西方女性主义文学理论综述

女性主义一．女性主义的缘起1.女性主义与女权主义在feminism一词中包含有“女性”与“女权”的双重含义，故又译“女权主义”，随着近现代以争取妇女参政和男女平权的妇女运动而兴起的思想潮流。

（王先霈：637）朱刚认为，学术界一度把“feminism”翻译为“女权主义”，这个译法值得商榷。

欧美学术界通常用“feminism”泛指一切争取、维护女性权益的活动，其历史跨度延绵数百年，内容非常庞杂，极难准确定义。

而中文的“女权”的含义则比较明确，指历史上女性为了获得自身“权益”而进行的努力，其目标明确，颇有声势，涌现过不少知名的女权活动家和积极分子。

确切地说，女权主义真正兴起于19世纪的欧美，也称“妇女解放运动”，二十世纪初随着女性权益的逐渐实现，女权运动也基本完成了使命。

从二十世纪六十年代开始的“feminism”要求的已经不是传统的女性权益。

因此，二十世纪初之前的feminism可以成为女权主义，之后则可称为女性主义，女权主义是女性主义的先驱。

（朱刚：336）2.父权时代的妇女处境在旧石器时代，男女皆以采集植物和狩猎为生。

由于女性十分珍贵及在生育中所承担的角色，且由于男性尚未意识到自己的性自尊，妇女地位较高，崇拜“母神”的现象较为普遍，这从大量出土的石器时代的女性小雕像可见一斑。

虽然纯粹的“母权制”在那一时期是否存在尚有不少争议，但可以肯定，女性的地位还是比较高的，这可找到大量的考古学的证据、生物学的证据、心理学的证据、人类学的证据以及用希腊语、罗马字及希伯来语等记载的诗歌、神话等“书写的证据”。

到公元前五千年至前三千年，由于频繁的战争、金属及交通工具的运用，男人在生产中的作用越来越重要，也由于人口增多、粮食积累、劳动分工及畜牧业的出现而导致奴隶制的发展，妇女在社会中的地位日渐衰落，男人对女人的统治与控制的父权社会逐渐形成。

（林树明：7-8）父权制社会的发展摧毁了女性不可复得的伊甸园，并将女性压入社会的底层。

女性主义文学批评的理论与实践一、介绍女性主义文学批评是一种重要的文学理论和批评方法，旨在揭示和分析文学作品中涉及到性别、权力和社会阶层问题的方面。

本文将探讨女性主义文学批评的背景、理论基础以及实践案例。

二、女性主义文学批评的背景女性主义文学批评起源于20世纪上半叶，其诞生是对传统文学理论中忽视女性经验和存在的回应。

历史上，女性在文化创作和评论中往往被边缘化或忽视，因此女性主义文学批评成为关注社会制约因素对书写自我的影响的一个重要方法。

三、女性主义文学批评的理论基础1.性别角色与建构：女性主义文学批评认为社会按照特定规范创造了男性和女性之间的差异，并将之灌输给个体。

这种角色建构对于我们如何感知和书写世界有着深远影响。

2.女性身体政治：该领域关注妇女和女性身体的权力关系，包括生殖权利、性别压迫和身体解放等议题。

女性主义文学批评试图揭示这些议题在文学作品中的呈现方式。

3.叙事与写作实践：女性主义文学批评研究妇女在写作过程中所遭受的压力和限制，以及她们如何通过文字表达自我，并寻求社会地位的改变。

四、女性主义文学批评的实践案例1.弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙（Virginia Woolf）：伍尔芙是20世纪重要的女性作家之一，她以其小说《到灯塔》等作品进行了对传统文学观念的挑战，并探索了妇女身份和自由意志的问题。

2.西蒙·德·波伏娃（Simone de Beauvoir）：波伏娃以其巨著《第二性》为基础，阐述了妇女在社会中的处境，并对男权社会进行了深入分析。

3.贝拉·阿布祖格（Bell Hooks）：阿布祖格是一位知名的黑人女性主义者，在她的著作中探讨了性别、种族和阶级之间的交叉关系，以及它们如何影响文学创作和传播。

