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成绩评阅人Solar Powered Auto Technology学院：机械工程学院学期：2012-2013第一学期_课程：专业英语（一）专业：班级：学号：姓名： _____ ________Solar Powered Auto TechnologySolar powered auto (Fig .1) is one kind of auto which is driven by solar power. Compared to the conventional auto driven by heat engine, the solar powered auto has an obvious characteristic of true zero discharge. Because of the environmental protection characteristic, solar powered auto is advocated in many countries.Fig .1 solar powered auto1. The history and current situation of solar powered auto.The early solar powered autos are made in Mexico, which look like three-wheel motorcycle. And there is solar cells shed on its roof, which supply electrical energy to automobile under the sunlight, making the car speed of 40 km per. This kind of autos just contains 40 minutes electricity per day so it can not go far away. Danish adven- turer and environmentalist Han Sisi designed and built the first solar powered auto named “quiet arrivals”. In September 1984, the ‘sun’ was successfully developed in China, and drove into qinzheng palace in Beijing Zhongnanhai. This also shows that our country has reached world advanced level in the development of new types of auto. Nowadays many countries in the world are developing this kind of auto, and take part in competition. For example, world solar rally competition held in Australia in November 1987 draws 25 solar powered autos from seven countries participating in this competition. In this contest, ‘San Leahy Lufthansa’ of the American won the first prize with a result in 44hours 54 minutes. China’ solar powered career started late, the most solar powered auto development work is carried out by the institution and research institutes. In China’s State Intellectual Property Office and solar-related patents, a large part of patents are related to solar water heaters, few of them directly associated with the solar powered auto. In general, there are some characteristics ofour country’ solar powered autos:(1) The application of solar powered auto normally just involves the auxiliary power system of auto. The energy provided by the solar cell can only be used for the auto’s electrical equipments, instruments, etc. or charging the battery. Today some parts of autos add a solar battery in skylight at its top, which drive auto-mounted air-condition to work through controller and inverter.(2) In the patent, which see the solar power as driving energy share small part pro rata. Some part of solar power is used for electric bicycle or mini cars but the energy that is provided by solar power just accounts for only 30% of the required drive energy. In September 1984, China successfully first developed solar powered auto named ‘Sun’, which was developed by Huang Shengpu and other five people of Metal new technology development company in Hubei province. They spent 56 days on it. In 1996, Tsinghua University refer to Japan Noto contest specifications, developed the ‘Day’ solar powered auto cost $ 78,000. Its weight is about 800 kg, and the maximum speed approach to 80 km/h. The use of solar panels is fifth generation products of our country. The car use a conversion efficiency of 14% of a rectangular single-crystal silicon cell array, in the good illumination (ground sunshine intensity is 1000W/m2), which send the 800W power to the DC brushless motor. ‘Day’ is the first generation solar powered auto to participate in international competition. In 2001, Shanghai Jiaotong university design and manufacture a solar powered auto named ‘Think’. The commander, the width and the height is respectively 2100 mm, 860 mm and 800 mm. Its structure and power is similar to the ‘Day’. However, due to it uses the series resistance to control the speed, which is low energy utilization; its speed is only 20 to 36 km/h. The Ninth National University “Challenge Cup”tournament held in 2005, another solar powered auto of Shanghai Jiaotong University participated in the competition. All of these attempts indicate the solar powered auto is gradually mature. So far, the application of solar power in the auto technology involves tow aspect: first, as the driving force, second, as the energy of auto auxiliary equipment. First kind of application generally uses a special device to absorb solar energy and then change into electricity to drive the car running. While the auto auxiliary energy mainly is usedin auxiliary application of electricity equipment, but most energy still is supplied by fuel.(1) Solar energy as the key driving force to drive car.Solar power in place of the tradition fuel as the driving force entirely, which is a dream of generations of auto workers. 