OthersC.The Characteristics of Smarter TeamD.What Factors can Affect a Team上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Many of the tech industry´s biggest companies, like Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft, are jockeying to become the leader for artificial intelligence(A.I.). In the industry´s term, thecompanies are engaged in a "platform war."A platform, in technology, is essentially a piece of software that other companies build on and that consumers cannot do without. Become the platform and huge profits will follow. Microsoft dominated personal computers because its Windows software became the center of the consumer software world. Google has come to dominate the Internet through its ubiquitous search bar. If true believers in A.I. are correct that this long-promised technology is ready for the mainstream, the company that controls A.I. could steer the tech industry for years to come. "Whoever wins this race will dominate the next stage of the information age," said Pedro Domingos, a machine learning specialist and the author of "The Master Algorithm," a 2015 book that contends that A.I. and big-data technology will remake the world.In this fight—no doubt in its early stages—the big tech companies are engaged in tit-for-tat publicity stunts, circling the same start-ups that could provide the technology pieces they are missing and, perhaps most important, trying to hire the same brains. Fei-Fei Li, a Stanford University professor who is an expert in computer vision, said one of her Ph.D. candidates had an offer for a job paying more than $1 million a year, and that was only one of four from big and small companies.For years, tech companies have used man-versus-machine competitions to show they are making progress on A.I. In 1997, an IBM computer beat the chess champion Garry Kasparov. Five years ago, IBM went even further when its Watson system won a three-day match on the television trivia show "Jeopardy!" Today, Watson is the centerpiece of IBM´s A.I. efforts.By 2020, the market for machine learning applications will reach $40 billion, IDC, a market research firm, estimates. And 60 percent of those applications, the firm predicts, will run on the platform software of four companies—Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft. Intelligent software applications will become commonplace, said Jeff Dean, a computer scientist who oversees Google´s A.I. development. "And machine learning will touch every industry."第31题The reason for Microsoft controlling personal computers is that______.A.it has formed a good platformB.its software has gained a lot of moneyC.its Windows software became popular among consumersD.its software has been widely used in search bar第32题Google can steer the tech industry in the future on premise that______.A.it has controlled the InternetB.A.I. has prepared to be the mainstreamC.it has won in the information ageD.A.I. and big-data technology have become mature第33题The text takes "Fei-Fei Li" as an example in Paragraph 3 to show that______.A.the competition between tech companies is fierceB.the candidates from famous universities are more popularC.the higher the pay is, the more likely the candidate is to accept the offerD.perhaps tech companies are striving for the same talents第34题In which way the tech companies have used to show their progress?petitions between men and machines.B.Chess games. shows.D.The profitability of new products.第35题What´s the author´ s attitude towards the future of A.I.?A.Negative.B.Positive.C.Unclear.D.Indifferent.上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi -paycheck household could encourage marriages. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises. Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife´ s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family´ s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family´ s financial and emotional stability. Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union.Also, a major part of women´s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the Capacity to exercise power within the family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.第36题The word "portend"(Sentence 1, Para. 1)is closest in meaning to "______".A.defyB.signalC.suffer fromD.result from第37题It is said in the passage that when the economy slides,______.A.men would choose working women as their marriage partnersB.more women would get married to seek financial securityC.even working women would worry about their marriagesD.more people would prefer to remain single for the time being第38题If women find fulfillment through work outside the home,______.A.they are more likely to dominate their marriage partnersB.their husbands are expected to do more houseworkC.their marriage ties can be strengthenedD.they tend to put their career before marriage第39题One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that______.A.they feel that they have been robbed of their freedomB.they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbandsC.they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectationsD.they tend to suspect their husbands´ loyalty to their marriage第40题Which of the following statements can best summarize the author´s view in the passage?A.The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country.B.Even when economically independent, most women have to struggle for real equality in marriage.C.In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remain independent.D.The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections :Read the following tert and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the state ment is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A]Think about how your attitude change will affect your life[B]Look for a role model[C]Be clear about your traits[D]Identify and understand what you want to change[E]Believe that you are able to change[F]Get rid of the pessimistic friends[G]Choose the right company"Our attitude toward life determines life´s attitude towards us." We´ve all heard about the power of our attitude, and that it´s our attitude that determines how much we succeed in life.If you look around you, you will see that people with a positive attitude enjoy life more and are generally happier and more successful than those who walk around grumpy and pessimistic. Our attitude is the driving force in our lives—it can either push you to do great things or pull you down to your demise.All the things that you have been through, all the people you have met and interacted with can have an impact on your attitude. If you think that all these factors have molded you into a person with a poor attitude towards life, there is no need to worry as there is always an opportunity for change. Let me share with you how I did it.__41__The first step towards change is clearly understanding what needs to be changed. Setting clear goals is the key to success in any endeavor. When it comes to changing your attitude, you need to do an honest and in-depth self-evaluation so you could point out exactly which of your traits need to be improved or totally changed.__42__We all need to know that what we´re trying to accomplish can in fact be achieved; that we can be more optimistic, more social or more patient. Find someone who has the kind of attitude that you want to have, and let his or her life give you inspiration and encouragement to move beyond your temporary failures in your journey towards becoming a better person.__43__To be able to overcome all the difficulties that lie ahead of you in your journey towards self betterment, you need to figure out exactly what this supposed change could bring to your life. Will changing your attitude mean a happier family or social life? Will a change in your attitude mean a more successful career or business? Fix your mind on the things that would come as a result of your attitude change and you will have a greater chance of reaching your goal.__44__As they say, "Bad company corrupts good character." You don´ t expect yourself to be able to change if you go on surrounding yourself with people who possess all the negative traits that you want to change. Consider befriending new people, especially those who are optimistic and have a healthy attitude towards life. You will see that your effort to change will be easier with these kinds of people as friends.__45__Often, the greatest obstacle between us and our goals is ourselves or our inability to trust in what we are able to do. If you don´t believe in yourself or believe that you or your life can change, it just won´t happen—you will either never start, or give up quickly so you won´t have even given yourself the opportunity to succeed.It cannot be denied that a positive attitude is very important for living a successful and satisfying life, so it is only right to strive to have a positive attitude.第41题第42题第43题第44题第45题上一题下一题(1/1)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)第46题For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods,getting a speaking part in the school play. For adults, happiness is complicated. As far as I am concerned, happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It´ s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health.While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn´t about what happens to us; it´ s about how we perceive what happens to us. It´ s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a set-back as a challenge. It´ s not wishing for what we don´ t have, but enjoying what we do possess._____________上一题下一题(1/1)Section WritingPart A第47题Suppose you have damaged your friend´ s computer when you lived in his house a few days ago. Write him a letter to1)make an apology, and2)suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)____________上一题下一题(1/1)Part B第48题Write an essay based on the following pie chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)图片_______________上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.A new economics paper has some old-fashioned advice for people navigating the stresses of life: Find a spouse who is also your best friend. Social scientists have long known that __1__ people tend to be happier, but they debate whether that is because marriage causes happiness or simply because happier people are more__2__ to get married. The new paper, __3__ by the National Bureau of Economic Research, controlled for pre-marriage happiness levels. It__4__that being married makes people happier and more satisfied __5__ their lives than those who remain single—particularly during the most stressful periods, like __6__ crises.Even as fewer people are marrying, the disadvantages of remaining single have broad__7__. It´s important__8__marriage is increasingly a force behind inequality.