五、结论女性主义文学批评通过对女性经验和存在的关注，为我们解读文学作品提供了新的视角。

它让我们更加深入地理解社会与文学之间复杂的联系，并帮助我们思考如何推动性别平等和社会进步。

德国女性主义文学批评理论浅析---引言德国女性主义文学批评是一门研究女性主义文学理论和实践的学科领域。

本文旨在对德国女性主义文学批评理论进行浅析，介绍其发展历程、核心观点和对文学批评的影响。

发展历程德国女性主义文学批评起源于上世纪70年代的女性解放运动。

在这个背景下，女性主义理论开始关注女性在文学中的定位和表达。

在早期，德国女性主义文学批评主要通过挖掘文学作品中的女性形象和女性化语言来探索文学对女性的表达和塑造。

随着时间的推移，德国女性主义文学批评理论逐渐发展成为一门独立的学科，涉及的内容也逐渐扩展到性别、权力、身份等方面。

核心观点德国女性主义文学批评理论的核心观点包括以下几个方面：1. 反抗传统的男性中心视角：德国女性主义文学批评坚持批判传统文学中男性中心的视角，呼吁重视女性的审美经验和视角，以女性的观点来理解和分析文学作品。

反抗传统的男性中心视角：德国女性主义文学批评坚持批判传统文学中男性中心的视角，呼吁重视女性的审美经验和视角，以女性的观点来理解和分析文学作品。

2. 揭示性别霸权的存在：德国女性主义文学批评理论强调文学作品中存在的性别霸权，通过对作品中的角色关系、权力结构和语言表达的分析，揭示社会对于女性的压迫和歧视。

揭示性别霸权的存在：德国女性主义文学批评理论强调文学作品中存在的性别霸权，通过对作品中的角色关系、权力结构和语言表达的分析，揭示社会对于女性的压迫和歧视。

3. 关注女性创作和女性文学：德国女性主义文学批评理论重视女性的创作和女性文学的发展，推动女性在文学领域的存在和发展，倡导女性写作和女性审美的独特性。

关注女性创作和女性文学：德国女性主义文学批评理论重视女性的创作和女性文学的发展，推动女性在文学领域的存在和发展，倡导女性写作和女性审美的独特性。

4. 关注身份和多元性：德国女性主义文学批评理论强调文学作品中的身份和多元性问题，关注种族、阶级、性取向等方面的差异和冲突，通过对不同身份的女性作家和作品的研究，拓展了对女性文学的理解和批评。

婚妈妈，生下了张恒的孩子，然而却能和张恒在大街上面对面碰上脸色不变形同路人，不由让人惊奇这场感情的无趣。

《云影共徘徊》里的韩宁，信仰日高风清的心境，三十多岁，与妹妹都独居在家。

她对张仰陵的感情肯定不是爱，如果是爱，那也是非常残忍的。

她们不知道她们要做什么，总在怀疑是不是一生的反反复复注定要如此了结。

现代都市女子从感情上折磨自己，因为反差太大，已经连伤痛都不会。

以为刻薄自己就是刻薄别人，难道非要把自己推上人生战场才能证明是打赢了吗都市女性接受新思想新文化的熏陶，一直渴望能做真正的自己———独立的不依赖别人的。

然而中国传统的文化思想和性格特征又在影响着她们，使她们很难以超越出自己。

人生的悲欢离合，文化冲突使她们心理失重，使感情变得千疮百孔，不甘心做男人的附属，只是想扮演自己，是具有女性意识和女性自我价值的新都市女性形象，不愿沦入传统的束缚，是章惜、觉非、少庄、韩宁等一批都市女性的反抗，但是她们仍然都面临感情的困扰，这就使她们在抗拒的过程中更加显出了无奈和冷漠，文化思想和精神上的冲突也表现在她们身上，她们是最后的胜利吗，是不是还有不同的表现？唐宁———她喜欢那样的世界，有喜怒哀乐，悲欢离合，阴晴起伏，愿意头破血流，即使以她看不起的手法。

少庄———眼前的都市繁华，像一个人蓦然回首，只看到喧杂，回想起来，多么无趣。

用章惜的话说：不要太迷信自己的感觉和想法，那是随时会变的，也许，人类的孤独感永远不会变。

但是，带了这么一颗自喜的心去活着，不也很好吗？由上可见，苏伟贞的人物“专心”对付着情天欲海的种种险恶，却无怨无悔。

情到深处人寂寞，此时无声胜有声。

情场如战场，苏伟贞笔下的男男女女情感角色，就像跋涉在行军途中的战士，沉默里叫喊着喧哗，寂静里埋伏着激情，以此形成了台北都市奇特的千疮百孔的情爱景观。

真的应了那句话：哪一种爱不千疮百孔？十年过去了，二十年过去了，都市男女依旧游离在城市边缘，情感边缘，渐渐失重，渐渐模糊，不知不觉间也做了感情的边缘人。

女性主义文学批评基本概念双性同体（Androgyny ）p205 又译为“雌雄同体”，英文源于希腊语，将希腊语中“男性”（andro ）和女性（gyny ）融合在一起构成的新词。

