Framework of Competencies by the Advanced Manufacturing Industry

外语教学法自考题-19(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Ⅰ.Multiple Choice{{/B}}(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.The acculturation theory originated in the late 1970s and was put forward by ______.∙ A. J.Schumann and R.Anderson∙ B. S.Krashen and J.Schumann∙ C. R.Anderson and Ｅ.Hatch∙ D. S.Krashen and Ｅ.Hatch（分数：1.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 文化适应理论的代表人物是J.Schumann和R.Anderson。

2.Designing ______ tasks is one of the ways to establish favorable classroom climate in the Direct Method, including map drawing, identifying pictures, following instructions, and detecting mistakes and so on.∙ A. listening∙ B. speaking∙ C. reading∙ D. writing（分数：1.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 设计听力理解是直接法中营造良好课堂氛围的一个方式，包括画地图、辨别图片、听从指示以及辨别错误等等练习活动。

3.Separation of language skills into listening, speaking, reading and writing, with emphasis on the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing is a distinctive characteristic of the ______.∙ A. Silent way∙ B. Community Language Learning∙ C. Oral Approach∙ D. Audiolingual Method（分数：1.00）A.C.D. √解析：[解析] 听说法的一个显著特征是将语言技巧分为听、说、读、写四个部分，并且强调听说教学先于读写教学。

第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English cand the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

高二英语职业发展策略单选题40题1.Which of the following is a profession related to healthcare?A.TeacherB.DoctorC.WriterD.Artist答案：B。

本题考查职业相关名词。

A 选项“Teacher”是教师；B 选项“Doctor”是医生，与医疗保健相关；C 选项“Writer”是作家；D 选项“Artist”是艺术家。

2.In career planning, what is an important factor to consider?A.HobbyB.FriendshipC.SalaryD.Weather答案：C。

本题考查职业规划相关名词。

A 选项“Hobby”是爱好；B 选项“Friendship”是友谊；C 选项“Salary”是薪水，在职业规划中是重要的考虑因素；D 选项“Weather”是天气。

3.Which occupation requires a lot of creativity?A.AccountantB.EngineerC.Designerwyer答案：C。

本题考查职业相关名词。

A 选项“Accountant”是会计；B 选项“Engineer”是工程师；C 选项“Designer”是设计师，需要很多创造力；D 选项“Lawyer”是律师。

4.What is a common characteristic of a successful entrepreneur?A.ShyzyC.ConfidentD.Angry答案：C。

本题考查职业相关名词及人物特点。

A 选项“Shy”是害羞的；B 选项“Lazy”是懒惰的；C 选项“Confident”是自信的，成功的企业家通常很自信；D 选项“Angry”是生气的。

5.Which profession is associated with law enforcement?A.Police officerB.NurseC.ChefD.Singer答案：A。