__9__marriages are more common among educated, high-income people, and increasingly out of reach for those who are not. That divide appears to__10__not just people´s income and family stability, but also their happiness and stress levels.A quarter of today´s young adults will have never married by 2030, which would be the highest__11__in modern history, according to Pew Research Center.__12__both remaining unmarried and divorcing are more common among less-educated, lower-income people.__13__, high-income people still marry at high rates and are less likely to divorce.Those whose lives are most difficult could__14__most from marriage, according to the economists who wrote the new paper, John Helliwell and Shawn Grover. "Marriage may be most important when there is that stress in life and when things are going__15__," Mr. Grover said.__16__ marital happiness long outlasted the honeymoon period.__17__some social scientists have argued that happiness levels are innate, so people return to their natural level of well-being__18__joyful or upsetting events, the researchers found that the benefits of marriage persist. One__19__for that might be the role of friendship within marriage. Those who__20__their spouse or partner to be their best friend get about twice as much life satisfaction from marriage as others, the study found.第1题A.singleB.engagedC.marriedD.divorced参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答答案解析：此处意为“社会科学家向来知道，______人士往往更幸福”。

2017年考研英语一试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding “yes!”.(1)helping you feel close and(2)to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a(3)of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you(4)getting sick this winter.In a recent study(5)over400health adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs(6)the participants’susceptibility to developing the common cold after being(7)to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come(8)with a cold,and the researchers(9)that the stress-reducing effects of hugging(10)about32percent of that beneficial effect.(11)among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe(12).“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the(13)risk for colds that’s usually(14)with stress,”notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging“is a marker of intimacy and helps(15)the feeling that others are there to help(16)difficulty.”Some experts(17)the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called“the bonding hormone”(18)it promotes attachment in relationships,including that between mother and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it(19)in the brain, where it(20)mood,behavior and physiology.1.[A]Unlike[B]Besides[C]Throughout[D]Despite2.[A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior3.[A]host[B]view[C]lesson[D]choice4.[A]recall[B]forget[C]avoid[D]keep5.[A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving6.[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of7.[A]devoted[B]exposed[C]lost[D]attracted8.[A]across[B]along[C]down[D]out9.[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated10.[A]served[B]explained[C]restored[D]required11.[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even12.[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests13.[A]highlighted[B]minimized[C]controlled[D]increased14.[A]associated[B]equipped[C]presented[D]compared15.[A]assess[B]moderate[C]generate[D]record16.[A]in the face of[B]in the form of[C]in the way of[D]in the name of17.[A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return18.[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until19.[A]emerges[B]vanishes[C]remains[D]decreases20.[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences1、【答案】[B]Besides【解析】此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。

2024考研英语一真题答案及解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishThere’s nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.1the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in2disabled access to buildings,facilitating hygiene in required areas and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.They5as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown their6have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors8crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples’way.They give us one less thing to tackle during daily life and the occasional quick escape.9making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these11smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without the need to12the way for a large,protruding door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each13specific signals to tell them when to open.14these methods differ,the main15remain the same.Each automatic door system16the light,sound,weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to17the different environmentsthey are needed in.18,a busy street might not19a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20to limit the surveyed area.1.A.Through B.Despite C.Besides D.Without2.A.revealing B.demanding C.improving D.tracing3.A.experience B.convenience C.guidance D.reference4.A.previously B.temporarily C.successively D.eventually5.A.held on B.started out C.settled down D.went by6.A.relations B.volumes C.benefits D.sourceseful B.simple C.flexible D.stable8.A.call for B.yield to C.insist on D.act as9.A.As well as B.In terms of C.Thanks to D.Rather than10.A.connected B.shared C.represented D.occupied11.A.allow B.expect C.require D.direct12.A.adopt B.lead C.clear D.change13.A.adapting to B.deriving from C.relying on D.pointing at14.A.Once B.Since C.Unless D.Although15.A.records B.positions C.principles D.reasons16.A.controls B.analyses C.processes D.mixes17.A.decorate pare C.protect plement18.A.In conclusion B.By contrast C.For example D.Above all19.A.identify B.suit C.secure D.include20.A.appropriate B.obvious C.impressive D.delicate【1】D解析：空格后的短语意为“需要触摸才能打开或关闭”。

考研英语二（完形填空）-试卷77(总分：120.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Use of English(总题数：3，分数：120.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：The unhealthy ingredients and low nutrition content of the food can make you less active and lazy, new research shows. No surprises there.【C1】______, what is more shocking is that the energy-weakening effects of a junk food diet can persist,【C2】______after you switch to a healthy 【C3】______. Two groups of female rats were fed different diets by researchers for a six-month period. One group ate unprocessed foods such as corn and fish meal【C4】______the other ate a diet【C5】______to imitate junk food; high in sugar, and lower in【C6】______. While understandably the group eating the "junk food" diet gained more weight than the other, they also【C7】______from fatigue and became less active and less【C8】______—ie: lazier. In fact, those rats fed junk food took twice as many, and longer breaks during tasks than the rats eating a healthy diet, even tasks which【C9】______rewards. What is even more【C10】______is that switching these rats back onto a nutritious diet at the end of six months for nine days didn"t seem to reverse their weight gain or their "learnt" laziness. This could suggest that while an【C11】______case of bad food—say on holiday, will not have too much of a【C12】______effect if you generally eat a good diet and lead a healthy lifestyle. But those who eat a poor diet【C13】______the long term may actually become lazy and fatigued, as well as gaining weight and suffering the health consequences【C14】______being overweight. The research shows that switching【C15】______a healthy diet in the short term is unlikely to be【C16】______to reverse any of the side effects of a diet high in junk food. "Overweight people are often regarded as lazy and lacking【C17】______," says Blaisdell, a professor of psychology at UCLA "We【C18】______our results as suggesting that the idea commonly【C19】______in the media that people become fat because they are lazy is wrong. Our data suggest that diet-induced obesity is a cause,【C20】______an effect, of laziness. Either the highly processed diet causes fatigue or the diet causes obesity, which causes fatigue."（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.MeanwhileB.ThereforeC.However √D.Moreover解析：解析：上句提到食物中含不健康成分以及营养含量低会有不良影响，而且这一现象司空见惯(No surprises there)，空格后则说what is more shocking(更令人更加震惊的是)，这与No sur-prises语义相反，所以应填入表转折关系的连词。

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words__3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words usedby the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D]invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stirup5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] waySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanismby which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their in comes” means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices14. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and evenabroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bringbetter and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”.[A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock18. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society.Although the phrase was use d by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concernin education is that__.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration21. This passage mainly deals with__.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children22. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisionsPassage 4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds ofinfections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. ”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺) .With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter."First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action. "23. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.[A]. predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered24. The author implies that by the year 2000, __.[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients25. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off26. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.[A] dead [B] ever-present [C] inactive [D] potentialPassage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by“untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal —and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities."C reative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’ sno particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.27. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.28. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] Theintelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings.29. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__.[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things .[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’ s point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented30. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of science[D] concerned about the advance of societyPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (31) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniquesand tools. (32) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(33)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (34) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. geniusdispute. (35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: ON MAKING FRIENDSB. TIME LIMIT: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:l. The need for friends2. True friendship3. My principle in making friends。

