北师大教育学考博测试试题

2023首都师范大学教育博士英语考试真题全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇12023 Capital Normal University Education Doctoral English ExamHi everyone, today I want to share with you the English exam questions for the 2023 Capital Normal University Education Doctoral program. Are you excited? Let's dive right in!Question 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below:"Education is the key to unlocking our potential and shaping our future. It is the foundation upon which our society is built, and it is essential for personal growth and success. By investing in education, we invest in ourselves and in the generations to come. Education is a powerful tool that can change the world for the better."1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. Why is education important for society?3. How can education impact the world?Question 2: WritingWrite a short essay (300 words) on the importance of lifelong learning in today's fast-paced world. Include examples to support your argument.Question 3: SpeakingPrepare a 5-minute presentation on the topic of technology in education. Discuss how technology can enhance the learning experience and address any potential challenges.Wow, those are some challenging questions! But I know you can do it. Just remember to stay calm, take your time, and do your best. Good luck, everyone!篇2Oh my gosh, guys! I just took the 2023 Education Doctoral English exam at Capital Normal University and let me tell you, it was a wild ride! The questions were so tough, I thought my brain was going to explode. But don't worry, I got you covered with all the deets.First off, we had to write an essay on the importance of technology in education. I talked about how cool it is that we canuse computers and tablets to learn stuff, but also how we need to be careful not to get addicted to screens. It was pretty easy to write about because I use technology all the time for schoolwork and games.Next up was a listening section where we had to listen to a bunch of people talking about their favorite teachers. It was so cute to hear all the stories about how these teachers changed their lives. I even got a little teary-eyed, not gonna lie.Then came the grammar part, where we had to fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense. I was a little shaky on this one because verb tenses are tricky, but I think I did okay. Fingers crossed!Overall, I think the exam was tough but fair. It really made me think about how important education is and how lucky we are to have such awesome teachers. Can't wait to see my results and hopefully become a Dr. Smarty-pants someday!篇3As a primary school student, I will try my best to write a long passage about the 2023 Capital Normal University Doctoral English Exam. Let me think...Once upon a time, there was a big test called the Capital Normal University Doctoral English Exam in 2023. It was a very important test for all the students who wanted to become doctors of education. The test had many questions about reading, writing, listening, and speaking in English.I heard from my big brother that the reading section was very difficult because it had long passages and tricky questions. But some students said that if you just read carefully and paid attention to the details, you could do well.The writing section was also a challenge because you had to write essays on different topics. Some students practiced a lot before the exam so they could write quickly and clearly.For the listening section, students had to listen to conversations and lectures in English and answer questions about them. It was important to focus and not get distracted by any noise in the room.Lastly, the speaking section was the most nerve-wracking for many students. They had to talk about different topics in English and answer questions from the examiners. It was important to speak clearly and confidently.In the end, all the students worked hard and did their best in the exam. They were all hoping to pass and become doctors of education. And they all lived happily ever after... or at least until the results came out!篇4Hello everyone, I want to share with you the questions from the 2023 Capital Normal University Doctoral English Exam.Question 1: Please write an essay on the importance of education in today's society. Make sure to include examples to support your argument.Question 2: Discuss the role of technology in the classroom. How can technology enhance the learning experience for students?Question 3: What are the key qualities of a good teacher? How can teachers continue to improve their skills and effectiveness in the classroom?Question 4: Describe a successful teaching experience you have had and explain why it was successful. What strategies did you use to engage students and promote learning?Question 5: How can educators address the challenges of diversity in the classroom? What strategies can be used to create an inclusive and supportive learning environment for all students?I hope you find these questions helpful in preparing for the exam. Good luck to everyone taking the test!篇5Title: My Adventures at the 2023 Capital Normal University Doctoral English ExamHi everyone! Today I want to tell you all about my experience taking the 2023 Capital Normal University Doctoral English Exam. It was super exciting and a little bit scary, but I had so much fun!The exam started bright and early in the morning. I woke up extra early to make sure I had enough time to eat breakfast and review my notes. I was feeling a little nervous, but also really excited to show off all the English words I had been practicing.When I got to the exam room, there were so many other kids there, all looking just as nervous as me. The exam proctor handed out the test papers and we all got started. The firstsection was all about reading comprehension. I had to read a bunch of short stories and answer questions about them. Some of the questions were tricky, but I tried my best to use my reading skills to find the right answers.Next up was the writing section. I had to write an essay about my favorite book and explain why I loved it so much. I chose to write about "Harry Potter" because it's my absolute favorite! I wrote about all the magic and adventure in the book, and how it always makes me feel happy when I read it.After the writing section, there was a listening part where we had to listen to a tape of people speaking in English and answer questions about what they said. It was a little hard to understand at first, but I listened really carefully and managed to get most of the answers right.Finally, there was a speaking section where I had to talk about a topic for two minutes. I chose to talk about my family and all the fun things we do together. I was a little nervous about speaking in front of everyone, but I just pretended like I was talking to my friends and it went really well.Overall, the exam was challenging but also a lot of fun. I learned so much and had a great time showing off all the English skills I've been working on. I can't wait to find out my score andsee how I did. Maybe one day I'll even be a real English doctor, just like the grown-ups!篇6Hey guys, do you know what happened on the 2023 Capital Normal University Doctor of Education English exam? Well, let me tell you all about it!So, the exam had a lot of different parts to it. First, there was a listening section where we had to listen to different conversations and answer questions about them. Some of the questions were easy, but some were really tricky!Next, there was a reading section where we had to read passages and answer questions about them. Some of the passages were about education theories, while others were about different teaching methods. It was definitely challenging!After that, there was a writing section where we had to write an essay about our thoughts on the future of education. We had to come up with our own ideas and support them with examples. It was a lot of work, but also a lot of fun!Overall, the exam was tough, but I think I did pretty well. I studied really hard and tried my best, so I'm feeling pretty confident.I can't wait to find out how I did on the exam. I hope I passed and can continue on my journey to becoming a doctor of education!篇72023 Capital Normal University Doctor of Education English ExamHey everyone! Today I want to share with you the questions from the 2023 Capital Normal University Doctor of Education English exam. It was a tough one, but I think I did pretty well. Let me tell you about the questions and how I answered them.The first question was about educational leadership. They asked us to write about the qualities of a good educational leader and how they can inspire others. I wrote about how a good leader should be empathetic, able to communicate effectively, and have a vision for the future. I also mentioned how they can inspire others by setting a good example and motivating their team.The second question was about educational technology. They wanted us to discuss the impact of technology on education and how it can be used to enhance learning. I talked about how technology can make learning more interactive and engaging, and how it can provide access to a wealth of information. I also mentioned the importance of teaching students how to use technology responsibly.The last question was about educational research. They asked us to choose a topic related to education and write a research proposal. I decided to focus on the benefits of project-based learning in the classroom. I outlined my research questions, methodology, and expected outcomes.Overall, I think I did a pretty good job on the exam. It was challenging, but I feel like I was able to showcase my knowledge and skills. I can't wait to see how I did and hopefully, I'll be one step closer to earning my doctorate in education. Wish me luck!篇8Title: My Experience in the 2023 Capital Normal University Education Doctoral English ExamHi everyone! Today I want to share with you my experience in the 2023 Capital Normal University Education Doctoral EnglishExam. It was a really big event for me, and I was so nervous before the exam started.The exam was divided into three parts: listening, reading comprehension, and writing. The listening part was the first one, and it was quite challenging for me. The speakers spoke very fast, and sometimes I found it hard to catch all the words. But I tried my best to focus and understand the questions.Next came the reading comprehension part. There were three passages, and we had to answer multiple-choice questions based on what we read. Some of the questions were tricky, but I managed to answer most of them correctly. I was really proud of myself!Finally, it was time for the writing part. We had to write an essay on a given topic within a limited time. I chose to write about the importance of education in today's society. I talked about how education can help people achieve their goals and make the world a better place.Overall, the exam was tough, but I enjoyed the challenge. I learned a lot from the experience, and I hope to do even better next time. Studying for the exam was hard work, but it was worth it in the end. I can't wait to see my results and hopefully becomea future education doctorate student at Capital Normal University!篇9Hey guys, guess what? I just took the Education Doctoral English exam at Capital Normal University in 2023, and I want to share all about it with you. It was super fun and interesting!The exam had three parts: listening, reading, and writing. In the listening part, we had to listen to a teacher talking about different educational theories and answer questions about them. It was a bit challenging, but I think I did pretty well.Next, we had the reading section where we had to read some passages about education policies and practices around the world. We had to answer questions about the main ideas and details in the passages. It was really cool to learn about different education systems in other countries.Finally, we had the writing part where we had to write an essay about our own thoughts on the future of education. I talked about how technology is changing the way we learn and how important it is for teachers to adapt to these changes.Overall, I had a great time taking the exam. It was a bit nerve-wracking at first, but once I got into it, I felt confident and I think I did a good job. I can't wait to see how I did when the results come out!So, if you're thinking about taking the Education Doctoral English exam at Capital Normal University, don't worry too much. Just relax, study hard, and give it your best shot. Who knows, you might even have as much fun as I did!篇10Title: My Experience Taking the 2023 Capital Normal University Education PhD English ExamHey guys, guess what? I recently took the 2023 Capital Normal University Education PhD English exam, and it was quite an experience! Let me tell you all about it.First of all, the exam was held at the campus of Capital Normal University. The exam room was huge, with rows and rows of desks and chairs. There were also a lot of nervous-looking people milling about, all of us clutching our pencils and erasers.The exam itself was divided into different sections. The first section was a multiple-choice test, where we had to choose thecorrect answer from a list of options. This part was a bit tricky, as some of the questions were really tough. But I did my best and crossed my fingers.Next up was the writing section. We had to write an essay on a given topic, and let me tell you, that was a challenge! I had to rack my brains for ideas and make sure my grammar and spelling were spot on. But I love writing, so I gave it my all.After that, we had a listening comprehension section. We had to listen to a recording and answer questions based on what we heard. This part was super fun, as I got to listen to different accents and voices.Lastly, there was a speaking test. We had to talk about a topic for a few minutes and answer some questions from the examiner. I was a bit nervous at first, but then I just pretended I was chatting with a friend, and it went great.Overall, the exam was challenging but also really fun. I pushed myself to do my best and learned a lot in the process. I can't wait to see how I did and hopefully pass with flying colors!And that's my experience taking the 2023 Capital Normal University Education PhD English exam. Wish me luck, guys!。