一、选择填空1. ________relates to the truthfulness of the data.A. ValidityB. ReliabilityC. SubjectD. Object2. Which one is not the area of the institution ________.A. restrictionsB. time, length, frequencyC. classroom management skillsD. syllabus3. English is described as foreign language in all of the countries except ________.A. FranceB. JapanC. ChinaD. Australia4. What Krashen and Terrell emphasize in their approach is the primacy of________.A. formB.vocabularyC.meaningD.phonetics5. There are many situations in which we use more than one language skill, so it is valuable to integrate the four skills, to________.A. enhance the students’ communicative competenceB. combine pronunciation, vocabulary and grammarC. use body language and picturesD. use mechanical practice and meaningful practice6.According to Wang Qiang, the way a language teacher learned a language will influence the way he ________ to some extent.A. learns a languageB. learns his mother tongueC. teaches a languageD. obtains linguistic knowledge7. If a teacher wants to control what the students do as much as possible, it’s best to do________.A. whole class workB. team activitiesC. pair workD. group work8.With regard to syllabus design, the Communicative Approach lays special emphasis on ________.A. authentic materialsB. learners’ needsC. meaningful drillsD. teachers’ roles9. The generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of _________.A. Noam ChomskyB. J. PiagetC. D. Ausubel D. J.B. Bruner10. According to the behaviorist, a _________ is formed when a correct response to a stimulus is consistently rewarded.A. meaningB. wordC. habitD. reaction11. Another linguistic theory of communication favored in Communication Language Teaching is _________ functional account of language use.A. Chomsky’sB. Hymes’sC. Candlin’sD. Halliday’s12. What Krashen and Terrell emphasize in their approach is the primacy of _____.A. formB. vocabularyC. meaningD. phonetics13. The ultimate goal of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the students to ______ its literature.A. translate and writeB. readC. read and writeD. read and translate14. The Natural Approach believes that the teaching of ______ should be delayed until comprehension skills are established.A. listeningB. speakingC. readingD. writing15．Many proponents of the Communicative Approach advocate the use of _______ materials in the language classrooms.A．classic B．authenticC．modern D．oral16．Of the three procedures followed in a cognitive classroom, which can be viewed as the performance stage?A．Exercises．B．Application activities．C．Introduction of new materials．D．None of the above．17．From the mid-1970s the key concept in educational linguistics and language pedagogy is that of_______．A．Communication or communicative competenceB．motivation in learning a foreign languageC．independence and autonomy in learningD．language acquisition through the use of active trial18. To _______, it is advocated that we adopt a communicative approach to writing.A. motivate studentsB. demotivate studentsC. free students from too much workD. keep students busy19. According to Willis the conditions for language learning are exposure to a rich but comprehensible language input, use of the language to do things, _______ to process and use the exposure, and instruction in language.A. chancesB. contextC. motivationD. Knowledge20. As far as school assessment is concerned, we have teacher’s assessment, continuous assessment, _______, and portfolios.A. students’ self-assessmentB. relative’s assessmentC. informal assessmentD. formal assessment21.For most people the term “curriculum” includes those activities that educators have devised for _________, which are represented in the form of a written document.A. teachersB. designersC. LearnersD.students22. _________is the author of the book Syntactic Structures.A. Edward SapirB. Noam ChomskyC. J. R. FirthD.M.A.K. Halliday23.Traditional behaviorists believed that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and _________formation.A. learningB. habitC. practiceD. knowledge24.The term "interlanguage" was first coined by the American linguist, _________.A. Noam ChomskyB. BloomfieldC. B.F. SkinnerD. Larry,Selinker25.According to the records available, human beings have been engaged in the study of language for _________centuries.A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 2526. Views on language and _________ both influence theories on how language should be taught.A. views on language learningB. views on culture learningC. values of lifeD. styles of life27.One of the disadvantages of traditional pedagogy is _________.A. the learners are able to use all skills, including the receptive skills and the productive skillsB. the learners are not able to use the language in an integrated wayC. the learners are not able to writeD. the learners perform well in class, but they cannot read out of class28. If you ask students to translate the meaning of new words, you are _________.A.checking spellingB.checking memorizingC.checking pronunciationD.checking understanding29.Krashen believes that acquisition of a language refers to the _________ process leading to the development of competence and is not dependent on the teaching of grammatical rules.A. consciousB. unconsciousC. overconsciousD. subconscious30. In the 19th century, the strategy in language teaching usually adopted by foreign language teachers was the _______ of grammar rules with translation.A. introductionB. interpretationC. comprehensionD. combination31. Krashen believes that acquisition of a language refers to the _______ process leading to the development of competence and is not dependent on the teaching of grammatical rules.A. consciousB. unconsciousC. overconsciousD. subconscious32. Halliday advocates that the social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of the field, tenor and mode of_____.A. contextB. discourseC. contentD. situation33. In the Natural Approach, the teacher can make use of various ways except _____ in order to help the students to be successful.A. keeping their attention on key lexical itemsB. explaining grammatical rulesC. using appropriate gesturesD. using context to help them understand34. According to Palmer and some other linguists of his time, ______ played one of the most important roles in foreign language learning.A. grammarB. phoneticsC. vocabularyD. rhetoric35. ______ refers to the interpretation of individual message elements in terms of their interconnectedness and of how meaning is represented in relationship to the text.A. Grammatical competenceB. Sociolinguistic competenceC. Discourse competenceD. Strategic competence36．Students’ mistakes are ________ corrected in the classrooms of the Direct Method.A．never B．immediatelyC．seldom D．carelessly37．________ is particularly interested in the relationship between sentences and the contexts and situation in which they are used.A．Transformational Grammar B．PragmaticsC．Structuralism D．The Situational Approach38．What do the three approaches (the Silent Way, Community Language Learning, and Suggestopaedia ) have in common?A．All stress the intrusion of the teacher into the learning process．B．All lay emphasis on the individual and on personal learning strategies．C．All view the learning of a second language the same as the learning of the first．D．All three are deductive in the initial stage of the language learning process．39. In English teaching classrooms very often writing is seen as “writing as language learning”, and it is believed to be _______.A. writing for communicationB. writing for real needsC. pseudo writingD. authentic writing40. Which of the following is NOT among the features of process writing?A. Help students to understand their own composing process.B. Let students discover what they want to say as they write.C. Encourage feedback both from both teacher and peers.D. Emphasize the form rather than the content.41. Which of the following is true of second language learning?A. Natural language exposure.B. Informal learning context.C. Structured input.D. Little error correction.42. What type of learners can benefit most from real object instruction?A. Individual learners.[5. Tactile learners.C. Auditory learners.D. Visual learners.43. What type of intelligence is cooperative learning best suited for?A. Interpersonal intelligence.B. Intrapersonal intelligence.C. Logical intelligence.D. Linguistic intelligence.44. What does the following practise?* Peer and I v. vent to the cinema yesterday.Peter and * I went to the cinema yesterday.Peer and I zoent to the * cinema yesterday.Peer and I zoent to the cinema * yesterday.A. Stress.B. Articulation.C. Liaison.D. Intonation.45. What learning strategy can the following help to train?Match the adjectives on the left with the nouns on the right.H cavy DayNice BabyClose BuildingLight RainTall FriendCute SmokerA. Grouping.B. Collocation.C. Imitation.D. Imagery.46. Which of the following is a communication game?A. Bingo.B. Word chain.C. Rearranging and describing.D. Cross-word puzzle.47. Which of the following can help train speaking?A. Listen and follow instructions.B. Simon says.C. Pairs finding.D. Match captions with pictures.48. Which of the following activities is most appealing to children"s characteristics?A. Cross-word puzzle.B. Formal grammar instruction.C. Reciting texts.D. Role-play.49. What"s the teacher doing by saying" Who wants to have a try?"?A. Controlling discipline.B. Giving prompt.C, Eva[uating students" work.D. Directing students~ attention to the lesson.50. Which of the following activities is the most suitable for group work?A. Guessing game.B. Story telling.C. Information-gap.D. Drama performance.51. Which of the following belongs to learning outcomes?A. Role-plays,B, Sequencing pictures.C. Surveys.D. Worksheets.52. Which of the following best describes first language acquisition?A. Care-taker talk.B. Minimal pair practice.C. Selected input.D. Timely error correction.53. Which of the following seating arrangements is most suitable for a whole class discussion?54. What is the teacher doing in terms of error correction?"S: I go to the theatre last night."T: You GO to the theatre last night?A. Correcting"the student"s mistake.B. Hinting that there is a mistake.C. Encouraging peer correction.D. Asking the Student whether he really went to the theatre.55. Which of the following questions can be used in the questionnaire for assessingparticipation?A. Did you get all the questions right in today"s class?B. Did you finish the task on time?C. Can you use the strategies we have learned today?D. What did you do in your group work today?56.One of the disadvantages of traditional pedagogy is _______.A. it focuses on form rather than on functionsB. language is used to perform certain communicative functionsC. learners are not able to make sentencesD. learners are not able to do translation二、名词解释1.Scaffolding: the technique of changing the level of support over the course of a teaching session; a more-skilled person (teacher or more-advanced peer of the child) adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the student’s current performance. When the task the student is learning is new, the teacher might use direct instruction. As the student’s competence increases, less guidance is provided.2.The ultimate goal of ELT: the ultimate of foreign language teaching is to enable students to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary. Thus we should teach that part of the language that will be used (rather than all part of the language).3.Definition of task: a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention in principally