朗文4AU3 when our grandparents were young

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希望在后期的教学中，能得到您的支持和配合，家校携手助力学生成长！四年级朗文英语上册：附第一单元导学单：4A chapter1 Knowing our friends了解我们的朋友们一.、重点单词和短语【Part A/B】1.read—reading读书2.paint—painting画画，侧重于上颜色（draw —drawing画画，偏向于画线条）3.dance—dancing跳舞4.roller-skate—roller-skating滑旱冰5.jog—jogging 慢跑6.swim—swimming游泳7.play—playing chess下棋8.listen—listening to music听音乐9.spare time 闲余时间10.like v.喜欢11.what pron.什么12.do v./aux 做（does单三）13.I 我（第一人称）14.you 你（第二人称）15.he 他（第三人称）16.she 她（第三人称）17.it它（第三人称）18.we我们（第一人称）19.you你们（第二人称）20.they他/她/它们（第三人称）【Part E】1.book display n.图书展示2.Central Library n.中央图书馆3.Sports Center n.运动俱乐部4.City plaza n.城市广场5.City Hall n. 市政厅6.Dance Day n.舞蹈日7.ice-skate --ice-skating v.溜冰8.play -playing table tennis v.打乒乓球9.too, 表肯定“也是”；either, 表否定“也不”10.at the weekend 在周末11.me too 我也是12.me either 我也不13.good idea 好主意【Part F】1.sing-singing v.唱歌2.play football --playing football v.踢足球3.can v.能够4.go dancing 去跳舞5.together adv.一起二、重点句型1.-What do you like doing in your spare time? 你在业余时间喜欢做什么？-I like swimming, reading and listening to music. 我喜欢游泳、读书和听音乐。