2023年考研英语二真题及答案完好版2023年考研英语二真题及答案完好版考研英语二真题：Section I Use of EnglishDirections： Read the following text. Choose the best word〔s〕 for each numbered black and mark A，B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. 〔10 points〕Harlan Coben believes that if you are a writer，you will find the time； and that if you can＇t find the time， then writing isn＇t a priority， and you are not a writer. For him， writing is a __1__ job—a job like any other. He has __2__ it with plumbing，pointing out that a plumber doesn＇t wake up and say that he can＇t work with pipes today.__3__， like most writers these days， you＇re holding down a job to pay the bills， it＇s not __4__ to find the time to write. But it＇s not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness. __5__ that most bestselling authors began writing when theywere doing other things to earn a living. And today，even writers who are fairly __6__ often have to do other work to __7__ their writing ine.As Harlan Coben has suggested it＇s a __8__ of priorities. To make writing a priority， you＇ll have to __9__ some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.There＇s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for， __16__ your writing and that＇s reading. Any write needs to read as much and as wildly as they can. It＇s the one __17__ supporter—something you can＇t do without.1. [A] difficult [B] normal [C] steady [D] pleasant2. [A] bined [B] pared [C] confused [D] confronted3. [A] If [B] Though [C] Once [D] Unless4. [A] enough [B] strange [C] wrong [D] easy5. [A] Accept [B] Explain [C] Remember [D] Suppose6. [A] well-known [B] well-advised [C] well-informed [D] well-chosen7. [A] donate [B] generate [C] supplement [D] calculate8. [A] cause [B] purpose [C] question [D] condition9. [A] highlight [B] sacrifice [C] continue [D] explore10. [A] relations [B] interests [C] memories [D] skills11. [A] until [B] because [C] while [D] before12. [A] put up with [B] make up for [C] hang onto[D] cut down on13. [A] intelligent [B] occasional [C] intensive[D] emotional14. [A] habit [B] test [C] decision [D] plan15. [A] tough [B] gentle [C] rapid [D] funny16. [A] in place of [B] in charge of [C] in response to [D] in addition to17. [A] indispensable [B] innovative [C] invisible[D] instant18. [A] duller [B] harder [C] quieter [D] quicker19. [A] peacefully [B] generously [C] productively[D] gratefully20. [A] at most [B] in turn [C] on average [D] above allSection II Reading prehensionPart ADirections： Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A， B， C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 〔40 points〕Text 1＂I＇m excited about our progresses，＂ says Brown， who harvests eggs for Denver-based Nest Fresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds＇waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements ＂allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land， the hens， and the eggs that we supply to our customers.＂The egg industry＇s push is the first major testof whether animal products from regenerative farms canbee the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade， organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats， but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful， it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef broccoli and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell，because the concept is tough to define quickly， says Julie Stanton， associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal， if any，improvement to the food products 〔though some producers say their eggs have more protein〕.The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range， non-GMO， and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change， and some ofthe success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the enviro____ent. Young adults ＂really care about the pla，＂ says John Brunnquell altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they＇re doing.＂[A] at a considerably low cost[B] at the demand of regular shoppers[C] as a replacement for organic eggs[D] on specially designed farms22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in__________[A] reducing the damage of worms[B] accelerating the disposal of waste[C] creating a sustainable system[D] attracting customers to his products23. The exle of organic eggs is used in the fourth paragraph is to suggest ________[A] the doubts to over natural feeds[B] the setbacks in the eggs industry[C] the potential of regenerative products[D] the promotional success of super markets24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people __________[A] are reluctant to change their diet[C] are curious about new food[D] are amazed at agriculture advance25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products in __________[A] markets prospects[B] nutritional value[C] standard definition[D] moral implicationText 2One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life， according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of ＂unretirees＂—those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring—said they would be employed in their lateryears even if they had enough money to settle down，the survey showed.＂The concept of retirement is evolving，＂ said Christine Russell， senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. ＂It＇s not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.＂One reason for the change in retirement patterns：Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16%in 2023， up 3.2% from the prior year， according to the U.S Census Bureau. That＇s also up 30.2% since 2023.Because of longer life spans， Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs，the TD Ameritrade study showed， which surveyed 2000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 ＂unretirees＂ are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life， according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this， the pany said， is by reducing their overall expenses， securing lifeinsurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.＂The most challenging moments in life are getting married， starting a family and ultimatelyretiring，＂ Facet Wealth cofounder Brent Weiss told USA Today. ＂It＇s not just a financial decision， but an emotional one. Many people believe they can＇t retire.＂26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that __________[A] over half of the retirees are physically fit for work[B] the old workforce is as active as the younger one[C] one in three Americans enjoy earlierretirement[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement[A] retirement may cause problems for them[B] boredom can be relieved after retirement[C] the mental health of retirees is overlooked[D] ＂unretirement＂ contributes to the economy28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to __________[A] labor shortages[B] population growth[C] longer life expectancy[D] rising living costs29. Many retires are increasing in savings by__________[A] investing more in stocks[B] taking up odd jobs[C] getting well paid work30. With regard to retirement， Brent Weiss thinks that many people are __________[A] unprepared[B] unafraid[C] disappointed[D] enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them， in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the timesyou felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel something that should be simple and transparent can be plicated， intentionally or unintentionally， in ways that impair consumer choice. These are exles of dark patterns.First coined in 2023 by user experience expert Harry Brignull，＂dark patterns＂ is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of mon dark patterns，ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel， where user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start， but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.Where is the line between ethical， persuasive design and dark patterns？ Businesses should engage in conversations with IT， pliance， risk， and legal teams to review their privacy policy， and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the pany＇s userinterface， as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups checkout baskets， pricing，and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding ＂digital deception＂.Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns， most recently at the state level. In March， the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act 〔CCPA〕 that ensures that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. The regulations aim to ban dark pattern—this means prohibiting panies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such asforcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn＇t opt out.As more states consider promulgating additional regulations， there is a need for greater accountability from within the business munity. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis， but only if organizations hold themselvesaccountable， not just to legal requirements， but also to industry best practices and standard.31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns __________.[A] improve user experiences[B] leak user information for profit[C] undermine users＇ decision-making[D] remind users of hidden costs32. The 2023 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show __________.