1982 Australians Hans and Parkin used glass fiber and aluminum to manufacture a solar powered auto. The auto’s top is equipped with a device, which can absorb solar power to charge tow batteries, and the batteries provide power to engine. On December 19, they drive this solar powered auto, starting from the west coast of Australia “Perth” across the Australia continent; finally reach the east coast of Sydney. What a pioneering work! This kind of auto is quite different from traditional auto, whatever in shape or operating principle. The solar powered auto has no engine, chassis, drive, gearbox and other components, but solar panels, electrical equipment and motor. It can directly change the solar power to electrical energy, and then consume electrical energy to drive auto moving. Now this kind of solar powered auto’s highest speed can reach more than 100km/h, even its speed would keep in 100km/h without sunlight. There is another concept of the solar powered auto, which install the battery configuration instead of photovoltaic panel on body. It looks like current auto in appearance, but you have to often go to solar power station to charge it.(2) Solar power as the auxiliary energyPower of traditional autos is generally in the tens of kilowatts, but the solar radiation power at most 1kw/m2, the current photoelectric conversion efficiency is less than 30%. So it is difficult to do with the car body. However, the traditional car can use solar energy as an auxiliary power to reduce the conventional fuel consumption. The application has following kinds of forms:First, solar power used in auxiliary charging energy of auto battery.It will continue to charge the battery when you do not use the car, which is installed solar battery, So as to avoid excessively discharging the battery. Japan Yingqing University designed a concept auto called Luciole, its colors like firefly. It has been exhibited in Beijing, posted a nearly square meters of high conversion efficiencyof photovoltaic panels in the roof, so as to charge 12 volt battery. When the 12 volt is full, it will charge the main battery. When the main battery is full, this concept auto can travel 800 kilometers.Second, solar power used to drive the fan and auto air condition system.When car is parked in the sun, air in the car does not circulate, so the car becomes the greenhouse that collects solar power. It increases the temperature inside the car, which release large amounts of harmful substances. If the solar devices were installed in the car, such as the solar fan, which can provide fresh air without consuming fuel energy and good air condition.2. The characteristic of solar powered auto.(1) No pollution, no noise. Because there is no fuel, solar powered autos do not discharge harmful gases to the atmosphere; no internal combustion engine, you can not hear the noise of fuel auto engine. If solar powered auto to replace gas vehicles, which can reduce 43% to 54% of carbon dioxide emissions per auto and will solve the environmental pollution caused by auto exhaust gas.(2) Compared to the internal combustion auto, practical solar powered auto has a lot of advantages in addition to traveling speed. First, solar powered auto consume less energy which just needs 3-4 square meters of solar components to drive the car. But the combustion auto has to comply with the Carnot cycle to work in the energy conversion process, whose thermal efficiency is low. Only about 1/3 energy be consumed in driving the car, the remaining 2/3 energy loss in the engine and drive chain. On the contrary, without restrictions of the Carnot cycle, 90% energy of the solar powered auto uses to work.(3) Easy to drive. Without electric ignition, you just need simply press the accelerator pedal to start. Do not need to shift and clutch, which simplify the complexity of driving. It is suitable for women and the elderly.(4) Due to the simple structure, in addition to the regular replacement, basically you do not need to have a daily maintenance, which leave out the trouble of exchange the engine oil. Small body can easily turn the car docking with the crowded urban parking lot.3. The existing technology and new technology of solar powered autoIn spite of their potential interest, solar hybrid cars have received relatively little attention in literature. An innovative prototype has been developed at Western Washington University in the 90’s, adopting very advanced solutions for materials, aerodynamic drag reduction and PV power maximization with peak power tracking. Another study on a solar hybrid auto has been presented by Japanese researcher, with PV panels located on the roof and on the windows of the car. Fuel consumption savings up to 90% could be achieved in some conditions. A further prototype of solar hybrid car powered with a gasoline engine and an electric engine has been proposed and tested by other Japanese researchers. In this case, a relevant amount of the solar power was provided by PV panels located at the parking place, while only a small fraction was supplied by panels on the car. The hybridization lead to a significant weight increase, due to the adoption of lead batteries, probably too heavy for such application.Although these studies demonstrate the general feasibility of this idea, a systematic approach to the design of a solar hybrid auto seems still missing. Moreover, the technological scenario is rapidly changing, and