朗文教材4A 1---4 单元测试Part I Listening (25%)一、选出你听到的单词，用A、B或C表示：5%( ) 1. A. dog B. frog C. not ( ) 2. A. read B. red C. ride ( ) 3. A. hay B. hi C. hello ( ) 4. A. moth B. mouth C. mouse ( ) 5. A. dive B. driver C. five二、选择你听到的句子，用A、B或C表示：5%( ) 6. A. Whose kite is it? B. Who has a kite?C. Where is his kite?( ) 7. A. Here is some corn. B. Give me some corn.C. Put some corn here.( ) 8. A. Don’t climb the tree. B. Don’t play in the pond.C. Don’t close the gate.( ) 9. A. What shape is the bag? Is it a rectangle?B. Is the bag a rectangle? Yes, it is.C. What is this? It is a rectangle bag.( ) 10. A. Look at the mouse. Its teeth are sharp.B. Look at the mouse. Its teeth are small.C. Look at the mouth. Its teeth are smooth.三、听问句，选答句，用A、B或C表示：5%( ) 11. A. It’s Danny’s. B. It’s a red balloon.C. Yes, it’s a red balloon.( ) 12. A. Yes, it’s my ball. B. No. It’s my ball.C. My ball is under the bed.( ) 13. A. It’s twenty yuan. B. There is twenty yuan.C. I need twenty yuan.( ) 14. A. She’s on a swing. B. They’re on a swing.C. I can swing on the swing( ) 15. A. Yes, she does. B. No, he doesn’t.C. Yes, she is.四、根据听到的对话和问题，选择正确的答案，用A、B或C表示：5% ( ) 16. A. A pair of shoes. B. A camera.C. A skateboard.( ) 17. A. In the street. B. In the playground.C. In the supermarket.( ) 18. A. Yes, it is. B. No, it doesn’t.C. Yes, it does.( ) 19. A. He has got 32 classmates. B. He has got 31 classmates.C. He has got 20 classmates.( ) 20. A. It is fifty yuan. B. It is fifteen yuan.C. It’s five yuan.五、听短文，填入所缺的单词：5%This is a lion. He is very ____21______. His teeth are big and sharp . He has a good _____22_____, Little Mouse. The mouse has got small and sharp teeth. One day the lion is in the forest. He is in a net on the tree. He can’t get out of the net. He is _____23_____. He is shou ting. He asks for help.The mouse hears and sees the lion. He is brave. He climbs up the tree. He bites the net with his sharp ____24_____. Now the net is broken. The lion can get out of the net. Now the lion and the mouse are very___25_____. They _26____ friends.Part 2 Vocabulary and grammar 75%一、比较划线部分的发音，选出发音不同的单词，用A、B或C表示：4% ( ) 27. We look at the roots in the books.A B C( ) 28 The bread on the teacher’s sketch-book is clean.A B C( )29. The black dog on the green box is a little old.A B C( ) 30. These three boys are thirsty.A B C二、用所给单词的适当形式填空：7%31. ___________ (not go) across the street. The light is red.32. There are twelve ___________ (toy) in the big box.33. Look！That is___________ (we) teacher, Mr. Brown.34. Peter ___________ ( like) pink. Do you like it, too?35. How many __________ (peach) are there in the tree?36. Look at__________ (Sam) sunglasses. Have you got a pair, too?三、选择适当的疑问词填空：5%What，What colour，What shape，How many，How，Where，Whose37. A: ________ pair of sunglasses? B: My brother’s.38. A: _________ are the bees? B: In the boxes.39. A: _________did you do yesterday? B: I wrote a letter .40. A: _________did you go to park last Sunday ? B: we went by taxi..41. A: _________ months are there in a year? B: Twelve.四、选择最恰当的答案填空，用A、B或C表示：20%( )42. are you, Eddie? I am ten years old. And you?A. What shapeB. How oldC. What colour( )43.I’m hungry. I want_______.A. some sandwichesB. a CokeC. an orange juice ( )44.______is a good policewoman.A. HeB. SheC. I( )45.______you a new deskmate? Yes, I________.A. Do…doB. Are…amC. Have…have( )46.Listen____the bird! Tweet! It’s sad.A. atB. toC. in( )47.Eric____his skateboard. It’s old.A. likeB. don’t likeC. doesn’t like( )48 Sue has ____ kite. It’s ____ orange.A. a…/B. a…aC. a…an( )49. What colour _____the flowers? Blue.A. isB. amC. are( )50.Look____t he tiger. It’s afraid.A. fromB. atC. to( 51.____is your uncle? A cook.A. WhatB. HowC. Who( )52. There is milk bottle on the table.A. anB. someC. a( )53. Can you ? Yes, I can.A. play the pianoB. play pianoC. playing the piano （）54.Did you help you mother this morning?A. Yes, I didn’t . BNO,I didn’t. C Yes , I do ( )55. what do you like doing?A l like readB I like readingC I like running.( )56 What ___Paul ______doing?A.does….likes B does …..like C is….like( )57. John________like ice-skating.Adoesn’t Bdon’t Cisn’t( ) 58 -- A:My grandparents don’t like going to bed late.B my grandma _________going to bed late _____A. Don’t ….too B doesn’t ….. too C doesn’t …..either ( )59. -- Do you watch TV? --______.A. No, I do.B. Yes, I am.C. Yes, I do.（）60. There is _____ old man in the story.A. aB. anC. theD. /（）61 -A: ____ does he often go to Hangzhou?