the Infinitive

动词不定式（The Infinitive ）一、动词不定式的形式及意义构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动一般式to do to be done for sb.to do sth.of sb.to do sth.在“to”前加not 或never完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to be doing /不定式虽然没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍有时间先后顺序。

1、不定式的一般式，表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。

We are very glad to meet you again.再次见到你，我们非常高兴。

（同时发生）I hope to see you next week .我希望下周能见到你。

[不等式动作发生在谓语之后]I am ready to shave .我要刮脸了。

（自己挂自己的脸）I am ready to be shaved .我准备好刮脸了。

（由别人给自己刮脸）2、不定式的进行式，表示的动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

They are to be waiting for us at the station.他们在车站等我们。

（作表语）He pretended to be reading attentively when I came in.我进去时他假装在专心读书。

（作宾语）3、不定式的完成式，表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前。

He pretended not to have seen me .他假装没有看见我。

He is the first student in the school to have got the prize .在该校，它是第一个获得该奖的学生。

There is no need to have worried about it like that.不需要那样担忧。

The room seems to have been tidied up already .这个房子似乎好像已经整理过了。

动词不定式一、动词不定式的概念非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。

动词不定式（The Infinitive）一般由“to + 动词原形”构成。

它在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留着动词的一些特征，它可以有自己的宾语或状语。

二、不定式的功能与用法（1）作主语：To see is to believe.眼见为实。

（百闻不如一见）To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆懂，无一精通。

注意：不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。

例如：It is exciting to surf the Internet. 上网是件令人兴奋的事。

It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

It’s very kind of him to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。

★It's …for sb. ... 和It's…. of sb. …这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for 或of的区别。

1）for sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征、特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：It’s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2）of sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

例如：It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

初中英语动词不定式的基本用法动词不定式（the infinitive）的基本用法动词不定式1.基本构成：to+动词原形，其否定形式是“not/never to do/not do”.2.基本用法：不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化。

一、不定式的句法功能1.作主语eg: It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American school.不定式做主语时,常用代词it来代替不定式结构,这时it被称为形式主语,而作为句子真正主语的不定式则被后置，往往放v.和adj.之后。

e.g. To learn English well is not easy.=It’s not easyto learn English well.★不定式的逻辑主语有时用“of/for+名词或代词宾格”构成,即：It’s+ adj. + for / of sb. + to do sth.跟踪操演1. It’s very nice of them ________ (send) me the flowers.2. _________ (become) a teacher is my dream.3. It’s very important to learn English well.(同义句转换)________ ________ English well ______ very important.4.It’s important _______ Chinese well.A. to learnB. learnC. learningD. learns2.作表语eg：The best way to raise money is to sell newspapers.表语是用来透露表现主语的身份、状况和特性等，可与系动词组成系表布局。

eg：Her wish is to study in Ji Yan Middle school.My job is to clean the streets.跟踪操演1. My work is __________ (clean) the room every day.2. His dream is _________ (be) a doctor.3.作宾语eg：The driver offered to help the patient.有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语，表示命令、打算或希望等。

动词不定式(the infinitive)用法梳理（1）定义：动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。

结构：“to +动词原形”，即“to do”,其中 to不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。

否定形式为：not / never + to do句法功能：一、用作主语○1多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。

E.g. To learn English well is not easy. = It’s not easy to learn English well.1. I t is our duty to try our best to deal with these problems.2. The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother.○2动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

To see is to believe.(眼见为实；百闻不如一见)【翻译】成为一个老师是我的梦想。

.○3疑问词+不定式短语作主语可置于句首。

How to learn English well is important.4. It's our duty _________ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans5. It's hard for us _________ English well. A. Learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning6.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。

It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.7. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.A. for ， ofB. of ， forC. to ， forD. of ， to二、 用作宾语1. 可以接带to 的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有： 在want ， like ， agree ， hope ， wish ， learn ， begin ，start ， seem ， decide ， hate ， choose ， forget ， remember 等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。