new components and solutions can be available. In the following, a study on the optimal sizing of a solar hybrid car will be presented.A parametric study on global energy flows and on the weight of components for a solar hybrid auto with series architecture has been presented. It has been shown that significant savings in fuel consumption and emission, up to 40% depending on latitude and season, can be obtained with an intermittent use of the auto at limited average power, compatible with typical PV panels and with realistic data and assumptions on the achievable net solar power for propulsion. The future adoption of photovoltaic panels of last generation, with nominal efficiencies approaching 30%, may result in complete solar autonomy of this kind of auto for such uses.By adopting up to date technology for electric motor and generator, batteries and chassis, power to weight ratio comparable with the ones of commercial cars can be achieved, thus assuring acceptable vehicle performance. Further studies seemnecessary to extend this analysis to other configurations (i.e. parallel hybrid auto) to estimate the solar power achievable with more articulate geometrical distribution of the PV panels, could be needed.The actual and future costs of the various alternatives should be considered, to verify the practical applicability of the proposed auto for commercial use. Although this proposal seems still far from economic feasibility, it is reasonable to expect further reductions in costs for PV panels, batteries and advanced electric motors and generators, while unfortunately further increases in fuel cost could be excluded. Moreover, the recent and somewhat surprising commercial success of some electrical hybrid cars indicates that there are grounds for hope that a significant number of users are already willing to spend some money to contribute to save the planet from pollution, climate changes and resource depletion.4. The development direction of the future solar powered auto technologyThe solar powered apply in automobile mainly have three kinds of ways, the first application is used to be the auxiliary battery in the traditional car, rather to be the driving force to drive the car. It can not drive the air condition compressor, for the power of air condition compressor is too big. The solar power just can drive the fan in the air condition, as the auxiliary power. The second application is used to charge, for example, put a lot of solar panels under the sunshine, in order to collect the solar power, which is used to charge the car. The third application is used to be the solar hydrogen production.However, the solar power is used to the direct power in the car, which is the direct way. Because of the solar instability, solar power dispersion (about 1 Kw/square meter) as well as the low efficiency of solar power collection device and the high cost. So it is hard for solar power to be the direct power in automobile. So the solar powered auto is in concept state mostly.The future solar powered auto (Fig. 2) has following development trend(1) The photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar panels improves gradually.(2) There is enough battery saving quantity, even in the cloudy day the solarpowered auto still have high speed.(3) The cost of solar powered auto reduces a lot, and gradually enters the markand the families. Not only the adult can drive it, but also the young as well as the old can drive it. Everyone enjoys driving.(4) The speed of solar powered auto can reach the standard of modern internalcombustion engine auto.(5) Frivolous surgery, light weight, cool appearance. Everyone all likes it.(6) The safety performance improves gradually, car accident ratio decreasespreviously.Fig. 2 The future solar powered auto5. ConclusionSolar powered auto as the new product has close to our daily life constantly, although existing a lot of challenge belong to its development. It can not be denied that solar powered auto will become the leading role of future new energy application in the lack of non-renewable energy resources. We believe that the solar powered auto will be popularized in the near future. It is practicable to drive the car completely. Solar powered auto will apply in the golf course, outdoor playground sightseeing car, large field zoo sightseeing car, garden lawn trim servicer and so on. In the era of global advanced energy conservation and environmental protection, the application of the solar power not only bring the convenience to our daily life, but also promote the harmonious development of our survival of earth. But we should think of the current technology of solar powered auto are still not perfect, we should not there would be solar powered car, and start to drive car randomly, which will result in the air pollution. We still need to protect the environment well, and be responsible for the next generation. I believe that I will finally drive a solar powered auto on the road with myfriends in the future, and I will do my best for the development of solar powered auto.。