focused on meaning rather than form. (Nunan 1989:8)A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it. In other words, teachers need to think about the aims to be achieved, materials to be covered, activities to be organized, and techniques and resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.4.Classroom management is the way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom. It contributes directly to the efficiency of teaching and learning as the most effective activities can be made almost useless if the teacher does not organize them efficiently. As the goal of classroom management is to create an atmosphere conductive to interacting in English in meaningful ways.5.Deductive method: The Deductive method relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing. First, the T writes an example on board or draws attention to an example in the textbook. Second, the T explains the underlying rules regarding the forms and positions of certain structural words. The explanations are often done in the S’s native language and use grammatical terms. Sometimes, comparisons are made between the native language and the target language or between the newly presented structure and previously learned structures. Finally, the Ss practice applying the rule to produce sentences withgiven prompts.6.Inductive method: the T provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realize grammar rules without any forms of explicit explanation.7. Language:” Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” It can be understood in the following six aspects:Language as system;Language as symbolic;Language as arbitrary;Language as vocal;Language as human;Language as communication8.Bottom-up modelSome teachers teach reading by introducing new vocabulary and new structures first andthen going over the text sentence by sentence. This way of teaching reading reflects thebelief that reading comprehension is based on the understanding and mastery熟练of all the new words, new phrases, and new structures as well as a lot of reading aloud practice. Also, this reading follows a linear process from the recognition of letters, to words, to phrases, to sentences, to paragraphs, and then to the meaning of the whole text. This way of teachingreading is said to follow a bottom-up model.9. Top-down modelIt is believed that in teaching reading, the teacher should teach the background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page. This process of reading is said to follow the top-down model of teachingreading just as Goodman(1970) once said that reading was “a psycholinguistic guessinggame”10. Structural view:The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences.11. The functional view:The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: greetings; offering,suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.The communicative view of languageThe communicative, or functional view of language is the view that language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The semantic and communicative dimensions of language are more emphasized than the grammatical characteristics, although these are also included.12. The interactional view:The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.13.The behaviorist theory( Skinne r)-- a stimulus-response theory of psychologyThe key point of the theory of conditioning is that "you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus,response, and reinforcement"14.Cognitive theory( Noam Chomsky):The term cognitive is to describe loosely methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.15.The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence16.Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.17Teaching stages and procedures:Teaching stages are the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom.Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.18. Three P's model: presentation, practice and production.19.SkimmingSkimming means reading quickly to get the gist,i.e. the main idea of the text.20.ScanningScanning means to read to locate/get specific information.21. DiscussionA discussion is often used for a) exchange of personal opinions. This sort of discussion canstart with a question like "What do you think of?"b) stating of personal opinions ongeneral issues. c) problem-solving.d) the ranking(分类；顺序)of alternatives e) deciding upon priorities(先;前)etc.22. Role-playRole-play is a very common language learning activity where students play differentroles and interact from the point of view of the roles they play.23.What’s called A process approach to writingDefinitionWhat really matters or makes a difference is the help that the teacher provides to guide the students through the process that they undergo when they are writing.24.What’s the assessmentAssessment in ELT means to discover what the learners know and can do at a certain stage of the learning process.25.Grammar Translation:The Grammar Translation method started around the time of Erasmus (1466-1536). Its primaryfocus is on memorization of verb paradigms, grammar rules, and vocabulary. Application of this knowledge was directed on translation of literary texts--focusing of developing students' appreciation of the target language's literature as well as teaching the language. Activities utilized in today's classrooms include: questions that follow a reading passage; translating literary passages from one language to another; memorizing grammar rules; memorizing native-language equivalents of target language vocabulary. (Highly structured class work with the teacher controlling all activities.)26. Direct Method:The Direct Method was introduced by the German educator Wilhelm Viëtor in the early 1800's. Focusing on oral language, it requires that all instruction be conducted in the target language with no recourse to translation. Reading and writing are taught from the beginning, although speaking and listening skills are emphasized--grammar is learned inductively. It has a balanced, four-skill emphasis.27. The Silent Way:The teacher is active in setting up classroom situations while the students do most of the talking and interaction among themselves. All four skills (listening, speaking, reading & writing) are taught from the beginning. Student errors are expected as a normal part of learning; the teacher's silence helps to foster self-reliance and student initiative.28. Community Language Learning:Teachers recognize that learning can be threatening and by understanding and accepting students' fears, they help their students feel secure and overcome their fears of language learning--ultimately providing students with positive energy directed at language learning. Students choose what they want to learn in the class and the syllabus is learner-generated.29. Natural Approach:Introduced by Gottlieb Henese and Dr. L. Sauveur in Boston around 1866. The Natural Approach is similar to the Direct Method, concentrating on active demonstrations to convey meaning by associating words and phrases with objects and actions. Associations are achieved via mime, paraphrase and the use of manipulatives. Terrell (1977) focused on the principles of meaningful communication, comprehension before production, and indirect error correction. Krashen's (1980) input hypothesis is applied in the Natural30. Reading Method:The reading method was prominent in the U.S. following the Committee of Twelve in 1900 and following the Modern Foreign Language Study in 1928. The earlier method was similar to the traditional Grammar/Translation method and emphasized the transference of linguistic understanding to English. Presently, the reading method focuses more on silent reading for comprehension purposes.31. ASTP and the Audiolingual Method:This approach is based on the behaviorist belief that language learning is the acquisition of a set of correct language habits. The learner repeats patterns and phrases in the language laboratory until able to reproduce them spontaneously.ASTP (Army Specialized Training Program)was an intensive, specialized approach to language instruction used in during the 1940's. In the postwar years, the civilian version of ASTP and the audiolingual method featured memorization of dialogues, pattern drills, and emphasis on pronunciation.32. Cognitive Methods:Cognitive methods of language teaching are based on meaningful acquisition of grammar structures followed by meaningful practice.33. Communicative Methods:The goal of communicative language approaches is to create a realistic context for language acquisition in the classroom. The focus is on functional language usage and the ability to learners to express their own ideas, feelings, attitudes, desires and needs. Open ended questioning and problem-solving activities and exchanges of personal information are utilized as the primary means of communication. Students usually work with authentic materials (authentic realia) in small groups on communication activities, during which they receive practice in negotiating meaning.34. Total Physical Response Method:This approach to second language teaching is based on the belief that listening comprehension should be fully developed before any active oralparticipation from students is expected (just as it is with children when theyare learning their native language) .35.What is the Grammar-Translation Method?The Grammar-Translation Method is designed around grammatical structures.36.The Functional-Notional ApproachUnlike the Grammar-Translation Method, which is based on the grammar structures, it thinks thata general learner should take part in the language activities, the functions of language involved inthe real and normal life are most important. For example, the learners have to learn how to give directions, buy goods, ask a price, claim ownership of something and so on. It tells that is not just important to know the forms of the language, it is also important to know the functions and situations, so that the learner could practice real-life communication.municative CompetenceBoth knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language in communicative situation appropriately.38.Critical Period Hypothesis关键期假说This hypothesis states that if humans do not learn a foreign language before a certain age ,then due to changes such as maturation of the brain ,it becomes impossible to learn the foreign language like a native speaker.39.Process-oriented theories:强调过程are concerned with how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.40.Condition-oriented theories: 强调条件emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receives, and the atmosphere.41.Behavioristtheory,(Skinner and waston raynor)A the key point of the theory of conditioning is that”you can train an animal to do anything if youfollow a certain procedure which has three major stages,s timulus,response,and reinforcementB the idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repletion and the reinforcement ofthe teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediatelypraised.42.Cognitive theory:Chomsky)thinks that language is not a form of behavior,it is an intricate rule-based system a nd a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system.There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced.43.Constructivist theory:(John Dewey)the constructivist theory believes that learning is a proces in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/he r already knows44.Socio-constructivist theory:(Vygotsky)he emphasizes interaction and engagement with the t arget language in a social context based on the concept of“Zone of Proximal Development”(ZP D)and scaffolding.。