-B: By air.A. WhenB. WhatC. WhyD. How六、按要求完成句子，每格限填一个单词：10%62.My mother had the dinner last night. （一般疑问句）__________ your mother __________ the dinner last night ?63. Two packets of sugar are 10 yuan. （针对划线部分提问）__________ __________ are two packets of sugar?64 I live in a flat. （否定句）I__________ __________ in the cinema.65.We went to school by bus .（针对划线部分提问）_________ _________ you _________ to school?66. There is one bird in the park. （针对答句提问）How many _________ __________ there in the park?七、选择合适的句子填空，并把编号写在横线上：5%A: Good afternoon, Eddie.B: ___________67___________, Sam.A: Whose handbag is this?B: ___________68___________. It looks nice.?A: ___________69__________?B: It’s in my bedroom.A: Can I use your handbag?B:_________70___________B: Thank you.A: __________71___________.八．完形填空8%Last Sunday was a rainy day. My aunt 1 to my home. She 2 her raincoat and 3 , you 4 5 at home, it 6 raining hard outsid e. I 7 the window. It really was. So I 8 TV inside.( ) 72. A. come B. goes C. comes D. came( ) 73. A. put on B. took away C. bring D. took off( ) 74 A. say B. said C. says D. didn’t say( ) 75. A. should B. may C. shouldn’t D. would better( ) 76. A. stay B. be C. stayed D. were( ) 77. A. is B. was C. am going to D. be( ) 78A.ook out of B. look at C. has a look at D. looked out of ( ) 79A. see B. saw C. watched D. watch九、判断下列句子是否符合短文内容，相同用“T”表示，不同的用“F”表示：8% Miss Fang: Ken and Kitty, please come to my office with me.Children: Yes, Miss Fang.Miss Fang: Here’s my new desk.Ken: Wo w, it’s big. Miss Fang, your bag is on the floor.Miss Fang: Oh, thanks, Ken. There’s a pencil-box and some books on my desk. Please take them to your class.Kitty: Look, there are some nice photos on the wall. There’s a clock beside the photos.Ken: I like your clock, Miss Fang.Miss Fang: Oh, it’s one o’clock. Let’s go to the classroom.( ) 80The children are in Miss Fang’s house.( ) 81iss Fang has got a big desk.( ) 82There’s a bag on the teacher’s desk.( ) 83t’s time for cl ass.十、根据短文内容选择正确的答案，用A、B或C表示：8%A Clock and a WatchWe can tell the time by a clock or by a watch. A clock is big, it is usually （通常）on the wall or on the table. A watch is small, we can put it in the pocket(口袋), or wear it on the wrist (手腕). A clock or a watch usually has a round face. It has two hands, a long one and a short. Tom’s clock can speak and call him to get up every day. His watch has a picture of a lovely dog on the face. He likes it very much.( )84Where do people usually put a clock?A On the wall.B On the bed.C On the wrist( )85ow many hands has a clock?A One.B TwoC Four( )86hat does Tom have? He has ________.A a lovely watchB a lovely clockC both A and B( )87om’s clock can call him to _________.A get downB get upC go to school.听力材料一、选出你听到的单词，用A、B或C表示：5%1. I have got a pet dog.2. Can you read English well?3. The hay is for the cow.4. Look at the moth? Do you like it?5. My father can dive.二、选择你听到的句子，用A、B或C表示：5%6. Where is his kite?7. Here is some corn.8. Don’t play in the pond.9. What shape is the bag? Is it a rectangle?10. Look at the mouse. Its teeth are sharp.三、听问句，选答句，用A、B或C表示：5%11. Whose red balloon is this?12. Where is your ball?13. How much money is there in the box?14. What can you do on a swing?15. Does she like pineapples?四、根据听到的对话和问题，选择正确的答案，用A、B或C表示：5%16. A: What do you need for your birthday?B: I like skateboards. Can you buy one for me, Mum?A: Ok, let’s go to the supermarket to buy one.Question: What do they want to buy at the supermarket?17. A: Tom, don’t cross the road now. Look ,the light is red.B: I am sorry, Mum.Question: Where are they now?18. A: What pet do you have at home?B: A little puppy.A: Is it lovely?B: Yes, it does. It has two big eyes.Question: Does the little puppy have two small eyes?19. A: How many students are there in your class?B: There are 32.A: So you have got many friends in your class?B: Yes, I have got about twenty in my class.Question: How many classmates have you got?20. A: How much is the book?B It’s five yuan.Question: Li Ming wants to buy ten books. How much money does he need?五、听短文，填入所缺的单词：5%This is a lion. He is very strong. His teeth are big and sharp . He has a good friend, Little Mouse. The mouse has got small and sharp teeth. One day the lion is in the forest. He is in a net on the tree. He can’t get out of the net. He is afraid. He is shouting. He asks for help. The mouse hears and sees the lion. He is brave. He climbs up the tree. He bites the net with his sharp teeth. Now the net is broken. The lion can get out of the net. Now the lion and the mouse are very happy. They are friends.。