北京师范大学2023年博士研究生入学考试皮
肤科真题
皮肤科真题
一、简答题（每题10分）
1. 请简述真皮和表皮的组织结构，并指出它们各自的主要功能。

2. 介绍一下常见的皮肤感染病，包括病因、临床表现以及治疗方法。

3. 皮肤癌是常见的恶性肿瘤，请简要介绍不同类型的皮肤癌及其特点。

4. 解释皮肤病痒的机制，并列举常用的止痒治疗方法。

5. 银屑病是一种常见的慢性皮肤疾病，请简述其病因、病理生理学
特点以及治疗方法。

二、论述题（每题30分）
1. 请详细描述接触性皮炎的发病机制，并探讨其诊断和治疗方法。

2. 介绍成人痤疮的病因、发病机制以及治疗原则。

3. 详细讨论湿疹的分类、临床表现和治疗原则。

三、临床案例分析（每题20分）
1. 患者，男性，35岁，主诉全身出现红色皮疹和瘙痒，常发作于夜间。

体格检查发现皮疹多呈圆形或椭圆形，边缘清楚，中央有明显红
斑。

根据患者的症状和体征，请给出您的初步诊断和诊断依据，并提出治疗建议。

2. 患者，女性，28岁，主诉面部出现红色丘疹，丘疹表面有鳞屑。

患者同时存在关节疼痛和红肿。

根据患者的症状和体征，请给出您的初步诊断和诊断依据，并提出治疗建议。

以上是北京师范大学2023年博士研究生入学考试皮肤科真题，希望对您的学习和备考有所帮助。

祝您考试顺利！。

北京师范大学2023年博士研究生入学考试教育学真题2023年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试教育学真题回顾2023年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试教育学真题已经发布，本文将对此次考试的主要内容进行回顾和分析。