Chapter 1 Introduction1. Linguistic and English LinguisticLinguistic 的目的 aims at developing a theorygeneral linguistic 一般语言学 descriptive linguistic 描述性语言学general linguistic (一般语言学 ) 为 descriptive linguistic (描述性语言学) 提供了framework(框架), 这也就是为什么 general linguistic 能够被分析和被描述.General linguistic and descriptive linguistic are complementary to each other (相互补充).English linguistic is a kind of descriptive linguistics.2.The nature of languages (语言的本质) 1. language is a system 2. language is symbolic3. language is a system of vocal symbolsThe system of language is called langue 1.language is a systemthe speaker ’s speech is called paroleCompetence is the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situation2. language is symbolic ( 语言是象征意义的)3. language is a system of vocal symbols ( 语言是一种声音符号)语言学侧重研究的是 speech 不是 written formReason1. Biologically (生物上来讲) 儿童学习说比学习读写早得多.2. Functionally (功能上来讲) 日常生活中口语使用比书面语频繁的多.3. Historically ( 历史而言) 口头语使用在书面语之前,当今世界有许多语言并没有留 下 文 字 记录Language is arbitrary Language is creativeLanguage is double-structured Language is changeableLanguage is arbitrarya linguistic symbol is composed of two things speechsound( form)形式and the idea( meaning) 意义Language is creativeLanguage is double-structuredgrammatically-meaningful and sound-meaningless语法上的有意义,声音上的无意义.Language is changeableWhat is the nature of human language?In a short , it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbolsThe unique features like creativity(创造力)duality of structure (结构的双重性)changeability(易变性)3.Scientific method (科学方法)1. collecting data ( 收集数据)2.forming a hypothesis (提出假设)3.testing the hypothesis (验证假设)4.drawing conclusions (得出结论)An important principle of the scientific method Objectivity 客观性Three biases 三种偏见1.some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced有的语言是原始的有的语言是先进的.2.only the standard variety is the pure form of a language只有标准的语体才是纯正的语言3.change is not natural for living language and such a change is a sign ofcorruption and decay语言变化是不自然的变化,变化是衰败的现象.Sources of data 资料的来源Collecting data 是研究的首要工作. 假如这语言学家不懂那门语言,他可以找一个informant ( 为语言学调查提供资料的当地人)Rules construction语言描述的首要工作是construct rules ( draw conclusion) 得出结论How does a linguist construct a rule?书本p15页中4.The goal of linguistics 语言学的目的establish a model of a native speaker’s competence建立一种本族语言的模式literal model 具体模式physical modelmodeltheoretical model 理论模式conceptual modelEg. Which types does a model of the competence of a native speaker belong to?---- theoretical model / conceptual model 理论模式两个特性explicitness 明确性the rules of the langue the model contains are clearlydefined某一门语言的规则定义非常明确generative 生成性use a finite set of rules to generate an infinite numberof sentences用有限的规则创造无限的句子四种研究的方向Phonological 音位知识Morphological 词法知识Syntactic 句法知识Semantic 语义知识Phonological 音位知识sound and sound patterns of his language研究语音和语音模式Morphological 词法知识how a word is formed如何构词的模式Syntactic 句法知识whether a sentence is true or not句子是否符合语法Semantic 语义知识meaning of a language 语言的意义5.Sub-branch of linguistics 语言学的分支6.The father of modern linguistics—Saussure现代语言学之父(瑞士人come from Swiss)现代语言学开始于20世纪,但是发展迅速,有两大流派(two schools) Structure linguistics 结构语言学Transformational-generative Grammar 转换生成语法TG-grammar为什么说Saussure是现代语言学的奠基人呢?1.’’ A Course in General Linguistics” is the first real essay on linguistic theory<<普通语言学>>是第一本真正意义上的语言学专著.2. The distinctions between synchronic and diachronic, syntagmatic andparadigmatic,langue and parole. Show us a brief explanation of these basic and significant distinctions.书中关于共时研究和历时研究, 横向关系和纵向关系, langue 和parole的阐述很明了.4. A few theoretical distinctions introduced have become foundations of linguisticstudy and exerted great influence on the latter development of linguistics.其中的一些理论成为语言学的基础对后来的语言学发展影响很大.Chapter 2 phonetics 语音学定义phonetics is known as the science that studies speech sounds of all human languageThree sub-branches 三个分支articulatory phonetics 发音语音学acoustic phonetic 声学语言学auditory phonetic 听觉语言学发音器官articulatorsWhat is vocal tract?-- The speech organs above the larynx from the vocal tract 喉以上的器官称之为vocal tractConsonants and vowels 辅音和元音Consonant : is a speech sound where the airstream from the lungs is either completely blocked or partially blocked or where the opening is so narrow that theair escapes with audible friction气流完全封闭或部分封闭，或开口小并且有摩檫V owels ：is a speech sound that the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced withvibration of the vocal cords.气流不受阻碍，发音时声带一定振动。