The Infinitive动词不定式基本结构：to do 否定式：nou to do一.用法1.动词不定式在句中作主语（subject）1)To read comics is exciting.→It is exciting to read comics.2)To read English well is very important for us.→It is very important for us to learn English well. 结构：形式主语it+形容词+（for sb）to do sth.3)It’s very kind of you to help me.★形容词kind,foolish,clever,subject,sensible等用It is+形容词+of sb to do sth.2.动词不定式在句中作宾语（object）1)The young man offered to carry the suitcase for Grandma.2)I hope to be an engineer.以下动词后接动词不定式agree to do sth(同意做某事) start to do sth(开始做某事)decide to do sth(决定做某事) expect to do sth(期待做某事)hope to do sth(希望做某事) want to do sth(想要做某事)wish to do sth(希望做某事) fail to do sth(未能做某事)forget to do sth(忘记做某事) remember to do sth(记得做某事)happen to do sth(碰巧做某事) help to do sth(帮助做某事)learn to do sth(学会做某事) love to do sth(喜欢做某事)like to do sth(喜爱做某事) offer to do sth(主动去做某事)plan to do sth(计划做某事) promise to do sth(承诺做某事)refuse to do sth(拒绝做某事) arrange to do sth(安排做某事)3.动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语（object complement）1)My parents want me to get good marks.动词+宾格+不定式ask sb (not) to do sth要求某人(不要)做某事tell sb (not) to do sth吩咐某人(不要)做某事want sb to do sth想要某人(不要)做某事allow sb (not) to do sth允许某人(不要)做某事invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事expect sb (not) to do sth期待某人(不要)做某事wish sb (not) to do sth希望某人(不要)做某事beg sb (not) to do sth请求某人(不要)做某事2）I often see students study hard in the classroom.Let’s study hard from now.We will succeed in June.以下动词后接不加to的不定式。