[A] their major flaws[B] their plex designs[C] their severe damage[D] their strong presence33. To handle digital deception， businesses should __________.[A] listen to customer feedback[B] talk with relevant teams[D] rely on professional training[A] guide users through opt-out processes[B] protect consumers from being tricked[C] grant panies data privacy rights[D] restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph， a key to coping with dark patterns is __________.[A] new legal requirements[B] businesses＇ self -discipline[C] strict regulatory standards[D] consumers＇ safety awarenessText 4Although ethics classes are mon around the world，scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior， evidence either way is weak，relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that， in at least one real-world situation， a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions＇impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons， according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel， a philosopher at theUniversity of California， Riverside： students＇attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable，behavior is easily measurable， and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good becauseit reduces enviro____ental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat，optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead.Then， unknown to the students， the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly 14，000 receipts for almost 500 students. Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect； he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors， including voting rates，blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics， meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the study＇sduration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.That＇s actually a pretty large effect for apretty small intervention， Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania， who was not involved in the study，says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real she notes， it might be reversible by another nudge：＂Easy e， easy go.＂Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence - classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism， showing it as achievable or more mon. Second， the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing， he thinks， was rational argument， although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now there searchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style， teaching assistant＇s eating habits and students＇ videoexposure Meanwhile Schwitzgebel who had predicted no effect-will be eating his words.36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are __________.[A] hard to determine[B] narrowly interpreted[C] difficult to ignore[D] poorly summarized37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating？[A] It is mon among students.[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.[C] It is important to students＇ health.[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes38. Eric Schwitzgebel＇s previous findings suggest that ethics professors __________.[A] are seldom critical of their students[B] are less sociable than other professors[C] are not sensitive to political issues[D] are not necessarily ethically better39. Nina Strohminger thinks that effect of the intervention is __________.[A] permanent[B] predictable[C] uncertain[D] unrepeatable40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students＇change in behavior __________.[A] can bring psychological benefits[B] can be analyzed statistically[C] is a result of multiple factors[D] is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections： Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph 〔41-45〕. There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. 〔10 points〕[A] Make it a habit[B] Don＇t go it alone[C] Start low， go slow[D] Talk with your doctor[E] Listen to your body[F] Go through the motions[G] Round out your routineHow to Get Active AgainGetting back into exercise after a break can be a challenge in the best of times， but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days， it can be tricky to know where to start. And it is important to get the right dose ofactivity. ＂Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout，＂ says Mary Yoke， PhD， a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.41. ___________________________Don＇t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day，playing 18 holes of golf three times a week， orlifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps，reduce activity to half a mile every other day， or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days， or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time， distance， and intensity gradually. ＂This isn＇t something you can do overnight，＂ says Keri L. Denay， MD. lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages Americans to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic. But you＇ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42. ___________________________If you＇re breathing too hard to talk in plete sentences， back off. If you feel good， go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session？Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms， such as chest pain or pressure， severe shortness of breath or dizziness， or faintness， and seek medical attention immediately.43. ___________________________44. ___________________________Even if you can＇t yet do a favorite activity，you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket swing like you＇re hitting the ball. Paddlelike you＇re in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your musclesfor when you can get out there again.45. ___________________________Section III Translation46. Directions： In this section there is a textin English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. 〔15 points〕Although we try out best， sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned. Changes in the light， the limitations of your painting materials，and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not e to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing， it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits：you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realize that when one door closes， another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and e up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will bee your second nature.In fact， creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life， with which you are more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions：Suppose you are planning a cus food festival，write an email to international students in your university to1〕 introduce the food festival2〕 invite them to participateYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET. 〔10 points〕Do not use your own name. Use ＂Li Ming＂ instead.Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing， you should1〕 interpret the chart and2〕 give your mentsYou should write about 150 words in the ANSWER SHEET. 〔15 points〕考研英语二答案：Section I Use of English1-5 BBADC 6-10 ACCBB 11-15 CDBAA 16-20 DADCDSection II Reading prehension21-25 DCCBA 26-30 DACDA 31-35 CDBBB 36-40 ABDCC41-45 CEAFBSection III Translation46. 参考译文虽然我们会竭尽全力，但有时我们的画作还是会和我们本来设想的不太一样。

》》》》》》2023年整理试题资料，word版欢迎下载《《《《《《2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read t he f ollowing t ext.C hoose t he b est w ord(s)f or e ach n umbered b lank a nd m ark A,B,C o r D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid i ntelligence i s t he t ype o f i ntelligence t hat h as t o d o w ith s hort-term m emory a nd t he ability t o t hink q uickly, logically, a nd a bstractly i n o rder t o s olve n ew p roblems. I t 1 in young a dulthood, l evels o ut f or a period o f t ime, a nd t hen 2 starts t o s lowly d ecline a s w e age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not b e.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes i n f luid i ntelligence o ver a s ix-year p eriod. T hey f ound t hat m iddle-aged p eople9 higher m easures o f a bdominal f at 10 worse o n m easures o f f luid i ntelligence a s t he years11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 ,there are steps y ou can 17 to h elp r educe a bdominal f at a nd m aintain lean muscle mass a s you a ge i n o rder t o p rotect b oth y our p hysical a nd mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed f oods.1.[A] pauses2.[A] g enerally [B] returns[B] formally[C] fades[C] a ccidentally[D] peaks[D] alternatively3. [A] s ince [B] while [C] once [D] until4. [A] d etection [B] consumption[C]a ccumulation[D]s eparation5. [A] decision [B] possibility [C] goal [D] r equirement6. [A] e nsure [B] delay [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] s upported [C] predicted [D] included8. [A] d evoted [B] converted [C] compared [D] applied9. [A] a bove [B] with [C] by [D] against10. [A] l ived [B] managed [C] played [D] scored11. [A] went by [B] set o ff [C] drew i n [D] ran o ut12. [A] s uperior [B] parallel [C] a ttributable [D] r esistant13.[A] restored [B] i solated [C] c ontrolled14.[A] e xplain [B] s pread [C] remove15.[A]treatments [B] s ymptoms [C] d emands16.[A] Likewise [B] T herefore [C] M eanwhile17.[A] take [B] w atch [C] count18.[A] p rocess [B] w ellbeing [C] f ormation19.[A] love [B] level [C] knowledge20.[A] d esign [B] diet [C] p rescription [D] involved [D] alter[D] compensations [D] I nstead[D] change[D] coordination [D] space[D] routineSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text 1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year ’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI) measure o f i nflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to s ubsidise t he d aily c ommute o f a s tockbroker f rom Surrey? E qually, t here i s a s ense t hat t he travails o f c ommuters i n t he S outh E ast, m any o f w hom w ill f ace a mong t he biggest r ises, h ave received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the N orth.However, o ver t he p ast 12 m onths, t hose c ommuters h ave a lso e xperienced s ome o f t he w orst rail s trikes i n years.I t is a ll very w ell t rain o perators t rumpeting t he i mprovements t hey a re making t o t he n etwork, b utpassengers s hould b e a ble t o e xpect a b asic l evel o f s ervice f or the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for t he l atest w ave o f s trikes rests o n the u nions. H owever, t here i s a s trong c ase t hat t hose w ho h ave b een w orst a ffected b y industrial a ction s hould r eceive compensation f or t he d isruption t hey h ave s uffered.The G overnment h as p ledged t o c hange t he l aw t o i ntroduce a m inimum s ervice r equirement so t hat, e ven w hen strikes o ccur, s ervices c an c ontinue t o o perate. T his s hould f orm p art o f a w ider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment i s n eeded,b ut p assengers w ill n ot b e w illing t o p ay more i ndefinitely i f t hey m ust a lso endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off f or now, b ut i t w ill r eturn w ith a v engeance i f t he j ustified a nger o f p assengers i s n ot a ddressedin short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares .[A]has kept pace with inflation[B]remains an unreasonable m easure[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]will ease train operators’burden22.The s tockbroker i n P aragraph 2i s u sed t o s tand f or .[A]local investors[B]ordinary taxpayers[C]car drivers[D]rail travellers23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators .[A]have failed to provide an adequate service[B]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes[C]are offering compensations to commuters[D]are tying to repair relations with the unions24.If u nable t o c alm d own p assengers,t he r ailways m ay h ave t o f ace .[A]the loss of i nvestment[B]the collapse of o perations[C]a change of ownership[D]a reduction of r evenue25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t W ork[C]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t S ustainable[D]Can Nationalisation Bring H ope?Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed i n p ace. One r eason f or t he t urnaround m ay b e t he c ountry’s a ntipoverty p rogram.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under c ertain conditions, s uch a s r equiring p eople t o k eep k ids i n s chool o r g et r egular m edical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation a nd environmental p rotection a re o ften v iewed a s c onflicting g oals,s ays P aul F erraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area i n Mexico t hat h ad i nstituted C CTs,s upported t he t raditional view.T here,a s p eople g ot m ore money,s ome o f t hem m ay h ave m ore c leared l and f or c attle t o r aise f or m eat,F erraro s ays.Such p rograms d o n ot h ave t o n egatively a ffect t he e nvironment, t hough. F erraro w anted t o see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest a rea o f t ropical f orest i n t he world a nd o ne o f t he h ighest d eforestation r ates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated w ith a30 p ercent r eduction i n d eforestation, ” Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against i nclement weather, F erraro s ays. T ypically, i f r ains a re d elayed, p eople m ay c lear l and t o plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may t ransfer t o other p arts o f A sia, d ue t o c ommonalities s uch a s t he i mportance o f g rowing r ice and m arket a ccess. A nd r egardless o f transferability, t he s tudy s hows t hat w hat ’s g ood f or p eople may a lso b e g ood f or t he e nvironment. E ven i f t his p rogram didn ’t reduce poverty, Ferraro s ays, “the v alue o f t he a voided d eforestation j ust f or c arbon d ioxide e missions a lone i s m ore t han t he program costs.”26.According t o t he f irst t wo p aragraphs, C CT p rograms a im t o .[A]help poor families get better off[B]facilitate health care r eform[C]improve local education s ystems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The s tudy b ased o n a n a rea i n M exico i s c ited t o s how t hat .[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation[D]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers28.In h is s tudy a bout I ndonesia, F erraro i ntends t o f ind o ut .[A]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[B]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[C]the role of its forests in climate change[D]its acceptance level of CCTs29.According t o F erraro,t he C CT p rogram i n I ndonesia i s m ost v aluable i n t hat .[A]it can boost grain production[B]it can protect the e nvironment[C]it will reduce regional inequality[D]it will benefit other Asian countries30.What is the text centered on?[A]The process of a s tudy.[B]The transferability of a study.[C]The debates over a program.[D]The effects of a p rogram.Text 3As a h istorian w ho’s a lways s earching f or t he t ext o r t he i mage t hat m akes u s r e-evaluate t he past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what b etter w ay t o s hatter t he image o f 19th-century p rudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I s tarted p osting t hem o n T witter—they h ave b een c ausing q uite a s tir. People h ave been s urprised to s ee e vidence t hat V ictorians h ad f un a nd c ould,a nd d id,l augh.T hey a re n oting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of c ourse,I n eed t o c oncede t hat m y c ollection o f‘Smiling V ictorians’makes u p o nly a t iny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position o r a djusted t heir l imbs. T he t hought o f holding a f ixed g rin a s t he c amera p erformed i ts magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why V ictorians s till h esitated t o s mile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal o ur t eeth,”ran o ne p opular V ictorian s aying,a lluding t o t he f act t hat b efore t he birth of proper d entistry, mouths were o ften in a shocking state of h ygiene.A flashing set o f healthy a nd c lean,r egular‘pearly w hites’w as a r are s ight i n V ictorian s ociety,t he p reserve o f t he super-rich (and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s gum-exposing C heshire C at,b ut i t was n ot a b ecoming l ook f or p roperly b red p ersons.E ven M ark Twain,a m an w ho e njoyed a h earty l augh,s aid t hat when i t c ame t o p hotographic p ortraits t here could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According t o P aragraph1,t he a uthor’s p osts o n T witter .[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian s tudies[C]re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social s ensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their unhealthy dental c ondition.[D]Their distrust of new inventions.34.Mark T wain i s q uoted t o s how t hat t he d isapproval o f s miles i n p ictures w as .[A]a thought-provoking idea[B]a m isguided a ttitude[C]a c ontroversial v iew[D]a deep-rooted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]When did the Victorians start to view photography differently?[C]What m ade p hotography d evelop s lowly i n t he V ictorian p eriod?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian n orm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based c ompanies worried that the cable and phone companies s elling broadband c onnections h ad the p ower and incentive t o f avor a ffiliated w ebsites o ver their r ivals’.T hat’s w hy t here h as b een s uch a s trong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving t he f reedom a nd i nnovation t hat h ave b een t he l ifeblood o f t he i nternet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed i n a gain T uesday, b ut instead o f p roviding a b adly n eeded r esolution, i t o nly p rolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected thecommission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared t hat s tate a nd local g overnments c ouldn’t r egulate b roadband p roviders e ither.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such a s a broadband-providing c onglomerate l ike A T&T f avoring i ts o wn v ideo-streaming s ervice at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV . Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers t hat i mposed d ata c aps o n t heir r ivals’streaming s ervices b ut n ot t heir o wn.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological a nachronism.”In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The e ndless l egal b attles a nd b ack-and-forth a t t he F CC c ry o ut f or C ongress t o a ct.I t n eeds to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would .[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced w ith t he d emand f or n et n eutrality r ules, t he F CC .[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory s tance[C]has issued a special r esolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A]It protects against unfair competition.[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC’s investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision .[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is a t o dds w ith i ts e arlier r ulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules n eed t o b e s et t o d iversify o nline s ervices.[D]Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose t he m ost suitable o ne f rom t he l ist A-G t o f it i nto e ach o f t he n umbered b lanks. T here a re two e xtra c hoices, w hich d o n ot fit i n a ny o f t he b lanks. M ark y our a nswers o n t he A NSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business，we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs，but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom m ass u nemployment p redictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments t hat show that, naturally, t he results of interviews a re much m ore b iased t han w hat A I d oes, ”says P edro D omingos, a uthor o f The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “(41) ” One c ompany t hat ’s d oing t his i s c alled B lendoor. I t u ses a nalytics t o h elp i dentify w here t here may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome A I s oftware c an a nalyze a nd o ptimize m arketing e mail s ubject l ines t o i ncrease o pen rates. O ne c ompany in t he U K, P hrasee, c laims t heir s oftware c an o utperform h umans b y u p t o 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42)These a re “tools t hat h elp p eople u se d ata, n ot a r eplacement f or p eople,”says P atrick H. W inston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down o n t he c ost o f e lectricity. Insurance c ompanies, m eanwhile, c an b ase t heir p remiums o n A I models t hat m ore a ccurately a ccess r isk. D omingos says, “(43) ”Improved accuracy“Machine l earning o ften p rovides a m ore r eliable f orm o f s tatistics, w hich m akes d ata m ore valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA n umber o f c ompanies,p articularly i n e nergy a nd t ransportation,u se A I i mage p rocessing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they f ail first and then you fix them, i t’s very expensive,”says Domingos. “(45) ”[A]AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you ’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevantsources a nd i nformation t hat o therwise y ou j ust w ouldn’t h ave t ime f or.