考生们可以通过本文了解考试的难度和重点，为备考提供参考。

一、综合理论题2023年教育学真题的综合理论题主要包括教育学基本理论、教育学研究方法和教育管理三个部分。

教育学基本理论部分涉及到教育学的基本概念、理论体系以及相关的学说。

考生需要掌握教育学的各个学派，如行为主义、认知主义、社会学派等，并能够较好地理解和运用这些理论。

教育学研究方法部分主要考察考生对教育学研究方法的掌握程度。

考生需要熟悉常见的研究方法，如问卷调查、实验研究、案例分析等，并能够根据具体问题合理选择适用的研究方法。

教育管理部分重点关注教育管理的基本理论和实践。

考生需要了解教育管理的各个方面，如组织管理、人力资源管理以及教育政策与改革等，并能够运用理论指导实践。

二、专业知识与应用题专业知识与应用题主要考察考生对教育学专业知识的掌握和应用能力。

在这一部分，考生需要详细了解教育学的各个领域，如教育心理学、学科教育学、教育经济学等，并能够将这些知识应用到具体的问题中。

考试还会针对教育实践中的热点问题进行论述，要求考生对教育问题进行思考并给出自己的分析和见解。

三、论文写作题论文写作题是教育学考试的重点和难点，也是是否具备深入研究教育问题的能力的关键。

在论文写作题中，考生需要选择一个具体的教育问题，进行深入研究，并撰写一篇学术论文。

题目可以涉及教育实践中的问题，或者对某一教育理论进行批判性分析等。

考生在论文写作中需要清晰地提出问题、进行文献综述、运用科学研究方法进行实证分析，并得出自己的结论和建议。

总结：2023年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试教育学真题对考生的综合能力有着很高的要求，既需要掌握教育学的基本理论和方法，也需要具备研究和写作的能力。

西北师大教育学博士考试真题(回忆版)
-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
西北师大教育学博士考试试题
一、夸美纽斯《大教学论》、赫尔巴特《普通教育学》，再论两三本中国教育家的教育学，就教材内容、逻辑结构的异同论述。

二、中国二十世纪八十年代，教育本质理论的观点论述
1、教育是上层建筑
2、教育是生产力
3、教育具有上层建筑和生产力的双重属性
4、教育是一种综合性的社会实践活动
5、教育是促进社会化的过程
6、教育是培养人的社会活动
三、结合教育和文化的关系，论述多元文化对道德教育的关系（一）教育和文化的关系
（二）多元文化与道德教育
1、多元文化的定义
在一个集团群体、社会共同体、区域联合体等系统中共存的且有一定联系的诸种文化。