拥护者：伍尔夫把这个词引入女性主义批评的语境，在《一间自己的屋子》中提出了双性同体的思想。

在她看来，双性同体是艺术创作的一种最佳状态。

她在《奥兰多传》中进一步阐发了双性同体的创作理想。

其他相关作品：玛丽埃尔曼《考虑妇女》卡洛琳海布尔伦《走向承认双性同体》反对者：实际上是一种性别的固化，否认了由社会性别体制造成的历史差异和冲突，也忽视了政治斗争的重要性以及社会和文化方面的不平等，结果是以双性的假象掩盖了以男权为中心的文化策略。

伊莱恩肖瓦尔特《她们自己的文学》：双性同体是一种不现实的东西，是对女性气质和独特的女性经验的压抑。

同歧视妇女的偏见抗争的方式，不是要否认性别差异，而是要消灭性别的等级制度。

权威authority p206 指文学艺术工作者进行文学创作的权威性。

权威不仅是权利，还指文学艺术工作者的能力、者的能力、控制力。

控制力。

Harold Bloom 认为在诗歌创作中，认为在诗歌创作中，年轻的诗人常常无意识地年轻的诗人常常无意识地受到父辈的影响，只有走出父辈的影响才能获得创作的自由，即诗人不可避免地试图变成权威或取代权威。

西方女性主义认为，女性在权威问题上面临一个困境：主流父权话语认为权威不仅源于父辈，而且父权的文学艺术传统是女性创作的唯一来源，而权威又是建立在父权的传统上的。

同时，在父权传统中，妇女总是处于从属于男性的地位。

Jane Spencer 认为，女性创作的权威是18世纪文学艺术界关注的一个重要问题。

女性即使被排除在权利结构之外，她们仍然能够形式权威。

因为女性可以用她们的母亲想象和各种美德来赋予自己文学艺术创作的权威性。

自传Autobiography 女性自传的新的研究方法：个人文学批评、跨文学类型批评、新主题意识批评、叙述批评等文学批评理论。

BI YE LUN WEN（20_ _届）英语伍尔夫《一间自己的房间》的女性主义解读A Feminism Reading of Virgina Woof’s ARoom of One’s Own内容摘要弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是20世纪文坛上的一名杰出的女作家，她被尊为意识流小说的鼻祖之一，与乔伊斯、福克纳等意识流小说大师齐名。