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. L1 development and L2 development seem to involve the same processes.2. The capacity to acquire one’s first language is a fundamental human trait that all human beings are equally well possessed with.3。

All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language。

4. Children follow a similar acquisition schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures, though there is an idiosyncratic variation in the amount of time that takes individuals to master different aspects of the grammar。

5. Humans can be said to be predisposed and biologically programmed to acquire at least one language. 6。

Some languages are inferior， or superior, to other languages。

7。

Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the vocabulary and the meaning of language。

教学法考试unit 3一，填空题。

1.The development of ELT since 1978 can be divided into four major phases:Restoration,Rapid Development,Reform,and Innovation.2.It was in the 1993 syllablus that the world “communication”was used in the objectives ofteaching for the first time.3.The overall aim of the curriculum for nine-year compulsory education is to develop students?comprehensive abilities in language use.4.For any education education change ,teachers are the crucial factors as they are the agents forimplementing the new ideas.5.Faced with the new curriculum ,English teachers are expected to change in many ways.First,they are expected to change their v iews about language which is not a system of liguistic knowledge but a means for communication.二，名词解释Define the words and phrases below;1.NEC:( New English Curriculum)2.PEP:(People's Education Press)3.ELT:(English Language Teaching)4.NFLTRA:(The National Foreign Language Teaching and Research Association)5.九年制义务教育：（nine-year compulsory education）三，简答题1.The framework of objectives in the new National English CurriculumOverall Language Ability:a.Affect: International perspectives, Patriotism, Confidence, Motivationb.Cultural: Knowledge, Understanding, Awareness/doc/c05156329.html,nguage Knowledge: Phonetics, Grammar, V ocabulary, Functions, Topics/doc/c05156329.html,nguage Skills: Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writinge.Learning Strategies: Cognitive, Self management, Communication, Resourcing2.What's the relationship between educational change and teachers?For any educational change, teachers are the crucial factors as they are the agents for implementing the new ideas. Their contributions to and participations in the innovation are essential. Without their willingness, understanding, cooperation adn participation,there can be no changes. However, to many teachers change is rather painful and stressful experience as they are bound to "cope with both the mental and emotional demands of relearning aspects of their professional culture in order to be recognised as a competent professional using the new approach".3.Faced with the new curriculum, what ways are English teachers expected to change in?First, they are expected to change their views about language which is not a system of linguistic knowledge but a means for communication. Second, they are expected to change their traditional role of a knowledge transmitter to a multi-roleeducator. The teaching objectives of the new English curriculum requires that language teaching is more than just teaching the knowledge and skills, it includes caring for students' affective needs, developing their learning strategies, widening up their cultural horizons and establishing international perspectives through the processof language learning. Third, teachers are expected to use more task-based activities and put the students in the center of learning. Fourthly, teachers are expected to use more formative assessment in addition to using tests. Last but not least, teachers are expected to use modern technology in teaching, creating more effective resources for learning and for using the language.4.The brief history of foreign language teaching in China is divided into five parts, what are they?Foreign language teaching before 1978, a phase of restoration (1978--1985), a phase of rapid development (1986--1992), a phase of reform (1993--2000), a phase of innovation from 20005.Please list the six designing principles for the National English Curriculum for the Nine-year Compulsory Education.a.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented educationb.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differencec.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptabilityd.Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning andparticipatione.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, andgive special attention to thedevelopment of competencef.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language.3 The National English Curriculum一、判断题1. Summative assessment should focus on assessing students? overall language ability and the ability to use the language.2. The overall aim of the curriculum for nine-year compulsory education is to develop students? comprehensive abilities in langu age learning.3. The design of the new National English Curriculum divides English language teaching and learning into nine competence-based levels.4. The phase of innovation from 2000 is characterized by a firm and urgent call from the government for quality-oriented education.5. It was in the 1993 syllabus that the word “communication” was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.二、填空题1. Classroom teaching should become a process during which students are guided by the teachers in , , , demonstrating personal characters, developing intelligence and broadening their views and visions.2. The assessment for the nine-year compulsory education should be geared toand in learning.3. The development of ELT since 1978 can be divided into four major phase: Restoration, , Reform, and .4. In the new National English Curriculum, there are five objectives. They are affects, , language skills, , .5. The assessment system for the nine-year compulsory education should include both______ and ______ assessment.三、名词解释题1. Assessment2. NFLTRA3. ELT4. PEP5. SEdC四、简答题1. Faced with the new curriculum, in what ways are English teachers expected to change?2. List at least three designing principles of the Notional English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education.3. With the new English curriculum, the teachers are facing many challenges. So can you give some advise to them to deal with changes and challenges in the process of curriculum reform?4. What did we do in order to ensure a smooth a transition to the New National English Curriculum in 2005?5. Please list at least 7 points of difficulties or problems that English teachers may encounter in teaching English.判断题1. T (P 43, line 14)2. F (P 42, line 29)3. T (P 46, line 1)4. T (P 41, line 3)5. T (P 40, line 27)二、填空题1. constructing knowledge, developing skills, being active inthinking (P 42, line 4)2. stimulating students? interests, cultivating their aut onomy in learning (P 43, line 8 )3. rapid development, innovation (P 39, line 11)4. cultural awareness, language knowledge, learning strategy (P 45 图)5. formative, summative (P 43, line 10)三、名词解释题1. A progress which is designed to make an estimate for the students? learning. It should be geared to stimulating students? interests and cultivating their autonomy in learning. The system should include both formative and summative assessment. (P 43, line 8)2. The National Foreign Language Teaching and Research Association3. English Language Teaching4. the People?s Education Press5. State Education Commission四、简答题1. First, they are expected to change their views about language which is not a system of linguistic knowledge but a means for communication.Second, they are expected to change their traditional role of a knowledge transmitter to a multi-role educator.Thirdly, teachers are expected to use more task-based activities and put the students in the centre of learning.Fourthly, teachers are expected to use more formative assessment in addition to using tests.Last but not least, teachers are expected to use modern technology in teaching, creating more effective resources forlearning and for using the language. (P 48)2. ①aim for educating all students, and emphasize quality education.②promote learn-centeredness, and respect individual differences.③develop competence-based objective, and allow flexibility and adaptability.④pay close attention to the learn ing process, and advocate experiential learning and participation⑤attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.⑥optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language. (P 42-43)3. ①have a open mind towards different kinds of ideas about and approaches to teaching.②be willing to try out new ideas and find out if they work or not.③use the resources available to help you with teaching and self-learning..④reflect on your own teaching and beliefs about teaching. (P 49, line 20)4. First, to start the design of a new national English curriculum which is to be extended to primary education;second, to revise the 1993 syllabus for immediate implementation in 2001 in junior and senior high schools on the sane rationale for the new curriculum without making dramatic changes to the basic structure of the syllabus;thirdly, to design a Basic Requirement for Primary School English and start introducing primary school English step by step nationwide from 2001;fourthly, to pilot the new curriculum for nine-year compulsory education from 2001 to 2004 and implement it in 2005. (P 41, line 18)5. ⑴ Teaching ideas and methods are out of date⑵ Inappropriate textbooks⑶ Wrong expectation from the public⑷ Lack of language environment⑸ Lack of interest on the part of the learners⑹ Teaching for the purpose of testing⑺ Teachers? lack of training⑻ Too many students in one class⑼ Students high cores VS low abilities⑽ O ne?s own language proficiency as an important source of confidence⑾ Already over-loaded work and responsibilities⑿ Lack of support and encouragement from the school principles and colleagues⒀ Lack of professional training on theories and practice of education and on ELT (P 49, lineUnit 4一．填空题：1. Principles for good lesson planning: , variety, , learn ability, and2. Teaching objectives emphasis on , knowledge, , strategies and3. Lesson planning can be done at and levels.4. The major components of a lesson planning are i.e. background information, aims, language contents and skills, , teaching aids, summary, option activities and assignments, as well as5. Robertson and Acklam propose three additional elements for a good lesson. They are E.S.A... …E? stands for …S? stands for …A? stands for二．True or False Statements.1.Because different teachers have different teaching styles, so we don?t need to follow somecertain guidelines in the lesson plan.2.Robertson and Acklam(ibid) propose three additional elements for a good lesson. They areE.S.A…. E stands for engage, S stands for students, A stands for activate3.The 3P model is presentation, practice, and production.4.In a lesson planning, the first thing the teachers need to detail is his/her teaching aims.5.An experienced teacher doesn?t need to do a lesson planning.三．名词解释1. The definition of lesson plan2. What does the principle of “flexibility” mean in a lesson plan?3. What is micro planning?4. What?s a “starter” in teaching stages?5. What does E.S.A. stand for?四．简答题1. What do language teachers benefit from lesson planning?2. What?s Macro planning?3. What components should be included in a language lesson plan?4. What are the principles for good lesson planning？5. What are the advantages of the PPP model?答案：一．填空题1. Key: aim, flexibility, linkage2. Key: language skills, affects, culture awareness3. Key: macro, micro4. Key: stages and procedures, after lesson reflection5. Key: engage, study, activate二．T or F1. T P552. F P663. T P594. F P565. F P51三．名词解释1.第51页第二段: a lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it. In other words, teachers need to think about the aims to be achieved, materials to be covered, activities to beorganized, and techniques and resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.2.第52页第五段3.第54页第三段micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively. It is often an individual activity and different teachers may have different ways of writing their own lesson plans.4.第59最后一段a starter is an activity or a series of activities that a teacher does at the beginning of the lesson, which, though does not take long in a lesson, can fulfill a wide range or purpose.5.第66页倒数第二段E stands for engage—to get students interested in what they learn; S stands for study—there must be some new language or new experience to be gained; and A stands for activate—students should have the chance to produce language in meaningful ways.四．