精品文档《朗文英语 4A》复习提要Chapter 3：When our grandparents were young当我们爷爷奶奶（外婆外公）小的时候I.经过第 3 章的学习，下面的新单词我们要准确无误地读（ read them correctly），知道它们的中文意思(know the Chinese meaning)，不看书进行英汉互译 (translate)，并且还要会拼写 (spell)。

countable noun 可(数 cn.)uncountable noun 不(可数 un.) CD 碟片、 CD chewing gum口香糖 (chew咀嚼 ) comic漫画书cola 可乐clock 钟fast food快餐air-con(air-conditioner) 空调mobile phone手机、移动电话* 注意： an air-con 一台空调II. 句型。

下面的关键句型我们要会读(read), 知道意思 (know the Chinese meaning), 会根据不同的语境来运用(use them in different contexts)，会写 (write them correctly)。

--Was there any cola when you were young，Grandpa?--Yes, there was. （肯定回答）--Was there any fast food when you were young?--No, there wasn’（t.否定回答）--Were there any air-cons when you were young, Grandma?--Yes, there were.（肯定回答）--Were there any mobile phones when you were young, Grandma? --No, there weren’t.（否定回答 )：当名是可数名数或不可数名，be 用数 (is，was)。

《朗文英语4A》复习提要Chapter 6：Wonderful places精彩的地方I. 经过第6章的学习,下面的新单词我们要准确无误地读(read them correctly）,知道它们的中文意思(know the Chinese meaning),不看书进行英汉互译（translate)，并且还要会拼写（spell）。

village 村庄island 岛屿temple 寺庙crocodile 鳄鱼snake 蛇tiger 老虎a camel trip 一次骆驼之旅a boat trip 一次乘船之旅a helicopter trip一次直升机之旅a waterfall 一条瀑布a river 一条河流a cave 一个洞穴visit(visited) 游览、参观、拜访see(saw）看见go on(went on) 进行interesting 有趣的dangerous 危险的exciting 激动人心的beautiful 美丽的2.形容词的比较级和最高级。

要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写,知道如何变成比较级和最高级的规则.II.句型.下面的关键句型我们要会读（read), 知道意思（know the Chinese meaning），会根据不同的语境来运用（use them in different contexts)，会写（write them correctly）。

New sentences:A。

We visit ed some interesting place s.The village s were more interesting than the temple s。

The island s were the most interesting。

我们游览了一些有趣的地方。

村庄比寺庙更有趣。

岛屿最有趣的。

B。

We went on some exciting trip s.The camel trip was more exciting than the boat trip.The helicopter trip was the most exciting。

完整版)朗文4A3,4单元测试题朗文4A 3，4单元测试姓名：____________ 分数：____________一．听句子，选信息。

1.How did they travel。

A。

By boat B。

on foot C。

by XXX2.How long ago did it happen。

A。

50 years ago B。

500 years ago C。

5000 years ago D。

years ago3.What did they wear on their feet。

A。

XXX4.What did they do。

A。

fly XXX5.How tall is she。

A。

134cm B。

135cm C。

153cm D。

143cm6.What did they celebrate。

A。

Chinese New Year B。

Christmas C。

XXX7.What did they not have in the past。

A。

credit XXX8.Where did they live。

A。

towns B。

villages C。

flats D。

cities9.What did they use as currency。

A。

cash B。

paper money C。

copper D。

silver and gold10.What did they not have in the past。

A。

XXX二．Listen and write the capital letters.1.()2.()3.()4.()5.()6.()7.()8.()9.() 10.()三．听问句，选答句。