[B]There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance acrossmultiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[C]One a ccounting f irm, E Y, u ses a n A I s ystem t hat h elps r eview c ontracts d uring a n a udit. T his process, a longwith e mployees r eviewing t he c ontracts, i s f aster a nd m ore a ccurate.[D]You w ant to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go t o.[E]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish somethingbeyond human s cale.[F]Before, t hey m ight n ot i nsure t he o nes w ho f elt l ike a h igh r isk o r c harge t hem t oo m uch,o r they w ould c harge t hemtoo l ittle a nd t hen i t w ould c ost t he c ompany m oney.[G]AI looks at ré sumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promisingcandidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World W ar I I w as t he w atershed e vent f or h igher e ducation i n m odern W estern s ocieties. (46) Those s ocieties came o ut o f t he w ar w ith l evels o f e nrollment t hat h ad b een r oughly c onstant a t3-5%o f t he r elevant a ge g roups d uring t he d ecades b efore t he w ar.B ut a fter t he w ar,g reat s ocial and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary s chool e ducation. (47) A nd t he d emand t hat r ose i n those s ocieties f or e ntry t o h igher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these i n t urn have g iven r ise t o d ifferent s ets o f p roblems.T here w as f irst t he rate o f g row:t(h48)in many countries of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the p roportion o f t he r elevant a ge g roup enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, a nd a bove a ll o f socialization. W hen a f aculty o r d epartment g rows f rom, s ay, f ive to 20 m embers w ithin t hree o r f our y ears, (49) a nd when t he n ew s taff a re p redominantly y oung men a nd w omen f resh f rom p ostgraduate s tudy, t hey l argely d efine t he norms o f a cademic l ife i n that f aculty. A nd i f t he p ostgraduate s tudent p opulation a lso g rows r apidly a nd t here i s l oss o f a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual a nd a cademic l ife o f t he institution —this w as s een i n A merica a s w ell a s i n F rance, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted i nto a c ommunity o f s cholars d uring p eriods o f s tability o r s low g rowth. I n t he 1960s a nd 1970s, E uropean u niversities s aw marked c hanges i n their g overnance a rrangements, w ith t he empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:A f oreign f riend o f yours h as r ecently g raduated f rom c ollege a nd i ntends t o f ind a j ob i n China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write a n e ssay o f 160-200 w ords b ased o n t he p icture b elow. I n y our e ssay, y ou s hould1)describe the picture b riefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,a nd3)give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021 年试题答案速查表Section I Use of English (10 points)1. D2. A3. B4. C5. B6. B7. D8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. BSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points) Text121. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. CText 226. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. DText 331. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. AText 436. C 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. APart B (10 points)41. G 42. B 43. F 44. C 45. DPart C (10 points)46.这些经历了二战的国家，战前数十年适龄人口的高校入学率一直维持在3%至5%左右。

考研英语二真题及答案考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) foreach numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWERSHEET.(10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a futurewithout work .Today is no different, with academics,writers, and activists once again 1 that technology bereplacing human workers. Some imagine that the ing work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people willown all the capital, and the masses will struggle in animpoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that thefuture will be a wasteland of a different sort, one 4 bypurposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives 5 ,people will simply beelazy and depresse d. 6 , today’sunemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. OneGallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who havebeen unemployed for at least a year report havingdepression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, someresearch suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality,mental-health problems, and addicting 9 poorly-educatedmiddle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhapsthis is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a joblessfuture.But it doesn’t 11 followfrom findings like these tha ta world without work would be filled with unease. Suchvisions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in asociety built on the concept of employment. In the 13 ofwork, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14strikingly different circumstanced for the future of laborand leisure. Today, the 15 of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a wasteof human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at theNational University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 formost workers, people use their free time to counterbalancethe intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I ehome from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,” Danahersays, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to wo rk,I might feel ratherdifferent”—perhaps different enoughto throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with theintensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring【答案】[C] warning2.[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability[D]uncertainty【谜底】[A] inequality3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction【答案】[D] prediction4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured【答案】[A] characterized5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom【谜底】[B] meaning6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless【谜底】[B] Indeed7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated【谜底】[C] working8.[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] pensation [D]substitute【答案】[A] explanation9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among【答案】[D] among10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] setaside【答案】[C] worry about11.[A] statistically [B] oasionally [C] necessarily[D]economically【谜底】[C] necessarily12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D]principles【答案】[B] downsides13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course【谜底】[A] absence14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield【答案】[D] yield15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship【谜底】[C] virtue16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce【答案】[D] scarce17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats【谜底】[A] demands18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved【谜底】[B] tired19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into【答案】[D] into20.[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational[D] interpersonal【谜底】[B] professionalSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000runners set off to run 5km around their local park. TheParkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and hasinspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events arefree, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners rangefrom four years old tograndparents; their times range fromAndrew Baddeley’s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up toan hour.Parkrun is sueeding where London’s Olympic “legacy”is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced thatthe Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planningdocuments pledged that the great legacy of the Games wouldbe to level a nation of sport lovers away from theircouches. The population would be fitter, healthier andproduce more winners. It has not happened. The number ofadults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million inthe run—up to xx—but the general population was growingfaster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an aeleratingrate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing atleast two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesityhas risen among adults and children. Officialretrospections continue as to why London xx failed to“inspire a generation.” The suess of Parkrun offersanswers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your onlypetitor is the clock. The ethos weles anybody. There is asmuch joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped overthe line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympicbidders, by contrast, wanted to getmore people doingsports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim wasmixed up: The stress on suess over taking part was intimidating for newers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the stategetting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally“grassroots”, concept as munity sports associations. Ifthere is a role for government, it should really be gettinginvolved in providing mon goods—making sure there is spacefor playing fields and the money to pave tennis and ballcourts, and encouraging the provision of all theseactivities in schools. But suessive governments havepresided over selling green spaces, squeezing money fromlocal authorities and declining attention on sport ineducation. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, futuregovernments need to do more to provide the conditions forsport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. Aording to Paragraph1, Parkrun has .[A] gained great popularity[B] created many jobs[C] strengthened munity ties[D] bee an official festival【谜底】[A] gained great popularity22. The author believes tha t London’sOlympic“legacy” has failed to .[A] boost population growth[B] promote sport participation[C] improve the city’s image[D] increase sport hours in schools【答案】[B] promote sport participation23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it .[A] aims at discovering talents[B] focuses on mass petition[C] does not emphasize elitism[D] does not attract first-timers【答案】[C] does not emphasize elitism24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds thatgovernments should .[A] organize “grassroots” sports events[B] supervise local sports associations[C] increase funds for sports clubs[D] invest in public sports facilities【谜底】[D] invest in public sports facilities25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments havedone for sports is .[A] tolerant[B] critical[C] uncertain[D] sympathetic【谜底】[B] critical。