简答题1. Language teachers benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways.Firstly, a clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson. Ts need to know what their Ss to be able to do at the end of the lesson and they can plan the activities and choose the techniques accordingly.Secondly, it helps distinguish the various stages of a lesson and see the relationship between them so that the activities of different difficult levels can be arranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.Thirdly, proper lesson planning give Ts the opportunities to anticipate potential problems that may arise in class so that they can be prepared with some possible solutions or other options for the lesson.Fourthly, good planning gives Ts, especially novice Ts, confidence in class. They know what they are going to do next therefore they can pay more attention to Ss? rea ction and performance in class rather than themselves.Fifthly, when planning the lesson, the T also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed for the lesson.Last but not least, planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism. P522. Macro planning is planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole programme or a whole-yearcourse. This is often done by a group of teachers who are to teach the same course. In a sense, macro planning is not writing lesson plans for specific lessons but rather helping teachers get an overall feeling or idea about the course and also get familiarized with the context in which language teaching takes place. Macro planning involves the following: Knowing about the profession Knowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the syllabus/curriculumKnowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectives3. background information, teaching aims, language contents and skills, stages and procedures, teaching aids, assi gnments, and teacher?s after-lesson reflection. P54-P554. Lessons may have different focuses, grammar, vocabulary, reading or writing. There are five major principles behind good lesson planning: Aim, variety. Flexibility, learn ability and linkage. Aim: the realistic goals for the lesson.Variety: different types of activities and a wide selection of materials.Flexibility: extra and alternative tasks and activitiesLearn ability: the contents and tasks should be within the learning capability of the students. Linkage: the stages and steps are somehow liked with one another. P53-P545. 第59页第三段first it is clear and easy to conduct by the teachers. Secondly, it is easy to evaluate as there are often clear goals to be obtained. Thirdly, there is the belief that learning with a focus on rules can be automatized through practice as a set of habits.41.Teachers need to think about the aim to be achieved, materials to be covered, activities to be organised, and techniques and resources to be used, in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.2.No teaching/learning situation is really static, social and educational circunstances change, views of methodology change, and resources available change.3Priciples for good lesson planning : aim , varity , flexibility and learnability , linkage .4、Lesson planning should be done at two levels macro planning_ and_micro planning .5、PPP model refers to presentation_，practice, _production_.二、Explain the glossary1、Macro planning: planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole programme or a whole-year course.2、Flexibility: Flexibility means preparing some extra and alternative tasks and activities as the class does not always go according to the plan so that the teachers always have the options to cope with the unexpected situations rather than being the slaves of written plans or one methodology.3、Lesson plan :a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and they would like to achieve it.4、Linkage: p545、Micro planning : planning for a specific unit or a lesson,which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively.micro planning is often an individual activity and different teachers may have different ways of writing theirown lesson plan.三、Answer the questions1、Please state what should be include in a good lesson planning ?Background information, teaching aims ,language contents and skills,stages and procedures,teaching aids, end of lesson summary,optional activities and assignments,after lesson reflrction2、What's the relationship between macro planning and micro planning ?p54Of course, there is no clear cut …language teaching take place.3、Lesson planning is important in the process of teaching, so a good lesson planning canbenefit both teacher and student a lot. Please give some benefit of the good lesson planning？p52-534、What contents should be considerate in the part of after lesson reflection？p60 last paragraph5、For almost every lesson, a good starter is necessary and important .Please fulfill a wide purposeof it. p59 first paragraphUnit 51. Based on the functions the teacher performs in different activities, Harmer defines the teacher?s roles as controller, , organiser, , prompter , .2. An important feature of today?s language classroom is that students do not always study as one big group. The most common student grouping are whole class work, , group work, .3. One classification of question types is a taxonomy proposed by Bloom, which is knowledge, comprehension, , , ,evaluation.4. There are different ways and techniques for correcting errors, such as direct teacher correction,, , , whole class correction, etc.5. refers to a code of conduct which binds a teacher and a group of students together so that learning can be more effective.Term Explanations1.prompter2.pair work3.high-order questions4.genuine questions5.mistakeTrue or False Statements1.Generally classroom instructions include all classroom language that teachers my use forteaching purposes as well as for managing teaching.2.Teachers sometimes could punish students for the indisciplined acts in order to create a codeof behaviors.3.When students are working in groups, the teacher can join each group for a while, as aparticipant or a leader or a inspector.4.If the indiscipline is so disruptive as to hinder the progress of the whole class, the teachershould stop the class and make it clear what is wrong.5.The more communicative an activity is , the more control it needs.\Answering Questions1.how should the teacher deal with the indisciplined students?2.when should the teacher corre ct students? mistakes?3.how the teacher to be a good assessor?4.how should the teacher use the grouping method of whole class work?5.what do classroom instructions include?Answers1.assessor, participant, resource-provider2.pair work, individual study3.application, analysis, synthesis4.indirect teacher correction, self-correction, peer correction5.disciplineTerm Explanations1.Prompter is the role of the teacher giving appropriate prompts when students are not surehow to start an activity, or what to do next, or what to say next. For example, when a student doesn?t seem to be ready for an answer, the teacher can give hints.2.Pair work refers to the time when students work in pairs on an exercise or a task. It could bea dialogue reading, a game or an information-gap task between the two students.3.High-order questions refer to those that require more reasoning, analysis, and evaluation ofinformation or memorization of facts.4.Genuine questions are questions which are used to find out new information and since theyoften reflect real contexts, they are therefore more communicative.5. A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a …lip of tongue?, andit is a failure performance to a known system. It has nothingto do with the language competence, but a result from temporary breakdown. When it is challenged or given enough attention, a mistake can be self-corrected.True or False Statements T F F T F1. Indisciplined students are not bad students, and sometimes they are not aware of their indisciplined acts. So when the teacher is trying to act against discipline, he should be careful not to hurt the students.1)deal with it quietly. If the problems involve only one student, the teacher?s action should be a quiet response so that it will av oid other students? attention.2)don?t take things personally. When something happens, the teacher should try to address the problem rather than the student as the object. Besides, the teacher should relate to the problem impersonally even if the criticism is meant personally.3)don?t use threats. Threats are never constructive measures against indiscipline. In most cases, threats cause negative affective state and resistance to cooperation.2. Generally, it is best not to interrupt students during fluency work unless communication breaks down. If the student has got most of his language right but has made a trivial mistake, it is sometimes wise to let the mistake pass. If there are some common mistakes that other students might also have problems with, the teacher can take a note in his/her mind and try to do the correction after the student?s performance. However, during accuracy work, the teacher may need to intervene more because the purpose of the activity is to get what is learned right.3. It?s generally believed it is a major part of a teacher?s job to assess the students? work. As an assessor, the teacher does two things, that is ,correcting mistakes and organizing feedback.Correcting should be gentle. That is to say that the teacher should show that incorrectness has occurred, but not make a big fuss about it. While organizing feedback is an effective way to assess students? performance so that they see the extent of their success or failure. When organizing feedback, the teacher should focus on stud ents? success or progress so that a success-oriented learning atmosphere can be created.4. whole class work is normally used when presenting and explaining new language or new information, checking answers, doing accuracy-based reproduction and summarizing learning. And it should be used widely by teachers. During the whole class work, the teacher should be cautious not to speak too much. Make the presentation and explanation brief and concise in meaningful contexts and then try to elicit replies or answers from the students.5. classroom instructions refer to the type of teachers use to organize or guide learning. They include giving directions to tasks or activities, providing explanations to a concept or language structure, setting requirements, checking comprehension, drawing attention, motivating learners, giving feedback, and assigning homework, etc. Generally they include all classroom language that teachers may use for teaching purposes as well as for managing teaching.5Blank Filling1.According to Harmer, as an assessor,the teacher does two things, that is , correcting mistakes and . key: organising feedback2.The most common student grouping are whole class work, , group work, and individual work. key : pair work3. The teacher can join each group for a while , but only as anot as a leader or inspector. key : participant4. Questioning is a critical skill for teachers because it is the most common form of between the teacher and the students in the classroom. key: interaction5. A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a ora slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system. key : random guessGlossary1.group work :key: Group work refers to the time when students work in small groups./doc/c05156329.html,prehension:key: Comprehension refers to understanding of facts and ideas by organising ,comparing, translating,interpreting,describing,and stating the main ideas.3.individual work:key: Individual work is the stage when students are excepted to work on their own at their own speed.4.evaluation:key: Evaluation refers to present and defend opinions by making an informed judgement about information or ideas based on a set of criteria.5.classroom management:key: Classroom management is the way teachers organise what goes on in the classroom Short Answer1：The teacher has 6 roles when she or he gives a class, what are they?key: P 70. 71.72 mainly refer to controller; assessor; organizer; prompter and resource-provider.2: Teacher has new roles now, what are they?key: p72 mainly refer to teacher as facilitators, teachers as guides, teachers as researchers3: How many types do students growing have and what are they?key: p 74.75 mainly refer to whole class work, pair work, group work, individual study.4: Harmer suggests some measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving students, what are they?Key: p81 mainly refer to 1）act immediately 2)stop the class3)rearrange the seats4)change the activity5）talk to students after class6）create a code of behaviour5: What advice Ur (1996) gives about problems in the class?Key: p81.82 mainly refer to 1)deal with it quietly2)don?t take things personally3）don?t use threats.Unit71 teaching can enhance learner proficiency and and facilitate the internalization of its syntactic system.2 Three of the most important ways of presenting grammar are the ,theand the guided discovery method.3 Grammar practice is usually divided into two categories, and meaningful practice.4 In , the students change a given structure in a way so that they are exposed to another similar structure.5 Practice based on is usually considered as meaningful practice.名词解释1Deductive method 2Practice 3Mechanical practice 4Transformative drill5The guided discovery method简答题1.Why do you think grammar is important, or why not?2.List three frequently used ways of presenting grammar in the classroom, which are mentioned in the textbook, and compare them, and their merits and drawbacks.3.As far as the grammar practice is involved, how to use mechanical practice and meaningful practice?4.List 6 ways of using prompts for practice in grammar practice.True or false statement1.The value of teaching grammar has been a focus of debate and because language teaching and learning contexts vary so greatly that perhaps there will never be a solution to it. T2.In teaching of grammar, the guided discovery method is superior than the deductive method and the inductive method. F3.Mechanical practice and meaningful practice are quite different from each other, but still are possible to be combined together when teaching grammar.T4.In mechanical practice the focus in on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning.5.The understanding of how to teach grammar is no less controversial than the value of grammar in language learning.T 答案：1grammar, accuracy; P1032 deductive method, inductive method; P1043mechanical practice; P1094transformation drills; P1095prompts; P112答案1. theductive method relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing. First, the teacher writes an example on the board or draws attention to an example in the textbook. Then the teacher。