1.Were there any apples on the tree。

A。

Yes。

there is B。

Yes。

there were.2.Did they go to the park yesterday。

A。

朗文英语4A期末复习题（一）一、填空。

1 Do you ____ get up late? Yes , I _____ (有时候) get up late.2 _____ he _____ surf the Net? No, he never ____ the Net..3 ______ you ever ________(照顾) your pet?4 This ___ （是）my _________（知己），Ken.5 she always _____ to bed ______.(早)6 do you ever ______________________(收拾房间)7I like __________.（读书）8I ___________like ___________(画画)9Ken likes __________(唱歌)， He _________like __________(跳舞)10They like ________(滑冰)， They _________like_____________(跑步) 11Do you like ____________(听音乐)？12Yes ,___________ Does Mary like ____________(下棋)？No ,___________.13Do Jenny and Ben like____________(外出吃饭)？No, _________.14. I’ｍ___________ than you.14I’m 12 years old.You’retail.___________ than a monkey’s15A rabbit’s tail is16 An elephant is ___________ than a pig.17 A lake is ___________ than a sea.18 A basketball is ___________ than a football.二、选出合适的单词完成句子heavy tall long much many big(1) How ___________is the Yellow River?(2) Ho ___________is Mr Green? He’s 175cm.(3) How ___________are your feet? I wear size 18.(4) How ___________is the white T-shirt? It’s 100 yuan.(5) How ___________apples are there in the bag? There are 5.(6) How ___________ is the fish? It’s 2kg.三、选择( ) 1. She watered the flowers ________.A tomorrowB sometimesC yesterday morning( ) 2.What ____ Mike do last weekend?A doB doesC did( ) 3. I ___ my room last Sunday.A cleanedB cleanC am cleaning( ) 4. _____ you _____ TV last night?A Do, watchB Did, watchC Did, watched( )5. Did your father write an e-mail yesterday?A Yes, he did.B Yes, he doesC No, he don’ｔ( )6.They _____ on a trip inFebruary ,2007.A are goingB goingC went( )7 What do you like doing in your spare time? – I like _______.a. playing chessb. plays chessc. play chess( )8 Let’s _______ fishing together, Ron.a. go tob. goingc. go( )9 Does he want to play ___ the swings?a. onb. inc. to( )10 What does Lisa like doing? - She __________ playing the violin.a. likeb.likedc. likes( )11 What ______ Sam ______ on Saturdays?a. do….dob. does… doc. does…does( ) 12How did people travel 500 years ago?a. By boat.b. By horse.c. Both A and B.( ) 13He ______ like playing basetball _____ singing.a. doesn’t…and…b. does….or…c. doesn’t….or…( ) 14Mr. and Mrs. Ho ______ roller-skating _____.a. like….toob. likes…eitherc. likes…too( ) 15Was there any cola? --__________.a. Yes, there was.b. No, there was.c. Yes, I did.( )16 ________ the children ________to school 50 years ago?a. Does…. go…b. Do… go…c. Did…go( )17It ____________ (not be) Ben's birthday last Friday.A. wasn’tB. weren’tC. isn’tD. aren’ｔ( 18 These men_________________ (not be) firemen a week ago.A. wasn’ｔB. weren’tC. not beD. aren’ｔ( ) 19 They _____________ (not be) in Beijing three days ago.A. wasn’tB. weren’tC. not isD. aren’ｔ( ) 20 It ____________ (not be) the 2nd of November yesterday.A. wasn’ｔB. weren’tC. not areD. aren’ｔ四、用括号内单词的正确形式完成下列句子1. It ______ (be) Helen’ｓbirthday yesterday.the camera? It _______(is) there a moment ago. 3. Tom _______ (go) to visit a farm las 2. Where’ｓt week.4. The twins ______ (water) the flowers in the garden yesterday morning.5. What_______ (do) you do three days ago?6. What _____ you ______ (do) last Friday? We ______ (water) trees on the farm7. ______ (do) Mr Lee_______ (teach) English?8. --Does he _______(like) feeding the pet?--No, he _______(do not). He likes ________ (surf) the Net.9 Look! Jenny is having a painting lesson. Billy ____ _________ (write) a story.10.--_______ you use credit cards 50 years ago?--No, I _________(do not).11. There ________(be not) any supermarkets before.12. --What ________you ______(do) last night?--I _______(read) a book. It was fun.13. Miss Guo ______________ (not get) up late the day before yesterday.14. We all ______________ (not have) a good time three days ago.15. She _____________ (not find) a beautiful butterfly just now.16. I ____________ (not watch) a cartoon yesterday evening.17. Her father ___________ (not read) a newspaper last night.18._______ he ______ (go) to that morning? Yes, he _____.19._________your brother ___________(find) some meat in the fridge（冰箱）. No, he _________.20.________ Mary _______ (read) an interesting book about history? Yes, she __________.21.________ the students of Class Six _________(have) an English lesion the day before yesterday?No, they didn’t.22My school is _____, but Tom’s school is _____than mine. And Sally’s school is the __ (small)23. Rabbits can run _______, but tigers can run _____ than rabbits, and cheetahs can run___________of the three. (fast)24.Pig is ________, but deer is ______than pig, and elephant is the______________ (heavy)24. I’m ___________, but she is _______ than me. (beautiful)26. Every day is _______. But today is the ______ day I have ever had. (busy)27. I think pizza is the ________ food of all. (delicious)28．My brother is two years ______ (old) than me.29. Is your sister _______(young) than you? Yes,she is.30. Who is ________(thin),you or Helen? Helen is.31. Whose pencil-box is _____ (big),yours or hers? Hers is.32．Ben jumps ______ (high) than some of the boys in his class.33．Does Nancy sing ______(well) than Helen? Yes, she does.34．My eyes are ________(big) than hers.35．Which is ________(heavy),the elephant or the pig?36．Who gets up ______ (early),Tim or Tom?37．Do the girls get up____(early) than the boys? No,they______.38．Jim runs ____ (slow). But Ben runs _____(slow).五、中译英1. 我喜欢游泳和溜冰，你喜欢干什么？2. Tim和Kate 喜欢打乒乓球。