核心原则是所有文化都应得到尊重，承认文化的多样性和差异性，并对其持有的一种宽容的态度。

2、多元文化与教育
促进了教育观念和思维方式的改革
促进了教育民主的发展
促进了教育模式的多元
推进了教育的不断变革
四、浅析中国几种教育公平理论的特点和区别。

2019年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题I. Listening Comprehension (15 points)Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.A. He is in a drug store.B. He is at a department store.C. He is at home.D. He is at his doctor's office.2.A. I missed in3' train because you stopped me.B. You made me forget what I was savingC. You looked so deep in thought that I didn't want to bother you.D. You told me never to interrupt you.3.A Sally drove back and forth to work twice todayB. Sally took long time to do her work.C. Sally took her lunch with her to work.D. Sally usually gets to work in much less time.4.A. If you audit a course, you don't have to take the tests.B. You have to take a test if you want to add another course.C. Of course you need to buy some textbooks.D. It is not necessary to order a textbook.5.A. The speaker's salary is $250.B. The speaker's salary is $1000.C. The speaker's salary is $1100.D. The speaker's salary is $ 275.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6.A. Clean up her roomB. Get her report back.C. Not wait for him past noon.D. Not worry about her raincoat.7.A. It was probably Mr. Brown's phone number that the woman wrote down.B. it was just an hour ago that the man met Mr. Brown.C. The woman forgot to write down the phone number.D. The woman needed a sheet of paper to put down the number.8.A. Someone who is in charge of hunting.B. A boss of a company.C. A job-seeking advisor.D. Someone who is in charge of looking for talents for a company.9.A. The woman is not careful at all this time.B. No matter how careful one can be, it is not enoughC. The woman is most careful this time.D. The woman has never been careful.10.A. Tom stayed in a room on the second floor for an hour.B. Nobody but the woman noticed that Tom was absent.C. Tom was absent when the discussion was held. "~D. Tom stayed in Room 302 for an hour.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear an interview. Look at the five statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is true or false while you are listening to the interview. If you think the answer is true, mark A, if you think the answer is false, mark B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. Xiangzhen has lived in the United States since she was ten years old.12. In Korea, the American gesture for "come" is used to call dogs.13. When talking to an older person or someone with a higher social position, Koreans traditionally look at the person's feet.14. Between males and females, direct eye contact is a sign of attraction,15. After many years in the United States Xiangzhen's body language is still completely Korean.II. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Read the following passages carefully end then select the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery has become fairly widely used. Its rapidacceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks ofconventional X-ray technology.To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all ofthe information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depthsare super imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can givethree-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of thebody's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing throughsections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are basedon series of thin “slices”.In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone andair, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variationsin tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain otherorgans may only be rendered visible through the use of radiopaque dye. Since computedtomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the livercan be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measuredifferent degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature oftissue.A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measurequantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through whichthe X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. Thisis not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor andsubsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition toits diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.16. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference betweenA. bone and airB. liver and pancreasC. muscle and other body tissuesD. heart and lungs17. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?A. Two-dimensional.B. Three-dimensional.C. Animated.D. Intensified.18. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-raytechniques, computed tomography is moreA. compactB. rapidC. economicalD. informative19. What is the author's attitude toward this new technique?A. Cautious.B. Tolerant.C. Enthusiastic.D. Critical.20. According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of thefollowing EXCEPTA. monitoring a patient's diseaseB. diagnosing disordersC. locating tumorsD. reconstructing damaged tissuesPassage 2Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing aspurification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. Thisnotion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy,” which comes from theGreek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus. a scroll dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The “chief of the preparers of drugs” was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the “collectors of drugs.” field workers, who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The “preparers’ aides” (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the “preparers” And the “conservator of drugs” oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept.By the seventh century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected “mental” causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine.Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens—such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error.Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.21. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word pharmakon in the first paragraph in order toA. show that ancient civilization had an advanced form of medical scienceB. point out that man of the beliefs of ancient civilizations are still held todayC. illustrate that early man thought recovery from illness was linked to internalcleansingD. emphasize the primitive nature of Greek medical science22. According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differedfrom that of the Sumerians in that the GreeksA. discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugsB. acknowledged both the mental and physical roots of illnessC. established a rigid hierarchy for the preparation of drugsD. attributed disease to psychological, rather than physical, causes23. In Paragraph 5, the word “holistic” most nearly meansA. integratedB. religiousC. modernD. physiological24. The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern eraof pharmacology may have been delayed by,A. a lack of understanding of the origins of diseaseB. a shortage of chemical treatments for diseaseC. an inaccuracy in pharmaceutical preparationD. an overemphasis on the psychological causes of disease25. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observationsabout scientific discovery?A. Human biochemistry is such a complex science that important discoveries areuncommon.B. Many cures for common diseases have yet to be discovered.C. Trial and error is the best avenue to scientific discovery.D. Chance events have led to the discovery of many modem drugs.Passage 3When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life existin any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need notresemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planetwhere life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be otherkinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venusor Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be ina more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probablytemporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. Theyare, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individuallives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormouslymore power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long onthe evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now man's societies may havebecome so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality.Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multipleorganism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be “secondary” machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants froma favored planet.26 What does the word “cheer” (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?A. Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.B. Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.C. Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.D. imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.27. Humans on Earth are characterized byA their existence as free and separate beingsB. their capability of living under favorable conditionsC. their great power and effectivenessD. their strong desire for living in a close-knit society28. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually __A. human societies will be much more cooperativeB. man will live in a highly organized worldC. machines will take control over manD. living beings will disappear from Earth29. Even most imaginative people have to admit that __A. human societies are as advanced as those on some other planetsB. planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay,C. it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human bodyD. organisms are more creative than machines30. It seems that the writerA. is interested in the imaginary life formsB. is eager to find a different form of lifeC. is certain of the existence of a new life formD. is critical of the imaginative peoplePassage 4Education is one of the key, words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and birth; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally, equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in necessary in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in, 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure thin all on knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.31. The best title for this passage is __A. The Significance of EducationB. Educational Investment and Its ReturnsC. Education: A Comparison of Its Past and Its PresentD. Education in the Wilderness32. The word "interest" in paragraph one means __A. capital profit got back from the investmentB. the things young people are interested inC. the well-educated and successful young men and womenD. the well-educated young people with leadership potential33. The author seemsA. against the education in the very early historic timesB. positive about our present educational instructionC. in favor of the educational practice in primitive culturesD. quite happy to see an equal start for everyone34. The passage implies that __A. some families now can hardly afford to send their children to schoolB. everyone today' has an equal opportunity in educationC. every, country invests heavily in educationD. we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not35. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?A. One without education today has no opportunities.B. We have not yet decided on our education models.C. Compulsory schooling is legal obligation in several countries now.D. Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.Passage 5Many zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo, I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no release--large cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder that--despite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusions--zoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through "language" that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they may be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientistsbelieve they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use. It becomes, in a sense, one of society's charges, completely dependent on humans for nourishment and care.How might an animal species be changed--subtly, imperceptibly--by spending several generations in a pen? I posed that question to the curator of birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the endangered California condor. "I always have to chuckle when someone asks me that," the curator replied. "Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, you're giving me a lot of credit."Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desert---only a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?36. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. highlight the improvements in the conditions of American zoosB. examine behavioral traits of animals living in zoosC. raise concerns about the confinement of wild animals in zoosD. suggest alternative ways of protecting endangered species37. The primary function of the second paragraph is to show thatA. wild animals adapt to their cages by modifying their movementsB. confined animals are not being seriously harmedC. zoos are designed with the reactions of spectators in mindD. people are overly sensitive to seeing animals in captivity38. In the fourth paragraph, the author's most important point is that animals in the wildA. perceive landscapes differently than do animals in captivityB. have modes of communicating that are very similar to those of humansC. are likely to live longer than animals kept in zoosD. depend on the care and support of others of their species39. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?A. The fourth paragraph presents a question that is answered in the fir'& paragraph.B. The fourth paragraph contains an assertion that is evaluated in the fifth paragraph.C. The fifth paragraph describes a contrast to the situation presented in the fourth paragraph.D. The fifth paragraph discusses the second part of the process described in the fourth paragraph.40. In paragraph 5. "charges" most nearly means __A. costsB. responsibilitiesC. demandsD. attacksPassage 6The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to journalist and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects or journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present, the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.41. The main idea of the first paragraph is that __A. generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalismB. concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to .journalistic interviewingC. importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingD. personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews42. Much research has been done on interviews in generalA. but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedB. though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attentionC. so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedD. and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalisticinterviewing43. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview. __A. but most of them wish to stay away from itB. and many of them hope to be interviewed some day'C. but most of them may not have been interviewed in personD. and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it44.Who is the interviewee in a clinic interview?A. The psychologist.B. The physician.C. The journalist.D. The patient.45. The passage is most likely a part ofA. a news articleB. a prefaceC. a research reportD. a journalistic interviewIII. Translation and Writing (55 points)Section A Translation (40%) Translate the following into Chinese:1) Information processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval( 检索 ), display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term hasoften been applied to computer-based operations specifically. During the past fewcenturies great advances have been made in the human capability to record, store,and reproduce information, beginning with the invention of printing from movabletype in 1450, followed by the development of photography and telephony, andculminating in the mass production of electronic digital computers in the latterhalf of the 20th century. New technologies for preserving and transmitting auraland visual information have further enhanced information processing.2) The entry of the Anglo-Saxon peoples into Britain, and their centuries-longsuccessful struggle to establish Germanic kingdoms there, is among the most famousventures of the Age of Migrations, but like other historical events of the timeit is obscure in much of its detail: the identity and place of origin of the peoplestaking part, the needs and desires that moved them to entry" and conquest, the linesof invasion, the duration of native resistance, the historicity of the BritishArthur (亚瑟王) .Translate the following into English: 英语现在是60多个国家使用的官方或半官方语言。

北京师范大学教育技术学专业博士入学考试一些资料教育技术学专业博士入学考试历年试题汇总05年教学设计1. 加涅的学习结果分类，及其特点。

2. 建设主义学习环境下的教学设计的方法与步骤。

3. 以教为主的教学设计模式及其优缺点。

4. 教学设计与教学论的区别。

5. 网络课程的评价标准及你心目中的评价指标体系。

（还有两个题）6. 名词解释：（1）教学结构（2）最近发展区（3）学习特征分析（4）（还有一个）05年教育技术与认知心理学1. 教育技术94定义与04定义的联系与区别。