2023英语二试题及答案Use of EnglishHere’s a common scenario that any number of entreprenuers face today:you’re the CEO of a small business and though you're making a nice1,you need to find a way to take it to the next lev el.what you need to do is2growth by establishing a growth team.A growth team is made up of m embers from different departments within your company,and it harnesses the power of collaborati on to focus3on finding ways to grow.Let's look at a real-world 4.Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had50employees.Working in the5departments of engineering, marketing and product development.This brought them good results until2012,when their growt h plateaued.The6was that too many customers were using the basic,free version of their product. And7improvements to the premium,paid version,few people were making the upgrade.Things changed,8,when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard,9a growth team and sparked the kind of10perspective they needed.By loo king at engineering issues from a marketing point of view,it became clear that the11of upgrades wasn't due to a quality issue.Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and w hat it offered.Armed with this12,the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently13the premium version to users of the free version.14,upgrades skyrocketed,and revenue increased by92percent.But in order for your growth,team to succeed,it needs to a have a strong leader.It needs someone who can15the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.This leader will16_the target area,set clear goals and establish a time frame for the17of these goals.This growth leader is also18for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractons.19attractive,new ideas can be distracting,the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t20the current goal and need to de put on the back burner.1.A.purchase B.profit C.connection D.bet2.A.define B.predict C.prioritize D.appreciate3.A.exclusively B.temporarily C.potentially D.initially4.A.experiment B.proposal C.debate D.example5.A.identical B.marginal C.provisional D.traditional6.A.rumor B.secret C.myth D.problem7.A.despite B.unlike C.through D.besides8.A.moreover B.however C.therefore D.again9.A.inspected B.created C.expanded D.reformed10.A.cultural B.objective C.fresh D.personal11.A.end B.burden ck D.decrease12.A.policy B.suggestion C.purpose D.insight13.A.contributing B.allocating C.promoting D.transferring14.A.As a result B.At any rate C.By the way D.In a sense15.A.unite B.finance C.follow D.choose16.A.share B.identify C.divide D.broaden17.A.announcement B.assessment C.adjustment D.accomplishment18.A.famous B.responsible C.available D.respectable19.A.Before B.Once C.while D.Unless20.A.serve B.limit C.summarize D.alterText1In the quest for the perfect lawns,homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut--and it is the environment that is paying the price.About eight million square meters of plastic grass is sold each year but oppositions has now spread to the highest gardening circles.The Chelsen Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event,declaiming it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society(RHS),which norms the annual show in west London,says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.Ed Horne of the RHS said:we launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic.We recommend using real grass because of its environment benefits,which include supporting wildlife,alleviating flooding and cooling the environment.The RHS’s decision comes as compaginers try to raise awareness of the problem fake grass cause.A Twitter account,which claims to“cut through the greenwash”of artificial grass,already has more than20,000followers.It is trying to encourage people to sigh two petitions,one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an“ecological damage”tax on such lawns.They have gathered7,276and11,282signatures.However,supporters of fake grass point out that there’s also an environmental impact with natural lawns,which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol.The industry also points out that real grass require considerable amounts of water,weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more.The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend on average of£500trees or shrouds for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.21.The RHS thinks that plastic grassA.is harmful to the environment.B.is a hot topic in gardening circlesC.is overpraised in the annual showD.is ruining the view of west London22.The petitions mentioned in Paragraph3reveal the campaigners'A disappointment with the RHS.B resistance to fake grass use.C.anger over the proposed tax.D.concern about real grass supply23.In Paragroph4.,supporters of fake grass point outA.the necessity to lower the costs of fake grassB.the disadvantage of growing real grass.C.the way to take care of artificial lawnsD the challenges of insect habitat protection24.what would the govenment do with regard to artifical grass?A Urge legislation to restrict its use.B Take measures to guarantee its qualityC Remind its users to obey existing rulesD.Replace it with sustainable alternatives25It can be learned from the text that fake grassA.is being improved continouslyB.has seen a market share docline.C.is becoming increasingly affordabeD has been a controversial product.Text2It's easy to dismiss as absurd the federal government's ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks.Can anyone really think it's a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?But the govemment is right about one thing:U.S.national parks are in crisis.Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than$12bllion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be a crue-all.Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog,and businesses in the parks hand over,on average,only about5%of their revenues to the National Park Service.Moreover,increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300million visitors come to the parks each year:to enjoy nature and get a break from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding.An economic survey of700U.S.taxpayers foundthat people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact.Some81%ofrespondentsaid they would be willing to pay addítional taxes for the next10years to avoid anycuts to the national parks.The natiopal parks provide greaf yaluejto U.S.residents both as places to escape and assymbols of nature.On top of this,they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration,their contribution to our cultural and artistic life,and of course through tourism.The parks also help keep America's past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites and to bring the stories of these places to life.The parks do all this on a shoestring.Congress allocates only3bilion a year to the national park system—an amount that has been flat since2001(in inflation-adusted dollars)with the exception of a onetime boost in2009.Meanwhile,the number of annual visitors has increased more than50%since1980,and now stands at330million visitors per year.26.What problem are US national parks faced with?A.Decline of business profitsB.Inadequate commercializationck of transportation servicesD.Poorly maintained infrastructure答案选D27.Increased privatization of the campgrounds may___A.spoil visitor experienceB.help preserve natureC.bring operational pressureD.boost visits to parks答案选A28.According to paragraph5,most respondents in the survey would___.A.go to national parks on a regular basis.B.advocate a bigger budget for the national parks.C.agree to pay extra for the national parks.D.support the national parks’recent reforms.答案选C29.The national parks are valuable in that theyA.lead the way in tourismB.have historical significanceC.sponsor research on climateD.provide an income for the locals.答案B30.It can be concluded from the text that the national park system_____A.is able to cope with staff shortagesB.is able to meet visitors’demandsC.is in need of a new pricing policyD.is in need of a funding increase.答案DText3The Internet may be changing merely what we remember,not our capacity todo so,suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow.In2011,Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record40factoids in a computer("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain,"for example).Half of the participants were told the information would be erased,while the other half were told it would be saved.Guess what?The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later,because they knew they could find it on their computers.In the same study,a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in.They didn't remember the information,but they remembered how to find the folders.In other words,human memory is not deteriorating but"adapting to new communications technology,"Sparrow says.In a very practical way,the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories,a process known as"cognitive offloading."Traditionally,this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries,and other humans.Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance.Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society but Sparrow sees an upside.Perhaps,she suggests,the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking-something that is not available on the Internet.“I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things,"Sparrow says,adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.Still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains.There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus,for instance,wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J.Simons.And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a2008study involving24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California,Los Angeles."There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet,but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,"observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm."It seems pretty clear that memory is changing,but is it changing for the better? At this point,we don't know."31.Sparrow’s study shows that with the Internet,the human brain willA.analyze information in detailB.collect information efficientlyC.switch its focus of memoryD.extend its memory duration32.The process of“cognitive offloading”A.helps us identify false informationB.keeps our memory from failingC.enables us to classify trivial factsD.lessens our memory burdens33.Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?A.It may reform our learning approachB.It may impact our society negativelyC.It may enhance our adaptability to technologyD.It may interfere with our conceptual thinking34.It is indicated in Para3that how the Internet affects our brains?A.requires further academic researchB.is most studies in older adultsC.is reflected in our reading speedD.depends on our web-surfing habits35.Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree thatA.our reliance on the Internet will be costlyB.the Internet is weakening our memoryC.memory exercise is a must for our brainD.our ability to focus declines with ageText4Teenagers are paradoxical.That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language.But the paradox is scientific as well as personal.In adolescence,helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time,once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.A new study published in the journal Child Development by Eveline Crone of the University of Lerden and colleagues,suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hard.The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence.For a long time, scientists and policy markers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem needed to be solved.The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.The researchers studied"prosocial"and rebellious traits in more than200child and young adults,ranging from11to28years old.The participants filled out questions about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive,like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend or rebellious and negative,like getting drunk or staying out late.Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increased as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older.But the new study shows that,interestingly,the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior.Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like selfishly help a friend.Most significantly,there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others.The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenager behavior is related to what researchers call”reward sensitivity." Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks,benefits and costs“Reward sensitivity”'measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards-winning the game,impressing a new friend,getting that boy to notice you.Reward sensitivity,like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age.Somehow,when you hit30,the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the conch.36.According to Paragraph1,children growing into adolescence tend to AA.develop opposite personality traitsB.see the world in an unreasonable wayC.have fond memories of their pastD.show attention for their parents37.It can be learned form Paragraph2that Crone’s study CA.explores teenagers’social responsibilitiesB.examines teenagers’emotional problemsC.provides a new insight into adolescenceD.highlights negative adolescent behavior38.What does Crone’s study find about prosocial behavior D?A.It results from the wish to cooperateB.It is cultivated through educationC.It is subject to family influenceD.It tends to peak in adolescence39.It can be learned from the last two paragraph that teenagers B.A.overstress their influence on othersB.care a lot about social recognitionC.become anxious about their futureD.endeavor to live a joyful life40.what is the text mainly about?AA.why teenagers are self-contradictoryB.why teenagers are risk-sensitiveC.How teenagers develop prosocialityD.How teenagers become independentPart BNew building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes,as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.The rules,which came into effect on Wednesday in England,are part of government plans to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions to net zero by2050.They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating,and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years,and industryexperts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already driving up bills.Brian Berry,chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders,a trade group for small and medium-sized builders,says the measures will require new materials,testing methods,products and systems to be installed.“All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high.Inevitably,consumers will have to pay more,”he says.Gareth Belsham,of surveyors Naismiths,says people who are upgrading,or extending their home,will be directly affected.“The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,”he says.“There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions,and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”The changes could mean an extra£3,000added to the bill of an average home extension, according to Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers,a group of professionals aimed at raising construction standards.Homeowners extending may see the amount of space they have decrease,as walls will have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better insulation.Andrew Mellor,of PRP architects,says external walls will need to be about7cm thicker than previously.Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards,while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.Thomas Goodman,of MyJobQuote,a site which sources quotes,says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.“Glazing on windows,doors and rooflights must cover no more than25%of the floor area to prevent heat loss,”he says.As properties become more airtight,there are also measures to ensure proper airflow,such as having small openings(trickle vents)on windows that allow ventilation when a window is closed.For people extending their homes,they may be required to install a new,or replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build,says Belsham.These will have to use lower temperature water to deliver the same heat,which will require increased insulation of pipes.“We’ll see more insulation,better lighting design and restrictions on the amount of glass used in some areas.But with more thermal-efficient homes can come the risk of overheating due to solar gain,and so ventilation is also covered,”says Rolande.“As a result,double-glazed windows will require trickle vents to let heat escape and also to provide fresh air for health reasons and,of course,to reduce the risk of condensation build up in an ever-more airtight property.”As the rules came into effect last Wednesday,property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline,according to Belsham.Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules,and can go ahead as long as work starts before15June next year.Builders which have costed projects,but have not filed the paperwork,may need to go back and submit fresh estimates,says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator,which prices projects.As the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient,they will eventually drive down heating bills.But in the short-term homeowners are likely to face higher costs for work.Materials prices are already up25%in the last two years,according to figures from theConstruction Products Association.How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear.“While admirable in their intentions,they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,”says Rolande.“An average extension will probably see around£3,000additional cost thanks to the new regs.”John Kelly,a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm,believes prices will eventually come down.But not in the immediate future.“As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements,and the technologies that support them,the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down,but in the short term,we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,”he says.However,the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes,adds Mellor.“Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment,but they will have that benefit over time.”In the future,there will be increased competition between companies to supply insulation technology,says Belsham,which should result in lower prices.Failing to follow building regulations could result in prosecution.Local authorities have the power to serve an enforcement notice forcing the owner to alter,or remove,the contravening work.The measures are part of government plans to reduce carbon emissions as part of its bid to make the UK net zero st week’s rule changes apply to England.Scotland and Wales brought in similar changes recently.A.The rise of house price is a temporary matter.B.Builders possibly need to submit new estimates of their projects.C.There will be specific limit on home extensions to prevent heat loss.D.D.The new rules will take home prices to an even higher level.E.Many people feel that home prices are already beyond what they can afford.F.The new rules will affect people whose home extensions include new windows anddoors.G.The rule changes will benefit homeowners eventually.41.Brian Berry42.Gareth Belsham43.Marcus Jefford44.John Kelly45.Andrew Mellor46.41-45答案：D FBAGTranslationIn the late18th century,William Wordsworth became famous for his poem about nature.And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism,which celebrated the wonders of natural world.Poetry is powerful.Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader,transport them to anotherworld and make them see things differently.Through carefully selected words and phrases,poems can be dramatic,funny,moving and inspiring.No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years,even before people could write.It was a way to tell stories and pass down history.It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud.Poems really come to life when they are cited.This can also help with understanding them too,because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.18世纪晚期，威廉·华兹华斯因其关于自然的诗而闻名。