上半年《英语知识与教学能力》（高中）试题(附答案).第 1 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >Neither the unpleasant experiences nor the bad luck __________ himdiscouraged.{A}. have caused{B}. has caused{C}. has made{D}. have made正确答案：C,第 2 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >Mr. Joe has worked very hard in the past two years and has paid all his debts__________the last penny.{A}. by{B}. to{C}. until{D}. with正确答案：B,第 3 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >The message came to the villagers __________ the enemy had already fledthe village.{A}. which{B}. who{C}. that{D}. where正确答案：C,第 4 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >We must improve the farming method __________we may get high yields.{A}. in case{B}. in order that{C}. now that{D}. even if正确答案：B,第 5 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >--Do you mind if I smoke here?--__________.{A}. Yes, I don't{B}. Yes, you may{C}. No, not at all{D}. Yes,I won’t正确答案：C,第 6 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >She is __________ , from her recording, the diaries of Simon Forman.{A}. transcribing{B}. keeping{C}. paraphrasing{D}. recollecting正确答案：A,第 7 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >The main difference between/m/,/n/, and/η/lies in__________. {A}. manner of articulation{B}. sound duration{C}. place of articulation{D}. voicing正确答案：C,第 8 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 单项选择题 >The sound of\"ch\" in \"teacher\" is__________.{A}. voiceless, post-alveolar, and affricative{B}. voiceless, dental, and fricative{C}. voiced, dental, and fricative{D}. voiced, post-alveolar, and plosive正确答案：A,第 9 题 (解答题)(每题 40.00 分) > 未分类 >设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计20分钟英语阅读的教学方案。