1. FormThe infinitive is the base form of a verb. It may be preceded by 'to' (the to-infinitive) or stand alone (the base or zero infinitive).2. Infinitive with or without 'to'The to-infinitive is used:∙after certain verbs. e.g.want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn∙after the auxiliaries to be to, to have to, and ought to∙in the pattern 'it is + adjective + to-infinitive'Exampleswith 'to'∙The elephant decided to marry the mouse∙The mouse agreed to marry the elephant∙You will have to ask her∙You are to leave immediately∙He ought to relax∙She has to go to Berlin next week∙It's easy to speak English∙It is hard to change jobs after twenty years∙It's stupid to believe everything you hearwithout 'to'∙I would rather visit Rome.∙She would rather live in Italy.∙Would you rather eat steak or fish?∙He would rather work in a bank.∙I'd rather be a forest than a tree.The zero infinitive is used:Examples:After auxiliaries:∙She can't speak to you.∙He should give her some money.∙Shall I talk to him?∙Would you like a cup of coffee?∙I might stay another night in the hotel.∙They must leave before 10.00 a.m.After verbs of perception:∙He saw her fall from the cliff.∙We heard them close the door.∙They saw us walk toward the lake.∙She felt the spider crawl up her leg.After the verbs 'make' and 'let':∙Her parents let her stay out late.∙Let's go to the cinema tonight.∙You made me love you.∙Don't make me study that boring grammar book!NOTICE that the 'to-infinitive' is used when 'make' is in the passive voice:∙I am made to sweep the floor every day.∙She was made to eat fish even though she hated it.After 'had better':∙We had better take some warm clothing.∙She had better ask him not to come.∙You'd better not smile at a crocodile!∙We had better reserve a room in the hotel.∙You'd better give me your address.∙They had better work harder on their grammar!After 'would rather':Note: this is ONLY when referring to the speaker's own actions - see 'would rather'in section on Unreal past.NEGATIVE INFINITIVETo form the negative infinitive, place not before the to-or zero infinitive:e.g. not to worry:It's hard not to worry about exams.Examples∙I decided not to go to London.∙He asked me not to be late.∙Elephants ought not to marry mice.∙You'd better not smile at the crocodile.∙I'd rather not eat meat.THE INFINITIVEINFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDSThese verbs: ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, understand,can be followed by a question word such as where, how, what, who, when or'whether' + the 'to-infinitive'.Examples∙She asked me how to use the washing machine.∙Do you understand what to do?∙Tell me when to press the button.∙I've forgotten where to put this little screw.∙I can't decide whether to wear the red dress or the black one.The question word Why is followed by the zero infinitive in suggestions:Examples∙Why wait until tomorrow?∙Why not ask him now?∙Why walk when we can go in the car?∙Why not buy a new bed for your bedroom?∙Why leave before the end of the game?∙Why not spend a week in Beirut and a week in Baghdad?THE INFINITIVEFUNCTIONThe most common uses of the infinitive are:To indicate the purpose or intention of an action (where the 'to' has the same meaning as 'in order to' or 'so as to'):∙She's gone to collect her pay cheque.∙The three bears went into the forest to find firewood.As the subject of the sentence:∙To be or not to be, that is the question.∙To know her is to love her.(Note: this is more common in written English than spoken)With nouns or pronouns, to indicate what something can be used for, or what is to be done with it:∙Would you like something to drink?∙I haven't anything to wear.∙The children need a garden to play in.After adjectives in these patterns:∙It is + adjective +to-infinitiveIt is good to talk∙It is + adjective + infinitive + for someone + to-infinitive.It is hard for elephants to see mice∙It is + adjective + infintive + of someone + to-infinitive.It is unkind of her to say that.After an adjective + noun when a comment or judgement is being made:∙It was a stupid place to park the car.∙This is the right thing to do.∙It was an astonishing way to behave.With too and enough in these patterns:too much/many (+ noun) + to-infinitive∙There's too much sugar to put in this bowl.∙I had too many books to carry.too + adjective + to-infinitive∙This soup is too hot to eat.∙She was too tired to work.too + adverb + to-infinitive∙He arrived too late to see the actors.enough (+ noun) + to-infinitive∙I've had enough (food) to eat.adjective + enough + to-infinitive∙She's old enough to make up her own mind. not enough (+noun) + to-infinitive∙There isn't enough snow to ski on.not + adjective + enough + to-infinitive∙You're not old enough to have grand-children! THE INFINITIVEOTHER FORMSThe infinitive can have the following forms:NOTE: as with the present infinitive, there are situations where the to is omitted, e.g. after most modal auxiliaries.The perfect infinitive:to have + past participle, e.g. to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect, e.g. If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.Examples∙Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.∙I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.∙He pretended to have seen the film.∙If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.The continuous infinitive:to be + present participle, e.g.to be swimming, to be joking, to be waiting Examples∙I'd really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now.∙You must be joking!∙I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.The perfect continuous infinitive:to have been + present participleExamples∙to have been crying∙to have been waiting∙to have been painting∙The woman seemed to have been crying.∙You must have been waiting for hours!∙He pretended to have been painting all day.The passive infinitive:to be + past participle, e.g. to be given, to be shut, to be openedExamples∙I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.∙These doors should be shut.