朗文4A 3，4单元测试姓名：分数：一．听句子，选信息。

1.（）A. By boat B. on foot C. by sedan chair D. by donkey2.( ) A. 50 years ago B. 500 years ago C. 5000years ago D. 50000years ago3. ( )A. Clogs B. trainers C. shoes D. clothes4. ( ) A. fly kites B. caught birds C. flew kites D. caught butterflies5.（）A. 134cm B. 135cm C. 153cm D.143cm6. ( ) A. celebrated Chinese New Year B. celebrated ChristmasC, celebrated Easter c. celebrated Teacher’s Day7. ( ) A. credit cards B. wear trainers C. shop at supermarket D. listen to radio8.（）A. towns B. villages C. flats D. cities9.（）A. cash B. paper money C. copper D. silver and gold10.（）A. chewing gum B. comics C. cameras D. clocks二．Listen and write the capital letters. 听句子，根据所读的顺序，在括号内写出大写字母编号。

（10分）1. ( ) 2．（）3（） 4.( ) 5.( )6. ( )7.( )8.( )9.( ) 10.( )( ) 1. A. Yes, there is B. Yes, there were.( ) 2 A. Yes, they did. B. No, they didn’t.( ) 3 A. They celebrated Chinese New Year. B. They celebrated Christmas.( ) 4. A. Yes, he did B. Yes, they did.( ) 5 A. They used a telephone. B. They wrote a letter.( ) 6. A. They cooked with gas. B. They cooked with firewood.( ) 7. A. Yes, there was. B. Yes, there were.( ) 8. A. They ate congee and vegetables. B. They eat rice and meat.( ) 9. A. They lived in small houses. B. They lived in flats.( ) 10. A. Yes, I did. B. No, I don’t.四．听录音,补全单词1. How did people_______? They _______ by boat or . _______2. Did you _______credit cards? No , I didn’t , there _______ any credit cards.3. 50years ago, _______ people _______telephones at home. But _______ people didn’t.4. Did people _______with gas 500 years ago? No, they didn’t. They _______with _______.五、Write the missing letters. 看图，写出所缺的字母。

优乐普外语学校每月一测/M月份（朗文进阶A•四年级）第一部分：口语测试总分:100分得分：第二部分：笔试听力部分总分：100分得分：听力部分一、听录音，选出你听到的单词。

()1 .A.bedroomB.bathroomC.classroom()2.A.studyB.kitchenC.friend()3.A.sofa B.table C.open()4.A.roomB.homeC.school()5.A.kitchenB.fridgeC.shelf二•听录音，填上所缺的单词。

1. Welcome to my ____________ .It's n ice.2. I like my ____________ . Ifs big.3. Where are my keys? They're on the ________ ・4・ Is this your ________ ? Yes, it is.5. Open the __________ , please・三.听录音，选择最佳的答语.()1. A. Yes, it is. B. No, she isn't. C. Yes, he is.( )2. A. No, he isn't. B. Yes, she is. C. No, it isn't.()3. A. Yes, they aren't. B. Yes, it is. C. No, they aren't. ()4. A. Ifs on the table. B. It's blue. C. She is Chen Jie.()5. A. Ifs in the kitchen. B. He is in the bedroom.C. She is in the study.笔试部分一、它们都少了点什么呢？把正确答案前面的符号画在描号里()l.kit _____ en A.shB.ch C.th ()2.bathr _____ mA.eeB.eaC.oo()3.fi _____ A.shB.th C.ch () 4.f _____ dge AieB.riC.ei()5.s_faA.a B.u C.o () 6. _______ oneAph B.thC.bh()7. she _____ A.tfB.lf C.ff () &b_d A.eB.a C.i()9. ta_leA.bB.dC.p () 10. stu ________ A.dy B.by C.ly二、请写出下列单词的缩写形式。