同时，她又被尊为西方当代女性主义的“母亲”，她认为女性应该在经济上和精神上独立，并拥有自己的生活空间和精神空间。

此外，还要勇于表达自我的真实想法。

她认为女性主义的最终目的是消解两性之间的对立，以达到两者的和谐状态。

因此，她在《一间自己的房间》中提出了“双性同体”理论。

本文试图从女性主义角度解读《一间自己的屋子》，分析伍尔夫的女性主义思想，以期更好的理解文学中的女性主义。

伍尔夫的女性主义思想在21世纪的今天仍有极强的思考意义。

关键字：弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；独立；空间；双性同体；女性主义AbstractVirginia Woolf is an outstanding woman novelist in 20th century. She has been regarded as one of the representatives of the stream of consciousness, enjoying equal popularity with Joyce and Faulkner. Meanwhile, she is regarded as the mother of modern feminism in the west. She thinks that females should be financially and spiritually independent and have their own living space and spiritual space. In addition, women also need to express themselves bravely and sincerely. She considers the final goal of feminism is to dispel the opposition between males and females and to reach a harmonious state. Therefore, she proposes the theory of androgyny in A Room of One's Own. This thesis tries to discuss A Room of One's Own from the angle of feminism, and analyze Woolf's feminism so as to seek a broader understanding of feminism literature in general. Studying Woolf still has a profound meaning in 21st century.Key words:Virginia Woolf; independence; space; androgyny; feminismContentsAbstract (ii)1 Introduction (4)2 What’s feminism (5)2.1 The etymology of the term "feminism" (6)2.2 T he definition of the term “feminism” (6)2.3 Virginia's concepts of feminism (7)3 Virginia’s feminist idea in A Room of One’s Own (7)3.1 Economic independence (8)3.2 Having a room of one's own (10)3.2.1 Living space (10)3.2.2 Spiritual space (11)3.3 Establishing female's value (11)3.4 The pursuit of androgyny (11)4 Factors leading to Virginia’s feminist view (14)4.1 Her parents’s influence (14)4.2 The Bloomsbury Group’s influence (16)4.3 Sexual Assault by her brothers (17)4.4 The Industri al Revolution and the Women’s Right Movement (17)5 Conclusion (18)Bibliography (47)Acknowledgements (18)1 IntroductionVirginia Woolf (1882-1941), is a famous woman novelist in the 20th century and she is one of the important modernist novelists. Meanwhile, she is one of the representatives of the stream of consciousness, enjoying equal popularity with Joyce and Faulkner. What's more, she is regarded as the mother of modern feminism in the west.Literary criticism of Virginia Woolf has proliferated since the1980s. Some critics appraise her works and some appraise her person; some analyze her work’s consciousness, and some analyze her feminism; some study her works from ethics, some from aesthetics, some from homosexuality, some from psychology. She is not only a great writer, but also a "forerunner, indeed the 'mother' of the contemporary Anglo-American feminism” as Zhu Gang describes. (Z hu Gang 2006: 342) As for her feminism, some criticize her feminism as an extreme type for they think her represented idea of feminism—androgyny means she intends to replace male value with female value; some criticize her deviating the feminism for they think she couldn't bear her own female identity, so she had to give up to the patriarchal society and swamped in the mud of utopian thought of androgyny; while the others praise it highly for it is an advancement in the stage of feminism's development.Xu Wei analyzes Woolf's feminism, both as a theoretical analysis of gender inequality and oppression, and as a political movement. Her paper analyzes that Woolf how to analyze the question of "women writing" in the theory and how to practice it in her writing. Woolf is concerned with the nature of womanhood. The focus on women characters in Woolf's fiction is central to much early feminist criticism, as well as non- or anti-feminist criticism. To an extent, "anger" and "androgyny" are the two terms most central to feminist debates on Woolf. Their centrality serves to further increase the importance of A Room of One's Own as the key text of Woolf's feminism and feminism's Woolf, for it is here that "anger" and "androgyny" are most fully discussed. And A Room of One's Own is seen by many critics to subdue and repress women's anger in favor of a more serene gender—transcendent or androgynous creativity. (Xu Wei, 2004: 38-39) Wu Qinghong tries to analyze, to show and to criticize Virginia's feminism in the development of western feminism. And she indeed did it, comprehensively andintensively. Her main viewpoint is that Virginia Woolf is the most important representative person in the history of feminism's development. Woolf's analysis on feminism corrected the shortage of feminism in 1890s to 1990s, which emphasized the equality between men and women on law. What's more, her feminism inspired the new feminist in 1960s and 1970s to deconstruct male's political and cultural supremacy and establish female's visual angle, which predicted the development direction of post-feminism in 1990s. (Wu Qinghong, 2005: 5) Ma Tingting draws a conclusion that Woolf's feminism is not a panacea for all women, but an occidental one with intense tendency of racialism.(Ma Tingting, 2006: i-ii) Wu Haixia probes the unique feminist thoughts of Virginia Woolf, which she thinks are quite different from most of the other feminists. It is clearly that since the appearance of feminism, the oppositions between men and women have been highlighted, and feminism is related to the marginalization of all women, with their being relegated to a secondary position. Most feminists hold their views that the social culture is a patriarchal culture. Woolf realizes that women are confronted with inequalities and exclusion in the patriarchal society. Woolf witnesses the efforts and achievements the feminists have made to get equal rights and positions with men, whereas she airs her view that the final goal of feminism is to deconstruct the binary oppositions between the two sexes. She presents her famous theory of "androgyny" in A Room of One's Own. She argues that androgyny is the best state of mind for writing, in which a writer can make perfect artistic expression. (Wu Haixia, 2007: ii)Woolf criticizes the patriarchal society in her works, and prompts us to reexamine the history of human by a female angle to create a new civilization. Her ideology and perception opens and enlightens the idea of feminism in many aspects. This paper tries to analyze Woolf's concepts of feminism through the reading of A Room of One's Own, to get a further understanding on feminism, which can also help deepen Chinese female’s comprehension of feminism.2 What’s feminismAt the very beginning of this paper, a basic question needs to be answered. That is what feminism is? In the academic circles of Europe and America, "feminism" generally refers to any activities to strive for and tick up for the right of females. It has several hundred years' history and has complex contents. Therefore, it is difficultto define it.2.1 The etymology of the term "feminism"The term "feminism" is derived directly from the Latin word fēmina,which means woman. This term and its derivatives originated in France during the late 19th century. The first person who called herself feminist was a French suffragette activist, Hubertine Auclert(1848-1914).She first used this term in her periodical called La Citoyenne in 1880.