2. 从教育思想、哲学基础、基本内涵分析建构主义理论。

3. 教育技术的基本理论，及简述各部分的内容。

4. 信息技术与课程整合的目标、内涵、怎么整合。

5. 什么叫表象？表象对知觉、记忆的作用。

6. 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段的基本内容，优点及不足。

7. 什么叫blending learning？谈谈它对我国基础教育改革的意义？（还差一论述题）名词解释：（1）直觉思维（2）布卢姆的教育目标分类04年教学设计1. 教学设计与教学论的区别。

2. 一代和二代教学设计模式。

04年教育技术与认知心理学1. 教育技术94定义与04定义的联系与区别。

2. 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段的基本内容，优点及不足。

3. 如何建设中小学主题资源网站（是余胜泉还是林君芬的论文里讨论的）。

03年教学设计教学设计与教学论03年教育技术与认知心理学1. 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段的基本内容，优点及不足。

2. 如何设计教育网站？3. 对94定义翻译的解释4. 名词解释：a) 研究性学习b) 感觉c) 知觉d) 最近发展区e) 巴班斯基教学法2001年博士入学考试教学设计试题一、请说明如何运用奥苏贝尔的“先行组织者”策略和“认知结构变量”理论来进行概念性知识的教学设计。

（15分）二、请说明分析复杂教学目标的“解释结构模型法”的基本内容及分析步骤。

（15分）三、请给出以教为主的教学设计过程的一般模式和以教为主教学设计的优点及不足。

北京师范大学教育学测试卷（一）一、选择填空题（共20小题，每题2分，共40分）1．确切可考的学校萌芽形式是（）A.序和成均B.成均和庠C.序和庠D.辟雍和成均2．古代西方提出的“三艺”是辩证法、文法和（）A.代数B.天文C.修辞D.音乐3．提出“化性起伪”的是（）A.荀子B.孟子C.孔子D.老子4．在《劝学篇》中阐述“中学为体，西学为用”思想的是（）A.梁启超B.郑观应C.容闳D.张之洞5．抗日战争时期,为保存国家教育实力,国民政府将一些著名大学西迁并进行合并.组成西南联合大学的是北京大学、清华大学和A,浙江大学 B.复旦大学 C.天津大学 D南开大学6．下列不属于北欧人文主义的代表人物是（）A.伊拉斯漠B.卡斯蒂格朗C.莫尔D.拉伯雷7．《理想国》是（）的代表作。

A.柏拉图B.苏格拉底C.亚里士多德D.昆体良8．《大学》中的三纲领分别是：_______、_______、_______。

9．请列举四个你认为在外国教育史中最具代表性的人物：_______、_______、_______、_______。

10．请列举出四个你认为在中国教育史中最有代表性的著作：_______、_______、_______、_______。

11．在教育工作中，应恰当把握儿童语言、思维、人格发展的关键期，积极促进儿童身心发展，这反映了人的身心发展具有（）A.顺序性B.阶段性C.差异性D.不平衡性12．后现代主义课程论的代表是（）A.多尔B.泰勒C.杜威D.布拉梅尔德13．心理起源说的代表人物是（）A.勒图尔诺B. 沛西?能C.孟禄D.斯普朗格14．教育要达到的预期效果，反映对教育在人的培养规格标准、努力方向和社会倾向性等方面的要求。

这说的是（）A.教学目的B.教育目的C.培养目标D.教学目标15．教学的内容、方法、分量和进度要适合学生的身心发展,是他们能够接受的,但也要有?定的难度,需要经过努力才能掌握,以促进学生的身心发展.这条原则是（）A.因材施教原则B.启发性原则C.巩固性原则D.量力性原则16．（）把认知发展分为感知运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算四个阶段。

心理与教育研究的原则(客系理教伦) 1) 客观性原则2) 系统性原则 3) 理论联系实际原则 4) 教育性原则 5) 伦理性原则因果分析的意义是什么?在心理学研究中,因果分析又哪些特点? 因果关系验证的关键条件是什么? (1) 心理学研究的一项中心任务,就是对各种变量与因素进行因果关系分析.典型的心理学实验,往往要求恒定或控制某些情境条件与变量,以便使所研究的因果关系能明确地显现出来.在这个意义上说,实验就是检验因果关系的手段.心理学研究中,经常以因果关系分析的水平作为衡量研究质量的标准.一般来说,如果一项研究的变量及因果关系明确,就认为该研究有较好的效度. (2) 因果关系的特点a.可检验性b.层次性c.复杂性 d.动态特点心理学理论的建构主要有哪几种方式?各自有何特点?理论评价的标准是什么? (1)归纳理论:把数据反映出来的实际关系组织为理论原则演绎理论:从理论解释出发,寻求数据以减验理论的预测机能理论: 综合前两种模型: 类比/ 范围有限 (2)简洁性精确性可检验性因果模型的构建应满足哪些条件? 步骤? (1)条件规范的理论陈述因果关系的理论假设明确的因果顺序和因果方向自抑式函数方程明确的理论边界模型的稳定性 (2) 步骤提出理论构思和初步模型变量的操作化和处理以实际数据支持函数方程实际数据与结构模型相拟合操作定义的作用、设计原则、设计方法定义用可感知、可度量的事物、事件、现象和方法对变量或指标做出具体的界定。