∙This window ought to be opened.VERBS NORMALLY FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVEA. The to-infinitive is used after the verbs in this group, without a preceding noun. The verbs marked * can also be followed by a 'that-clause'Example:VERB TO-INFINITIVETHAT- CLAUSEList of verbs normally followed by the infinitiveafford agree1aim appear1 arrange1 bother careclaim1 condescend consent decide1 demand1 determine1 endeavour failguarantee1happen 1hastenhave (= be obliged)hesitatehope1learnlongmanageofferpreparepretend1proceedpromise1proposeprove (= turn out)refuse resolve1seekseem1striveswear1tendthreaten1troubleundertakevolunteervow11 These verbs can only be followed by a 'that-clause' when they have the subject 'it'. Example∙It appeared that no-one had locked the door.Examples:∙He claimed to be an expert.∙I managed to reach the top of the hill.∙I know you're only pretending to love me!∙Don't pretend that you know the answer.∙She failed to explain the problem clearly.∙The customs man demanded to search our luggage.∙I can't afford to go out tonight.VERBS NORMALLY FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVEB. These are the most common of the verbs that are normally followed by a noun + infinitive. The verbs marked * may also be followed by a 'that-clause'.ExampleVERB NOUN INFINITIVETHAT-CLAUSEaccustom aid appoint assist cause challenge command* defy direct* drive empower enable encourage entice entitleentreatforcegetimplore*inciteinduceinspireinstruct*inviteleadleave (make someone responsible)obligeorder*persuade*presspromptprovokeremind*require*stimulatesummonteachtelltempttrust*warn*Notes:* command, direct, entreat, implore, order, require, trust: there is no noun between these verbs and a 'that-clause':∙The general commanded his men to surrender.∙The general commanded that his men should surrender.persuade and remind:there is always a noun between these verbs and a 'that-clause':∙You can't persuade people to buy small cars.∙You can't persuade people that small cars are better.instruct, teach, warn:the noun is optional between these verbs and a 'that-clause':∙She taught her students to appreciate poetry.∙She taught her students that poetry was valuable.∙She taught that poetry was valuable.Examples∙The professor challenged his students to argue with his theory.∙This law empowers the government to charge more taxes.∙You can't force me to do something I don't agree with.∙You are obliged to drive on the left in England.∙I invited the new student to have dinner with me.∙What inspired you to write this poem?∙The elephant told the mouse to climb up his tail.VERBS NORMALLY FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVEC. These are the most common of the verbs followed by a to-infinitive, with or without a noun.Example∙I asked him to show me the book.∙I asked to see the book.ask* beg* choose dare desire* elect expect*helpmean* (=intend) request*wantwish*The verbs marked * can also be followed by a that-clauseNote:dare: In negative and interrogative sentences the infinitive with or without 'to' is possible, though it is more common to omit the 'to':∙I never dared tell him what happened.∙Dare you tell him the news?∙Would you dare (to) jump out of a plane?ExamplesWe've chosen John to represent the company at the conference.∙The driver didn't try to stop after the accident.∙We expect you to do your best in the exam.∙Do you want to go to the beach?∙Do you want me to go with you to the beach?∙You are requested to be quiet in this library.Emotioncare desire hate hatelikeloatheloveregretyearnChoice or Intentagree choose decide decide expect hopeintendneedplanpreferprepareproposerefusewantwishInitiation, Completion, Incompletionbegin cease commence fail gethesitatemanageneglectstarttryundertakeMental Processforgetknow howlearn remember Request and Promisedemand promise threatenoffer swearvowIntransitivesappearhappen seem tendMiscellaneousaffordarrangeclaim continue pretend waitCommunicationadviseask *beg *challengecommandconvince forbid invite order permit persuade promise * remind require tell warn urgeInstructionencourage help instruct teachtrainCausingallowcausechoose force get hire need * would like *Miscellaneousdare *expect *trust prepare * waVerbs Followed by Infinitives8 = verb followed by an infinitive OR an optional noun + an infinitive13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning1. Bill agreed to meet/meeting us at the restaurant at 8:30, but he never showed up.2. Jennifer practiced pronouncing/to pronounce the word until she sounded just likea native speaker.3. Our art teacher encouraged experimenting/to experiment with different colors.4. Dana hopes to save/saving enough money to travel around Europe for threemonths. It's her dream.5. Dancing/To dance is her life. That is why Susan moved to New York to studydancing professionally.6. Constance plans to take/taking part in the marathon next spring.7. I can't help to wonder/wondering how my grandmother's life would have beendifferent if she had been able to go to college.8. The doctor advised seeing/to see a specialist about the problem.9. To swim/Swimming helped me strengthen my injured leg.10. After the tsunami, Bette chose to stay/staying in Indonesia and work with a relieforganization.1. To read/reading is a great way to relax. I love to sit back and enjoy a good book.2. Why do you always get being/to be first? I want to go first this time!3. When you're in Prague, I recommend to walk/walking from the Charles Bridge tothe castle at night.4. Susanne just happened being/to be in the restaurant when Julia Roberts walked in!Can you believe that?5. Eye specialists urge taking/to take frequent breaks while using the computer forextended periods of time.6. I thought you knew nothing about cars. Where did you learn to change/changing aflat tire?7. My favorite thing is to float/floating on my back in the sea.8. The Egyptology course requires participating/to participate in six months of fieldstudies near Luxor, Egypt.9. The nurse risked getting/to get the disease from her patient, but she continued totreat him until he had fully recovered.10. Dad, you promised taking/to take us to the beach today. When are we going to goto the beach?1. Jackie tends _______________ (arrive) late on Mondays, but our boss doesn'tseem to care about that very much.2. She imagined _______________ (lie) on a tropical beach under a palm tree.3. The winner of the local competition gets _______________ (participate) in anational competition in Washington D.C.4. We don't anticipate _______________ (have) any more technical problemsduring the concert tour.5. Debbie failed _______________ (notice) her credit card lying on the ground.6. The politician swore _______________ (serve) the people honestly and withpride, but the scandal revealed that the promise was little more than a lie.7. Mr. Shinohara