(Cai Qing, 2005: 3) However, although this term was used in her periodicals, it was not popular among women advocates who were rather moderate. Instead of "feminist", these women called their organization "feminine". It was not until the beginning of the 20th century when "feminism" became accepted by most women suffragette activists.2.2 The definition of the term “feminism”In broad sense, feminism can be defined as social movement, which takes eliminating sex discrimination and ending the oppression on women as its political goals. It also includes the revolution in ideology and culture which emerged from the process for pursuing its political goals. In this sense, feminists represent those who devote themselves in this movement sincerely, and any males and females who take part in the revolution of ideology and culture. In its narrow sense, feminism refers to a kind of methodology that regards and analyses a question in a gender perspective.Feminism now stands for a movement or philosophy that questions the unequal balance of power between men and women. Feminists fight for equality between men and women. The term "feminism" has become the name for the women's movement, the quest for social changes aimed at improving the position of women. Feminism is defined both as "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes " and " organize activity on behalf of women's rights and interests".（Merriam-Webster, 2003: 461) Hence, the term feminism is not only about the struggle for political rights. It is a system of ideas and a social movement, directed towards opposing men's privilege of position and women's subordination. This term contains redistribution of power and recognition of sex equality.2.3 Virginia's concepts of feminismVirginia Woolf is not only a female writer, but also a pioneer of feminism. Her essential contribution to feminism is her perseverance that social and economic elements are critical to shape women's creativity and perception. According to her idea, women play a historical role to join in the creation of human civilization, especially the arts. What she emphasizes is that females should face the reality and think things that related to them instead of thinking things that concerned men. Therefore, she puts forward the idea that females should set up a literature of their own. To deal with the anger that appears in the process of writing and derives from the inequality between men and women, she proposes a concept of androgyny. An androgynous mind is the best state of mind for doing literary creation. However, it causes a heated debate among later feminists. Although it is controversial, she creates a bright future for females.Virginia's view of feminism is embodied intensively in the idea of androgyny. Androgyny has more than one meaning. It may refer to the anatomical coexistence of two sorts of sex organs in the same body; or else to the allegory of a form of spiritual perfection. In other cases, it is related to the explicit coexistence of male and female qualities in the same entity. (Wu Haixia, 2007: 23-24) To put it simply, androgyny means full balance and command of an emotional range that includes male and female elements. She thinks the final goal for feminism is to eliminate the opposition between males and females. Virginia's feminism includes economic independence, spiritual independence. Her analysis on feminism corrected the shortage of feminism in 1890s to 1990s, which emphasized the equality between men and women on law. What's more, her view of feminism inspired the new feminist in 1960s and 1970s to deconstruct male's political and cultural supremacy and establish female's visual angle, predicting the orientation of post-feminism in 1990s.3 Virginia’s feminist idea in A Room of One’s OwnA Room of One's Own is Virginia's representative work of feminism. In October, 1928, Virginia Woolf was invited to give two academic speeches by Cambridge University. One was in the Art Society of Newnham, the other was in the Gordon women college. The lecture topic was Women and fiction. The next year, she published a brochure,which was written on the basis of these two lectures. Quickly, the booklet amazed the world with a single feat at that time. Up to now, it has become the most famous work and has most readers compared to her other works. It is universally acknowledged as a declaration of western feminism.The work---A Room of One's Own can be divided into six parts. The first part describes an experience in Oxbridge University fabricated by the author, which shows an unfair treatment that females received in a patriarchal society. The second part represents a phenomenon that the author found a large amount of books about women's problems written by men in the England museum. What’s worse, one professor claimed absolutely in his marvelous work that female's intelligence, physical power and morality are all lower than males. In the third part, the writer sketches a hypothetical "Judith" Shakespeare, sister of William, who is as brilliant and promising as he, but her talent is undoubtedly buried by the patriarchal society. Woolf traced back to the females' rough process for getting in the literature arena in the forth part. Aphra Behn (1640-1689), a playwright, novelist and poet of England, who is the first English female to became a professional writer in 17th century. Then women writers began to feel proud and elated. However, most English women writers had to use males' name as pen names to relieve their social pressure during the 19th century. In the fifth part, the author points out that it is necessary to strengthen females' awareness of knowing the difference between males and females. Only in this way, she thinks, females can realize the true value of themselves. In the last part, Virginia agrees with Samuel Taylor Coleridge's androgynous idea, believing that a writer's creative soul should have both masculinity and femininity. In other words, a person is a bisexuality instead of a unisexuality. A person is androgynous. When full balance and command of an emotional range that includes male and female elements reached, these men writers or women writers can create great works.3.1 Economic independenceFemales are facing an economic problem. As is known to all, economy is the basis of living. Women lose their economic source, when the patriarchal society excludes them from the public work, which causes them sink in a poor state. In reality, what females are engaged in are human beings' personal production and all kinds of necessary house works to maintain many families’ functions. When women are doingthese, they use up their physical power, energy, and even sacrifice their lives. However, these are all done in the area of family. Their yields often cannot leave any tangible fruits. For example, the