作用 1．有利于提高研究的客观性 2．有利于研究假设的检验。

3．有利于提高心理与教育科学研究的统一性4．有利于提高研究结果的可比性5．有利于研究的评价、结果的检验和重复原则1．对称性原则：与抽象定义的内涵相对称 2．独特性原则设计方法 -1-1．方法与程序描述法 2．动态特征描述法 3．静态特征描述法无关变量的主要类别？如何控制无关变量？1、被试方面存在的无关变量2、主试方面存在的无关变量3、研究设计方面存在的无变量4、研究实施环境条件方面的无关变量5、数据处理方面存在的无关变量无关变量的控制 1、消除法 2、恒定法与平衡法3、统计控制法心理学研究设计包括哪些主要步骤? 完整的研究计划应包括哪些方面的内容? (一)研究课题与变量的选择 1.课题的选择 (1)课题的类型 (2)课题选择的标准①所研究的问题应当涉及两个或两个以上变量之间的关系②所研究的问题应该尽可能明确具体③ 具有通过实际研究解决问题的可能性 2.概念和构思 3.常见的变量 (1)自变量, 中介变量和因变量 (2)干涉变量 4.变量的操作定义 (二)确定研究设计 1. 研究设计的目的和控制原则目的: 回答所研究的问题控制研究中的变异量原则:使系统变异最大控制外源的系统变异使误差变异最小 2. 研究设计的标准(1)研究设计回答了研究问题并准确地检验假设(2)研究设计通过不同程度的随机化,较严格的控制自变量(3)使研究具有一定的内,外部效度 3. 研究的计划,包括 (1)研究目的和理论框架 (2)以往研究的考察 (3)研究的设计与方法 (三)研究的方法和过程 1. 研究的方法需要考虑(1)被试的取样方法(2)实验处理的方法(3)收集数据的方法(4)数据统计分析的方法 2. 研究的过程 (四)研究结果的分析和总结 1.单一研究的局限性 -2-2.作结论时的决策差误: I类差误_从样本的统计结果推理诸变量间存在某种关系而实际上没有关系 II类差误_从样本推论变量间没有关系而实际上存在关系.3.研究的结果与理论的发展4.有待进一步研究的问题. 元分析有何特点（定全普）?步骤（检分测评）? 特点: (1)元分析是一种定量分析 (2)元分析是一种全面的评价 (3)元分析寻求普遍性的结论步骤: (1)检索研究文献 (2)分类与编码(3)测定研究结果(4)分析与评价现场研究有哪些重要特点? 这些特点对心理学研究的意义是什么? (一)边界特点1.变量强度 2. 变量变化范围 3.变量操纵的频次和持续时间 (二)结构特点1.时间结构 2.自然单元 3.复杂性前实验、真实验和准实验有何异同？1、前实验是最为原始的一种实验类型，它对任何无关变量都没有控制，因而效度很低，通常被称为非实验设计。

北京师范大学2014-2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（教育学）北京师范大学2014年博士研究生入学考试试题（教育学）一、《教育学》：1.请结合实际，试析教育理论与教育实践的关系。

2.当前课业负担是什么？有效解决的方法是什么？3.什么是学制？影响学制和改革的因素是什么？4.试析当前社会主义核心价值观5.当前大中小学校、教师的专业发展存在的问题、原因是什么？解决的办法是什么？二、《教育管理学》：1.请介绍你阅读过的一本教育管理学著作的内容并加以评述。

2.请简述转换型领导理论的主要观点并评述3.试分析大学章程和高校改革的关系4.请以你最为熟悉的一个教育管理理论为出发点，并以你所在的学校或院系为例，说明当前高校内部管理的问题、原因和解决途径5.试分析学校自主排课的意义三、《发展心理学》：1.大学阶段的人生发展任务分析（爱情、知识、生涯），谈谈如何度过有价值的大学生活。

2.生涯规划：在职业变化越来越快的社会现状下，职业生涯规划是否还有意义？如何看待这个问题？3.简述成人依恋理论、爱情风格理论、爱情三元理论，并结合理论谈谈如何指导大学生的恋爱？4.学生工作人员个人成长问题，谈谈工作中的主要资源与优势？主要工作与压力？以及从个人角度如何乐享工作？北京师范大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（教育学）1.2014年度高考综合改革，从马克思主义人的全面发展观角度进行分析。

2.社会本位和人本主义的基本观点是什么？谈谈你对教育功能的理解。

3.师生交往的核心原则是什么？谈谈你对改进师生交往的建议。

4.教育的文化基础是什么？从文化角度谈促进教育的建议。

5.复旦投毒案，林森浩的杀人动机，述评。

2008年教育学A1。

从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义(25分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25分)3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。

(20分）4。

各方向必选题试题。

（30分）其中农村教育方向，考题为农村义务教育管理体制和经费投入机制经历了哪几个阶段，分析各阶段的特征。

教育学B1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任。

（35分)2。

试论教学过程的特殊性及对对教学工作的指导意义(35分）3。

论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。

(30分）中外教育史A1。

试述西方国家公立学校体系近200年来的发展及其对教育普及的作用。

（35分）2。

简述从汉代至唐宋时期中国选士制度的演进及其对中国古代教育的影响。

（35分）3。

简述二战后西方国家高等教育大众化进程并对我国当前高等教育大众化问题略予评论.（30分）2007年1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。

(35分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义.（30分)3、要求根据材料写篇小文章.材料太长，出自《发展教育学年鉴2003》，首都师大出版社2003版。

具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。

（35分)2006年教育学B1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。

2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育(道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。

3、有人提出“学生第一,教师第二"的观点，请评析。

2005年教育学A1、结合实际评述精英主义和大众主义教育观（30分）2、女性主义哲学对教育的影响（30分）3、基础教育课程改革中存在的问题及对策（40分）教育学B1。

论述教育的保守和大众价值取向。

2. 评述中国传统德育思想。

3。

对当前中小学教学改革进行评述和理论分析,并提出对策建议.中外教育史一、简答1、简述韩愈和荀子对教师任职条件、作用和师生关系思想的差异；你认为他们二人对教师的要求哪个更高？为什么？（10分）2、简述三舍制,为什么它没能够取代科举制?(10分)3、民国元年和1922年学制改革的指导方针有什么变化（15分)二、论述1、论述黄炎培“凡教育皆含职业之意味”这句话的含义(20分）2、论述近代自卢梭以来教育思想家关于知识与道德关系的思想（25分）3、从历史演变的角度论述西方人文主义教育思想演变的历程.（25分)2004年教育学A：1、论述公民教育与公民社会；2、公共教育与教育公共性；3、教师教育与教师专业化；4、谈一下你对布鲁纳“任何学科只要以恰当的方法就可以教给任何年龄段的任何学生”的理解；中外教育史:1、夸美纽斯与赫尔巴特在教育学科的地位;2、中国乡村建设者理论评述及其对现代教育的启示；3、论中国学制百年变革经验及启示。