作业1．第1题According to J. Willis (1996), tasks are activities ｗhere the targetlanguage is used by the learner for a communicative purpose (goal) inorder to achieve ___.A.linguistic competencemunicative competenceC.an outcomeD.knowledge您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第2题Theories concerning language learning include the ____ theories, the ____ theories, the ____theories, and the ____ theories.A.Process-oriented; Goal-oriented; Behaviourist; CognitiveB.Functional; Interactional; Constructivist; Socio-constructivistC.Structural; Behavioural; Cognitive; ConstructivistD.Behaviourist; Cognitive; Constructivist; Socio-constructivist您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题The ____ theory believes that teachers must balance an understandingof the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individuallearners with an understanding of the means of arousing learner'sinterests ａnd curiosity for learning.A.BehanouristB.CognitiveC.ConstructivistD.Structuralist您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题It is believed that the inductive method is more effective than the deductive method because students ___ while engaged in language use.A.are told by the teacher the grammar rulesB.learn the grammar rules without any difficultyC.never learn the grammar rulesD.discover the grammar rules themselves您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题The deductive method of teaching grammar relies on ___.A.ethic devotion, professional qualities, ａnd personal styleB.explaining, imitating ａnd practisingC.reasoning, analysing ａnd comparingD.listening, reading ａnd writing您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第6题Whether pronunciation needs special attention ｏr focus in language teaching depends on many factｏrs, especially ___ factｏrs.A.learnerB.teacherC.pronunciationD.phonetic您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第7题According to Jane Willis, the components of the framework of Task-Based Learning (TBL) include ____.A.exercises, exercise-tasks ａnd tasksB. new language items, time ａnd learning cultureC.a purpose, a context, a process ａnd a product/outcomeD.pre-task, task cycle ａnd language focus您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第8题Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence. these components inlude linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, ａnd ___.A.accuracyB.fluencyC.correctnessD.grammaticality您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题One common problem in English learning is that many students take great pain to improve the English sounds they produce while neglecting ___, which may matter more than the individual sounds do.A.consistency ａnd intelligibilityB.intelligibility ａnd communicative efficiencyC.accuracy ａnd fluencyD.stress ａnd intonation您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题When practising individual sounds, it is important to remember that such ear training activities are actually ___ for helping learners improve their communicative listening ｏr speaking.A.sufficientB.not sufficientC.not necessaryD.not helpful您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第11题According to Wang Qiang, one question that all approaches of language teaching should answer is “___?”A.What is a mother tongueB.What is a second/foreign languageC.What is EnglishD.What is language您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第12题The idea of the audio-lingual method, which was based on the behaviorist theory of language learning, was that language is learned by constant ___, during which mistakes were immediately corrected, ａnd correct utterances were immediately praised.A.cognitive processingB.meaningful practiceC.repetition ａnd reinforcementD.imitation ａnd communication您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第13题When we are teaching pronunciation, ___ ａnd intonation should be taught ｆrom the very beginning.A.knowledge about soundsB.phonetic rulesC.phonetic transcriptsD.stress您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.014．第14题According to Wang Qiang, to answer the question “Can the students achieve the goal of acquiring native-like pronunciation?” we must take into consideration three things: ___.A.ethic devotion, professional qualities, ａnd personal styleB.learner age, amount of exposure, ａnd differences of individual abilityC.teacher factors, learner factors, ａnd school factorsD.letters, phonetic transcripts, ａnd sounds您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第15题According to Ur (1996), if the structure is not easy for the learners to discovery themselves even with a context provided, it is better to teach the rule ___.A.implicitlyB.explicitlyC.in an abstract wayD.in a simple way您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第16题“Try to provide a visual ｏr physical demonstration whenever possible, using ___ to show meaning” is one of the ways of presenting new wｏrds suggested in Wang Wiang’s book (2005).A.a verbal contextB.lexical sets ｏr hyponymsC.pictures, photos, video clips, mime ｏr gesturesD.word formation rules ａnd common affixes您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第17题According to Wang Qiang, two questions that views on language learning involve are “what are the psycholinguistic ａnd cognitive processes of language learning?” ａnd “____?”A.What are the conditions for the learning processes to be activatedB.How do people imitate others when they are learning a languageC.What is languageD.How do people learn linguistic structures您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第18题Those words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to ｕｓｅ in speech ａnd writing are considered as one’s ___.A.receptive ｏr activeB.productive ｏr passiveC.receptive ｏr passiveD.productive ｏr active您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.019．第19题The words “head, eyes, ears, mouth, arms” ａnd “legs” are ___ underthe catego ry of “body parts”.A.antonymsB.hyponymsC.chunksD.synonyms您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第20题Pronunciation is difficult to teach without drills on sounds. However, drilling individual sounds for more than a few minutes a time may be ___.A.interesting ａnd funB.attractive ａnd motivatingC.boring ａnd demotivatingD.of no ｕｓｅ您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.021．第21题Adjectives such as 'well-informed', 'resourceful', ａnd 'reflective' can be used to describe a teacher’s ___, one of the three elements of a good foreign language teacher.A.ethic devotionB.professional qualityC.personal stylenguage proficiency您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.022．第22题According to ___, if humans do not learn a foreign language before a certain age (perhaps around puberty), then due to changes such as maturation of the brain, it becomes impossible to learn the foreign language like a native speaker.A.The Critical Period HypothesisB.Task-Based Language Teachingmunicative competence theoriesD.behaviorist theories您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.023．第23题In the traditional classroom, very often, too much attention has been paid to ___, with little ｏr no attention paid to practising language skills.A.linguistic competenceB.linguistic knowledgenguage ｕｓｅnguage functions您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.024．第24题To help our students pass exams is one of the purposes of our English teaching. Another purpose, which is very important, is to prepare our students to ___.A.ｕｓｅ english in real lifeB.obtain knowledge about languageC.make up sentencesD.get a good job in the future您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.025．第25题The ___ view of language considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main ｕｓｅ is to build up ａnd maintain social relations between people.A.structuralB.functionalC.interactionalD.behaviorist您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.026．第26题According to Archambault (1964), a constructivist scholar, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of ___.A.pushing the learners forward in their imitationB.realizing the common rules of languageC.making the learners memorize the structures of languageD.arousing the learners’ interests ａnd curiosity for learning您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.027．第27题The ___ view says that knowing how to do what you want to do also involves knowing whether it is appropriate to do, ａnd where, when ａnd how it is appropriate to do it. in order to know this, you have to study the patterns ａnd rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.A.structuralB.functionalC.interactionalD.behaviorist您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第28题In teaching grammar, substitution ａnd ___ are examples of mechanical practice.ing chain phrases for story tellinging information sheets as promptsC.chain of eventsD.transformation drills您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第29题As far as vocabulary teaching is concerned, which of the following is NOT the uncertainty that still remains?A.which vocabulary items should be taught ａnd learned.B.how vocabulary can be taught ａnd learned most effectively.C.whether vocabulary should be taught ｏr not.D.What constitute a vocabulary item.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.030．第30题The guided discovery method is different ｆrom the inductive method because the process of the discovery ___ ａnd the rules are then elicited ａnd taught explicitly.A.is carefully guided ａnd assisted by the teacherB.is made by the students themselvesC.takes place automaticallyD.never takes place您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.031．第31题When teaching pronunciation, great care should be taken to the distinction between ___.A.pronunciation ａnd grammarB.pronunciation ａnd vocabularyC.pronunciation ａnd writingD.pronunciation ａnd phonetics您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.032．第32题When we are teaching pronunciation, we should not lead students to focus on reading ａnd writing phonetic transcripts of words, especially young students, because phonetic transcripts are ___.A.too easy to learnB.too hard to remember for young learnersC.too hard to write for young learnersD.more abstract ａnd less meaningful than sounds您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第33题As far as pronunciation is concerned, there are two types of practice, namely ___.A.student practice ａnd teacher practiceB.perception practice ａnd production practiceC.word practice ａnd sentence practiceD.stress practice ａnd rhythm practice您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第34题According to Wang Qiang, the three different views of language are ___.A.the structural view, the systematic view, ａnd the functional viewB.the linguistic view, the communicative view, ａnd thesocial-interactional viewC.the vocal view, the visual view, ａnd the vocal-visual viewD.the structural view, the functional view, ａnd the interactional view您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.035．第35题One of the problems in vocabulary learning is that students often ___.A.ｕｓｅ context for their vocabulary learningB.try hard to understand the wordsC.learn new words in isolation of contextD.ｕｓｅ a variety of vocabulary building strategies您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第36题According to Nation (2001) receptive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms(2) knowing that there are some related words(3) being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs(4) being able to recognize the typical collocationsA.(1)B.(2)C.(3)D.(4)您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第37题When teaching vocabulary it is believed that teaching ___ is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a time, as nation(2001:318) notes that “all fluent ａnd appropriate language ｕｓｅrequires ___ knowledge.”A.word collocations … collocationalB.meaning … meaningfulC.denotative meaning …denotativeD.connotative meaning …connotative您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.038．第38题When practising intonation with students in the classroom, ___.A.we can explain the intonation to the studentsB.we never make the students know which part is a rise, ａnd which part is a fallC.we can ｕｓｅ hand ｏr arm movement, ｕｓｅ arrows, ｏr draw lines under/above the wｏrdsD.we just let the intonation take place without our attention您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第39题According to Ur, the six factors contribute to successful practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition, success-orientation, heterogeneity, teacher assistance, ａnd ___.A.interestB.accuracyC.fluencyplexity您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第40题Look at the following activity in the classroom, ａnd decide what kind of practice it is.chain of eventsteacher: now lets play a game. the first student starts a sentence with asecond conditional clause. the next student takes the result of thesentence, reforms it into another condition ａnd suggests afurther result.for example, the first student says, “if i had a mil lion dollars, i would buy a yacht”. the second student says, “if i bought a yacht, i would go fora sail”. …the students may come up with sentences like these:s3: if i went for a sail, there might be a storm.s4: if there were a storm, my yacht would sink.s5: if my yacht sank, i would die.s6: if i died, my parents would cry.s7: …This is an example of ___.A.mechanical practiceB.meaningful practicebining mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice togetherD.None of the above您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第41题When practising sounds, the activities “using minimal pairs”, “which ｏrder”, “same ｏr different” ａnd “odd one out” belong to the categｏry of ___.A.perception practiceB.production practiceC.perception ａnd production practicesD.perception ｏr production practice您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.042．第42题When teaching grammar, some forms of using prompts for meaningful practice include using pictures, mimes ｏr gestures, information sheets, key phrase ｏr key wｏrds, ａnd ___ fｏr stｏry telling.A.chained phrasesB.real objectsC.picturesD.rules您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第43题At beginner level, most new words learned by students usually have immediate practical ｕｓｅａnd quickly become one’s ___ vocabulary.A.productive ｏr activeB.receptive ｏr activeC.productive ｏr passiveD.receptive ｏr passive您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第44题According to Nation (2001) productive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) being able to produce the word to express the meaning(2) being able to write it with correct spelling(3) being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms(4) being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occursA.(1)B.(2)C.(3)D.(4)您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.045．第45题When teaching new words that are difficult for the students to understand, for example, some technical words ｏr wｏrds with abstract meanings, the teacher can ___.A.teach them in chunksB.ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonymsC.translate ａnd exemplifyD.ｕｓｅ a verbal context您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第46题A group of words that go together to form meaning are referred to as ___. They are also referred to as …pre-fabricated formulaic items‟ (Lewis, 2002:121).A.chunksB.synonymsC.antonymsD.hyponyms您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.047．第47题As far as learning pronunciation is concerned, the realistic goals for the students are consistency, intelligibility, ａnd ___.municative efficiencyB.accuracyC.correctnessD.fastness您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第48题There are two kinds of stress that are important to achieving good pronunciation, i.e. ___.A.mechanical stress ａnd meaningful stressB.perception stress ａnd production stressC.word-level stress ａnd phrase-level ｏr sentence-level stressD.syllable-level stress ａnd word-level ｏr phrase-level stress您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.049．第49题When teaching grammar, if the teacher follows the sequence of teaching activities of “teacher‟s presentation of an example →explanation of the rule →students‟ practice with given prompts”, Professor Wang Qiang would believe that the teacher is using the ___ method.A.inductiveB.deductiveC.guided discoveryD.task-based您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第50题According to littlewood (1981), identifying pictures, discovering sequences ｏr locations, discovering differences ａnd reconstructing stｏry-sequences are examples of ___.A.mechanical practiceB.drilling languageC.functional communicative activitiesD.social interaction activities您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：84.0作业总批注：。

专八语言集锦（05年——14年专八真题及解析归纳）目录1、2005年 (1)2、2006年 (2)3、2007年 (4)4、2008年 (6)5、2009年 (8)6、2010年 (10)7、2011年 (11)8、2012年 (12)9、2013年 (13)10、2014年 (14)11、附加语言学考研题 (15)2005年38.（考查点：main branches of linguistics) Syntax is the study ofA. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD.word formation答案：B。

解析：Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences,是关于形成和理解正确英语句子的原则。

也就是句子结构。

故选择B。

39.（考察点：design features of language) Which of ale following is NOTa distinctive feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. Cultural transmissionD. Finiteness答案：D。

解析：题问下面四个选项中，哪一个不是人类语言的主要特征？除Finiteness(有限性)外，选项中的其它的三项Arbitrariness（任意性），Productivity（能产性）和Cultural transmission（文化传递性）在语言学概述部分都提到了。

故选择D。

40. （考察点：人物）The speech act theory was first put forward byA. John SearleB. John AustinC. Noam ChomskyD. M.A,K. Halliday答案：B。