cooked food will be eaten up, the washed clothes will be dirty after wearing again, and children who have been raised up will leave home to get in their own world. Don't these household labors have any value? Is there anybody who pays them salary? Therefore, these natural, non-commercial labors are excluded from the social labor by the patriarchal society, because they are only related with personal family members and they cannot create value directly. Since the unpaid labor take up most energy of females, they lose their subject position in the society and lose the source of finance. Therefore, if females want to get rid of the disadvantaged status imposed on them by history and reality, they should strive for the economic position. Just like what Woolf says in A Room of One's Own, women should have revenue of 500 pounds every year. She considers that the main reason why there are so less women writers is that our mother is too poor. For example, if Mary's mother " had gone into business; had become a manufacturer of artificial silk or a magnate on the Stock Exchange; if she had left two or three hundred thousand pounds to Fernham, we could have been sitting at our ease tonight and the subject of our talk might have been archaeology, botany anthropology, physics, the nature of the atom, mathematics, astronomy, relatively, geography. If only Mrs. Seton and her mother and her mother before her had learnt the great art of making money and had left their money, like their fathers and their grandfathers before them, to found fellowships and lectureships and prizes and scholarships appropriated to the use of their own sex, we might...have looked forward without undue confidence to a pleasant and honorable lifetime spent in the shelter of one of the liberally endowed professions. We might have been exploring or writing; mooning about the venerable places of the earth; sitting contemplative on the steps of the Parthenon, or going at ten to an office and coming home comfortably at half-past four to write a little poetry." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 576) They haven't learned how to make money, how to manage their own property. For thousands of years, women are handling house works and rearing children, while men are doing business for making money. While princes and aristocrats use their properties to build many schools and libraries, women are rejected out of the colleges; they are restricted in a small circle of family. They have no rights to receive education. As a result of being deprived of enjoying rights of owning their ownproperty, females' desires for making money are constrained. The thousands of years' influence of patriarchal society places women in a penniless position.Women began to walk out of the household in 20th century. Thus, many women writers sprung up. We can see that for the latest hundred years, the appearance of many women writers are concerned with the rights women have achieved, especially the acquirement of economic right, which plays an important and positive role in art creating. Woolf herself also admitted that she and her sister obtained all their father's books after their father's death, so she could start her writing career. In A Room of One's Own, the narrator also repeatedly says that but for her aunt's 500 pounds' heritage, it might have been hard for her to break away most women's fate---working hard in the household or going out for earning money to keep the pot boiling. All in all, females should be independent in the economy.3.2 Having a room of one's ownVirginia said that “a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 555) It has been discussed that females should be financially independent. Now, it turns to a room of one's own. Having a room of one's own not only indicates that females should have their basic living space, but also means that females should have a comparatively free spiritual space.3.2.1 Living spaceIn the past, women were restrained in a small room, being busy at doing trivial house works all day. It was not uncommon that their works would be suspended. What's worse, they had to hide their works quietly to avoid being scoffed. Jane Austen is a good example in A Room of One's Own." For she had no separate study to repair to, and most of the work must have been done in the general sitting-room, subjecting to all kinds of casual interruptions. She was careful that her occupation should not be suspected by servants or any persons beyond her own family. Jane Austen hid her manuscripts or covered them with a piece of blotting-paper." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 604) Therefore, having a living space for one's own plays an essential role in females' creation.3.2.2 Spiritual spaceMany women writers were born in rich families. They had money and their own living spaces. However, they depended on their parents so much that they didn't go out for traveling to broaden their eyes. They did what their fathers asked and even married to who their fathers picked for them. When they were children, they were subjected to their fathers; when they were married, they were obedient to their husbands; when they were old, they complied with their sons. It is just like the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues as specified in the ancient Chinese feudal ethical code. Women never had their own minds and their own spiritual space, they were not spiritually independent. Woolf pays more attention to the influences of patriarchal society on women's writing.3.3 Establishing female's valueWoolf finds that women's writing hasn't had their own tradition. Therefore, she proposes that females should set up their own value. To create females' literature or other careers, they have to take two times adventures. First of all, killing the "angel in the house", to be ourselves. Here, the "angel in the house" represents the stipulations that imposed on women by social norms and ideology of traditional culture. It also refers to females' conscious compliance to this oppression. They even turned patriarchal oppression and forbidden into their self requests and self-conscious actions. Facing this, Woolf realizes that the only way is to kill it, otherwise "she will kill me, she will dig out my heart of writing". The second adventure is to express truly the physical experience of ourselves. Women's requests suffered an extreme suppression and twist in the patriarchal society. According to Woolf, the consciousness that how a man will look at a woman who expresses her own real lust disturbs a female writer's imagination and damages her creativity. Therefore, expressing one's own real idea becomes an important means to remove the patriarchal ruling.3.4 The pursuit of androgynyAndrogyny is Woolf's social and literary ideal, but its premise is getting rid of the two sexes inequality and opposition, and the discrimination on females. Many feministsare unwilling to accept this viewpoint. For example, Elaine Showalter points out that "Woolf's androgyny is a female writer's