北京师范大学考博英语试题及答案解析第一部分：试题Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%)Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.16. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to _________.A) sports activitiesB) places for physical exerciseC) recreation centersD) athletic training programs17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for __________.A) the promotion of aerobic exerciseB) endurance and muscular developmentC) the improvement of women’s figuresD) better performance in aerobic dancing18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?A) Positive.B) Indifferent.C) Negative.D) Cautious.19. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.A) how ell they could do in athleticsB) what their health condition was likeC) what kind of fitness center was suitable for themD) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training __________.A) has become an essential part of people’s lifeB) may well affect the health of the traineesC) will attract more people in the days to comeD) contributes to health improvement as well2Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and othersingle-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very differentfrom paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reasonfor this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not madeof cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi andthose of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is thesecellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 oC , while others can grow at-50 oC , so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them, On the other hand,fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the sourceof marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin21. What does paragraph one mainly discuss?A. differences between simple and complex fungiB. functions of chlorophyll in plantsC. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cellsD. differences between fungi and plants22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach thestudy of fungi?A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants.B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungiC. New methods of species identification have been introducedD. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they______.A. can be destroyed by fungiB. have unusual chemical compositionsC. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cellsD. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _______.A. They grow hyphacB. They secrete enzymesC. They synthezise celluloseD. They destroy crops25. The passage mentions “penicillin”(last line) as an example of _______.A. a medicine derived from plantsB. a beneficial use of fungiC. a product of theD. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures3By far the most important United States export product in the 18 th and 19th centurieswas cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easyto process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same timethe demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cottoncould be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed wasa laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because itsfibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but is demandedlong growing season, available only along the nation’s casterm seacoast .Short-staplecotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and theirmixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitney’s gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds . Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents ofLint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or streamMultiplied productivity furtherThe interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of thecultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.26. The main point of the passage is that the 18th and 19th centuries were a time when _________.A. the European textile industry increased its demand for American export productsB. Cotton became the most important American export productC. Cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to processD. Mechanization for spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry27. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCPPT______.A. cotton’s softnessB. cotton’s case of processingC. a shortage of flax and woolD. the growth that occurred in the textile industry28. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its _______.A. abundance of seedsB. adaptability to different climatesC. long growing seasonD. long fibers29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney’s cotton gin?A. More cotton come from Sea Inland cotton plants than before.B. More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than beforeC. Most cotton produced was sold domestically.D. Most cotton produced was exported to England.30. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was ______.A. one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took placeB. a major source of water for agricultural cropsC. the primary route by which agricultural crops were transportedD. a main source of power for most agricultural machinery4Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovatingCompanies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that “good”products succeed while “bad”products fail Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails, MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrent, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failedThe nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumer’s perception of the products need-satisfying capability, Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try may be soughtHere the company walks a tightrope A new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns, The customer willmake the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customerswill often not go to the effort that is required, During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems, In1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaignfor Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both productsfailed quickly, not because they didn’t work or because there was no construer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an alreadysatisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.31. The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is ________.A. that the good products succeed while the bad failB. that the “good”are not really good but the “bad”are actually bad.C. that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they don’tD. not given in the paragraph32. What are Tylenol and Neotrend?A. They are names of twp drug manufacturers.B. They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for aspirinC. Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin.D. They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine33. The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customer’s perception of the product’s ______.A. quality and priceB. usefulness and durabilityC. need-satisfying capabilityD. appearance and inner packing34. What does the author mean when be says “the company walks a tightrope’(Sentence 1, paragraph 3)?A. The company has both the chance to succeed and to fail in dealing in a new productB. The company has to study customer’s behavior before a new product is introduced.C. The company has to find a new way to solve customers problems before a new product is put on the market.D. The company has to make a great effort to overcome the customer’s inertia35. Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because ______.A. these products were too expensive as compared with their direct competitorsB. both products failed to meet the customers’needsC. the customers could see no sense of a radical change of their habitsD. the company forgot an English saying: “You cannot teach an old dog new tricks’5With the release of The piano a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-centuryNew Zealand about a woman’s sexual awakening, the New Zealand –born Jane Campionbas established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon thescene in recent years .The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics andmoviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festival’s top prize the Palme D’Ot makingCampion the first woman over to be so honored .Campion’s success is notable alsobecause she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has madejust three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shortsdating from her student days.Although Campion’s films appear at first glance to have little in common—her first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography ofthe New Zealand novelist Janet Frame—each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies’definitions of womanhood According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano “gain much of its effectiveness from Campion’s directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with thesensitivity to feelings that made her last movie. An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary”Also contributing to the film’s success was Campion’s ability to induce fine performances from her character, ‘She directs actors differently from anyone I’ve ever known ,”SamNeil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago Tribute “I always felt that therewas a big safety net under her and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wantedto “Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supportingrole of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jaures’s novel The Portrait of a lady.36. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.A. presenting the interrelationships between Campion’s three moviesB. commenting on Jane Campion as a filmmaker and her recent movie, The PianoC. explaining why The Plano was a successD. criticizing Jane Campion and her three movies37. According to the passage, Campion’s three movies share which of the following characteristics?A. All of them seem to be quite commonplace at first glance.B. All of them deal with stories that took place in New Zealand.C. All of them describe a woman who is rebellious against the traditional view of femaleD. Each movie minors the time when the movie was produced.38. It can be concluded that Campion is regarded as one of the most talented filmmakers in recent years because _______.A. the movie that has brought such great honor to her is just the third feature she has producedB. she is only 40 years oldC. she is the first woman who has received such honorsD. she began her movie production from her student days39. It can be inferred from the passage that Campion’s directing style of the hird movie_________.A. is a simple combination of those in her two early moviesB. contributed greatly to the success of the movieC. is much of an imitation of previous onesD. is quite creative40. The author implies that Campion is different from other filmmakers in that_______.A. she is especially good at making the actors perform to the best of their abilityB. she is quite able to assure the actors of their successC. she tends to encourage the actors to take as many risks as possibleD. she always places a big safety net under the actors when directing the movies6Speech—the act of uttering sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human actionLike any other constantly repeated action, speaking has to be learned but once it isLearned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.As far as we can determine human beings do not need to be forced to speak mostBabies born to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speechlike noises How tospeak and what to say are another matter altogether, These actions are learned from the particular society into which the baby is born; so that, like all conduct that is learned froma society—from the people around us—speech is a pattered activity.The meandering babble and chatter of a young child are eventually channeled by imitation into a few orderly grooves that represent the pattern accepted as meaningful bythe people around him. Similarly, a child’s indiscriminate practice of putting things intohis mouth becomes limited to putting food into his mouth in a certain way.The sounds that a child can make are more varied and numerous than the sounds thatany particular language utilizes, However, a child born into a society with a pattern oflanguage is encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.41. For an adult the process of speaking usually involves________.A. conscious selection of soundsB. imitation of those around himC. a drive to make noisesD. unconscious actions42. The selection says that most babies have an instinctive drive to ______.A. express ideas in wordsB. make speechliks noisesC. convey meaningD. imitate sounds around them43. Conduct that is learned from a society may be called________.A. instinctive driveB. selectionC. automatic activityD. patterned activity44. The most important factor in a child’s learning to speak probably is _____.A. repetitionB. selectionC. instinctD. imitation45. The sounds that a child is able to make are _____.A. not as varied as those used in languageB. more varied and numerous than those in any languageC. far fewer than those needed to form a languageD. completely different from the sounds of languagePart III Translation and Writing (55%)Section A Translation (40%)Translate the following into Chinese1) He was taken to the huge medieval fortress at the harbour’s mouth, He found prison life fairly endurable His cell was darup and dark, and the food was bud and insufficient; but his sister soon obtained permission to seed him all the necessaries of life from borne He was kept in solitary confinement and failed to obtain any explanation of the cause of his arrest Nevertheless the tranquil frame of mind in which he had entered the fortress did not change Not being allowed books, he spent his time in prayer and devout meditation, and waited without impatience for the further course of events.2) Industrial engineering involves the application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises, In the 1880s F. W. Taylor considered the father ofmodem industrial engineering pioneered in the scientific measurement of work Afternumerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum production, which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns, The industrial. or science, Among his responsibilities are the selection of tools and materials for productionthat are most efficient and least costly to the company. The industrial engineer may also determine the sequence of production and the design of facilities or factories.Translate the following into English:美国人以两个特殊的日子向父母表示敬意：这便是每年五月第二个星期日的母亲节和六月第三个星期日的父亲节。