reaction to her crag-fast condition". (Zhugang, 2006: 355) It is a utopia imagination of an ideal artist. Although it is quite controversial, it is a revolt to the creative standpoint of literature which regards male value as the unique standard. It is an initial deconstruction to the binary opposition of sex. It has a great influence on the generation of subsequent feminism theory and its criticism.Androgynous mind is central to Woolf's feminism. She defines it as "a mind that is reason; that transmits emotion without impediment; that is ceaselessly creative; incandescent; undivided. In fact one goes back to Shakespeare's mind as the type of the androgynous, the man-womanly mind." (Huangzhong, 2005: 23-24) Simply speaking, androgyny means full balance and command of an emotion range that includes male and female elements. She thinks that an androgynous mind is the best state of mind for doing literary creation.Woolf proposes at the beginning that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 555) However, she also points out that the economic problem is not the only element that impacts women's writing. A placid and healthy state of mind is also necessary. The narrator takes Lady Winchester as an example in the 4th chapter of A Room of One's Own. She was noble both by birth and by marriage; she was childless; she wrote poetry. Her mind was disturbed by alien emotions like fear and hatred, so her poems showed traces of that disturbance:How we are fallen! fallen by mistaken rules,And Education's more than Nature's fools;Debarred from all improvements of the mind,And to be dull, expected and designed;And if someone would soar above the rest,With warmer fancy, and ambition pressed,So strong the opposing faction still appears,The hopes to thrive can ne'er outweigh the fears.Yet it is clear that could she have freed her mind from hate and fear and not heaped it with bitterness and resentment, she could create pure poetry as follows:Nor will in fading skills compose,Faintly the inimitable rose. (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 599-600)Charlotte Brontěmay be another example. As we all know, she is an brilliant English novelist. However, Woolf finds that there is a certain shrillness arising out of her works. Although Woolf thinks that she is more genius than Jane Austen, her anger makes her books "deformed and twisted" (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 606). There is no doubt that a woman writer would become angry in a man-dominated society. She expresses her dissatisfaction in her famous work---Jane Eyre: “Women are supposed to be very calm generously: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer..." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 606) As a consequence," She will write in a rage where she should write calmly. She will write foolishly where she should write wisely. She will write of herself where she should write of her characters. She is at war with her lot. How could she help but die young, cramped and thwarted?" (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 606)On the other hand, Jane Austen had been constantly disturbed when writing Pride and Prejudice. Therefore, Woolf thinks that the environment should have influenced her and she would write a better one if there were no disturbances. To Woolf's surprise, when she "read a page or two to see, but I could not find any signs that her circumstances had harmed her work in the slightest." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 605) She thinks that because Austen wrote "without hate, without bitterness, without fear, without protest, without preaching. That was how Shakespeare wrote." And "when people compare Shakespeare and Jane Austen, they may mean that the minds of both had consumed all impediments; and for that reason we do not know Jane Austen and we do not know Shakespeare, and for that reason Jane Austen pervades every word that she wrote, and so does Shakespeare. (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 605)What is the difference between these two groups of examples? We can see that in the last chapter of this essay. The narrator gets the inspiration when she sees a very ordinary sight out of the window: a girl and a young man are coming down the street, meeting at the corner and getting into a cab. Then she sketches a plan of the soul so that "in each of us two powers preside, one male, one female; and in the man's brain the man predominates over the woman, and in the woman's brain the woman predominates over the man. The normal and comfortable state of being is that when the two live in harmony together, spiritually co-operating. If one is a man,still the woman part of his brain must have effect; and a woman also must have intercourse with the man in her. (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 623-624) She thinks that perhaps what Coleridge meant when he said that a great mind is androgynous.4 Factors leading to Virgini a’s feminist viewVirginia Woolf is a productive writer and a great feminist, but first of all she is a social being, so her ideas can not be separated from the factors leading to her feminist view. As a result, it is far from enough to know about her and her work only by knowing her talents and achievements. Her parents and the Bloomsbury Group are of great influence on her writing and her feminist ideas. Besides, there are sexual assault by her brothers, the Industrial Revolution and the Women’s Right Movemen t.4.1 H er parents’ influenceVirginia Woolf was born in a literary family. Her father was the distinguished Victorian author, critic and Alpinist, Sir Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), editor of the Cornhill Magazine (1871-82), of the Dictionary of National Biography (1882-90) and of the Alpine Journal (1868-72), who counted Thomas Hardy, Henry James and George Meredith among his friends (Jane Goldman, 2008: 3). Her mother was Julia Prinsep Stephen (1846-95), who was born Julia Prinsep Jackson, in India, the daughter of John and Maria Jackson. Her maternal grandmother, and Woolf’s great-grandmother and namesake, was Adelin (1793-1845), daughter of Antoine Chevalier de L’Etang and Thérèse Blin Grincourt,who married James Pattle (1775-1845) of the Bengal Civil Service (Jane Goldman, 2008: 4). There is no denying that her parents exerted great influence on her thinking. She was born in a large and well-to-do family, with learned father and mother, intelligence and wide social connection.Her father, Leslie Stephen, a widower, had married Julia Jackson in 1878. Between them they already had four children; after they got married, they had another four children: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia and Adrian. This family was a typical patriarchal family of Victorian time. In the family, the patriarchs were in charge of everything, owing unassailable powers, capable of enforcing everything upon women. There is evidence in the article of Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen: History and。