2020年北京师范大学教育学考博真题及考博参考书育明教育506大印老师整理2020年5月14日目录一、2020年北京师范大学教育学院考博参考书二、2010-2019年北京师范大学教育学院考博真题及解析三、2020年北京师范大学教育学院博真题预测四、北京师范大学教育学院考博专业课答题技巧【温馨提示】每个院校的考博时间是不一样的，加之每个院校博士招生人数有限，所以育明教育大印老师建议大家一定要多选择几个院校进行备考，一般而言，选择4-5个院校比较合适，这几个院校选择应该注意具有一定的层次性，比如可以选择北大、南开，首师大、中财，矿大、地大等三个档次的院校。

因为只要是211或者双一流的院校的博士，对于你以后进入高校任教或者从事相关的工作是太大影响的。

切记孤注一掷的之报考一个院校。

此外，很多考生问考博辅导的意义是什么，其实对于考博而言，最重要的是三点：第一，考博信息，即考博院校和考博侧重点的选择问题，这点一般的考生很难完全了解，因为很多院校考博信息并不对外公开，但是咱们经过12年的辅导经验，很多内容是比较了解的；第二，个人陈述和研究计划，这点一般的考生可能很难独立完成，尤其是研究计划，因为研究计划既需要和所报考导师相关，也需要和自己本硕专业相关，这点都在咱们的辅导之内；第三，专业课考试范围和考试侧重点，这点也很重要。

一、2020年北京师范大学教育学院考博参考书教育研究方法：《教育研究方法导论》裴娣娜安徽教育出版社1995《教育研究方法导论初探》叶澜上海教育出版社外国教育史和中国教育史：《外国教育史》王天一北京师范大学出版社1993《外国教育史教程》吴式颖人民教育出版社2012《中国教育史》孙培青华东师范大学出版社2009《简明中国教育史》王炳照北京师范大学出版社2008教育心理学：《当代教育心理学》陈琦刘儒德北京师范大学出版社2007《教育心理学》冯忠良人民教育出版社2010《教育心理学》吴庆麟人民教育出版社2006教育学原理：《现代教育论》黄济王策三人民教育出版社2009《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写教育科学出版社2008二、2021年北京师范大学教育学院考博笔记（2019年育明学员第一名整理）课程一、课程概述（一）课程及相关概念1.课程课程是由一定的育人目标、特定的知识经验和预期的学习活动方式构成的一种动态的教育存在。

北京师范大学教育学专业考博攻略一、申请条件教育研究方法：《教育研究方法导论》裴娣娜安徽教育出版社1995《教育研究方法导论初探》叶澜上海教育出版社外国教育史和中国教育史：《外国教育史》王天一北京师范大学出版社1993《外国教育史教程》吴式颖人民教育出版社2012《中国教育史》孙培青华东师范大学出版社2009《简明中国教育史》王炳照北京师范大学出版社2008教育心理学：《当代教育心理学》陈琦刘儒德北京师范大学出版社2007《教育心理学》冯忠良人民教育出版社2010《教育心理学》吴庆麟人民教育出版社2006教育学原理：《现代教育论》黄济王策三人民教育出版社2009《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写教育科学出版社2008五.经验分享1、关于什么时候开始准备考博和联系导师的一些问题越来越多的院校随着改革的深入逐渐转向申请——考核制。

但不管是申请—考核还是考试，论文在考博过程中都起着重要作用，因此，如果决定考博，在硕士期间多发一些核心期刊还是非常重要的，建议各位在发文章的时候，不要贪多，而应对1-2篇文章精心雕琢,以发表在一个好的期刊上，D类文章并没有多大帮助。

有心考博的同学不妨在研一的时候多读些书，争取研二在好的期刊上发文章，研三有很多事情要忙，可以把发文章的事情提前。

这样，既是研三决定不考博了，这些文章对你找工作也有很大帮助。

至于工作之后再考博的同学，发文章同样很重要，可提前准备。

研三开始准备考博就可以了，（当然，研一就决定考博的同学，早早准备更好，可以多读书，多发文章，学好英语等。

）如果一旦决定了考博就一定要全力以赴，而不要犹豫不决，更不要轻言放弃。

在复习的过程中全力以赴，只要你真正的付出了，相信你会取得让自己满意的成绩！关于联系导师的问题，主要是什么时候联系导师和与导师联系说什么。

如果你心仪的导师是你通过身边的老师同学能接触到的，那是非常好的，如果硕导愿意推荐你那就更好了。

当然，也有一些同学报考的导师是硕导不认识、自己更是从未谋面的老师，那就需要你发挥你的人脉，利用各种途径找到老师的联系方式，多读老师的文章和著作了。

北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguisingthe trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which succ essful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has grea tly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first p aragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. T elevision coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Mediacoverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffernausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complexand bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps t hose hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former ha ckers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距)and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to knowinstinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for mak ing such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agree ment, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, forexample-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’sfastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they allcriticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. T oday the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Imp ortant, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%) (Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on theANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。