西方女性主义与文学作者：宋秀葵李玲来源：《读书》2012年第01期一女性主义在西方是一种妇女争取男女平等具有浓烈政治色彩的社会运动，以及由此产生的思想和文化领域的革命，其影响现在已经扩散到文学、社会学、历史学、人类学、文化学等领域。

女性主义的提出主要是基于对实证主义的反思和批判。

女性主义对实证主义的挑战主要集中在对以主客体的二元分离为前提、以价值无涉和情境独立为保障的客观性原则的批判上。

建立在实验基础上的实证主义方法认为,社会生活可以作为研究对象而进行客观的观察和分析。

客观的观点不受观察者的价值观念、道德判断和意识形态的影响,它提供不带观察者个人感情和意志色彩的各种事实和解释。

女性主义学者发现社会学研究者主要由白人和上层阶级特别是男性所构成,他们中大多数身居要职,因此他们的研究成果常常代表精英群体的观念,他们很难成为独立和价值中立的研究者。

如果把他们的观点当成普遍的真理,而把其他政治群体的观点看做是偏见或不客观的观点,那么就有可能压抑了认知者性别作用的可能性。

因为以男性视角和以女性视角来看这个世界的各种关系和规律,其结果可能大相径庭。

女性主义学者还认为,男性把自己对世界的描述混同于普遍真理,把男性的偏见隐藏在中立和客观的表象之下,忽略了女性和下层阶级的经验与特点。

实证主义者对抽象的理论和复杂的量化数据非常重视,因而他们更容易进入专家群体和权力中心。

实证方法低估了个人经验和普通人的日常生活知识,强调理性高于感情,客观高于主观,精神高于肉体,加剧了男女的不平等。

吴小英在《女性主义社会学初探》（《中国社会学年鉴(一九九五——一九九八)》，社科文献出版社版）中指出，二十世纪六七十年代之交，西女性主义文化思潮在学术界各学科领域掀起的一场“性别革命”——其主旨在于揭示西方传统学术中的性别偏见和男性中心的假设,将被忽略和排斥的女性经验有形化、合理化,使女性成为研究的主体和知识获取中的主体；并以性别化(gendered)理解的方式重新诠释现有知识框架和社会现象,建构一种不同于西方主流学术的女性主义学术(feminist scholarship)。