recollected _______________ (work) with his father on hisfamily's fishing boat when he was a young child.8. The medical team deserves _______________ (receive) the award for theirvolunteer work in sub-Saharan Africa.9. I really appreciate _______________ (have) the opportunity to take part in thisproject and to work with such an excellent team.10. She delayed _______________ (submit) her application until just one week beforethe deadline.1. He expects _______________ (finish) his studies next summer.2. National park officials do not permit _______________ (enter) the park withoutan official guide. You can hire one at the park office.3. He offered _______________ (carry) her books on the way home.4. The archaeologist reported _______________ (find) a large, previouslyunknown pyramid deep in the jungle.5. Samantha keeps _______________ (forget) to send us the documents. We needto have them by next week!6. Felix decided not _______________ (accept) the position in Miami because hewanted to stay in New York.7. _______________ (exercise and eat) right can help you live a long and healthylife.8. The refugees risked _______________ (be) captured as they tried to escapethrough the mountains.9. You have to wait forever at the doctor's office. I suggest _______________(take) a good book to help kill time.10. Mr. Miller asked _______________ (be) included in the meeting with the newclients.1. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved _______________(be) fired.2. Max avoided _______________ (use) his cell phone when other people were inthe room.3. We arranged _______________ (have) a taxi pick us up and take us to theairport.4. I resent _______________ (be) treated like a servant in my own home!5. Frank completed _______________ (build) the new barn last week. Next, he isgoing to paint it red.6. Don't worry, I don't mind _______________ (make) dinner. I think I'll make fishwith steamed vegetables, and a big salad on the side!7. Crying, the mother looked into the television camera and said, "Society will nolonger tolerate _______________ (drink and drive).”8. Karen and Neil would like _______________ (try) that new dance clubdowntown. It's supposed to have one of the largest dance floors in the world.9. I can't see _______________ (buy) a car when you don't even have a driver'slicense. That doesn't make any sense!10. When do you wish _______________ (begin), now or later?1. Everybody arranged _______________ (meet) at the train station 30 minutesbefore the train departed.2. Simona resisted _______________ (speak) Italian during her English trainingprogram in London. She wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to improve her English.3. Do you care _______________ (join) us later for dinner? We are meeting atTony's Italian Restaurant downtown.4. We waited _______________ (see) what would happen next, but nothinghappened.5. Julius vowed _______________ (return) to his home country once again to seethe village where he and his family had lived before the war.6. Diana yearns _______________ (travel) to far off, exotic destinations.7. When she got through _______________ (read) her book, she laid it on the tablenext to the bed and went to sleep.8. They expected _______________ (arrive) much earlier, but their plane wasdelayed in Paris.9. Michael postponed _______________ (clean) the bathroom as long as possible.He hates cleaning!10. How can you defend _______________ (say) such terrible things to him?1. She pretended _______________ (be) a student in order to get a student discount.2. She waited _______________ (see) what would happen next.3. The child denied _______________ (steal) the piece of candy.4. We fully intend _____________ (pay) you for all the work you have done for us.5. You seem _______________ (be) a little distracted. Is everything alright?6. Laura and Ed discussed _______________ (move) to the city to find work;however, in the end, they decided against relocating.7. She refused _______________ (admit) that she had made a mistake.8. After his accident last year, he would never consider _______________(buy) another motorcycle.9. Margaret just happened _______________ (find) the lost car keys while she waslooking for something else.10. He never admitted _______________ (have) the wild party while his parents wereout of town.1. Eliza recommended _______________ (eat) in a dim sum restaurant while we'rein Hong Kong.2. I demand _______________ (talk) to the manager of the hotel immediately.3. My grandmother recalled _______________ (see) a plane for the very first timewhen she was six.4. She claims _______________ (be) related to George Washington, but I don'tbelieve her.5. This broken bicycle needs _______________ (fix) before someone can ride it.6. I can't understand _______________ (drive) such a big car when gas prices areso high, not to mention what it does to the environment.7. She refused _______________ (speak) to me after our fight.8. The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and involves _______________(hike) more than fifty miles through rugged mountainous terrain.9. Don't hesitate _______________ (ask) for help if you don't understand thedirections.10. She managed _______________ (communicate) with them, even though shedidn't speak their language.1. I hope _______________ (graduate) from college next June.2. The models practiced _______________ (walk) with a book balanced on theirheads.3. Mandy has promised _______________ (take) care of our dog while we are onvacation.4. Mr. Edwards chose _______________ (accept) the management position inChicago rather than the position in Miami.5. I don't know what she wants _______________ (do) tonight. Why don't you askher?6. Frank offered _______________ (help) us paint the house.7. Sandra decided _______________ (study) economics in London.8. Witnesses reported _______________ (see) the bank robber as he was climbingout of the second-story window.9. Stephanie dislikes _______________ (work) in front of a computer all day.10. Mrs. Naidoo appears _______________ (be) the most qualified person for the job.1. Dan enjoys ___________ (read) science fiction.2. Cheryl suggested _______________ (see) a movie after work.3. I miss _________ (work) in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.4. Where did you learn _______________ (speak) Spanish? Was it in Spain or inLatin America?5. Do you mind _______________ (help) me translate this letter?6. He asked _______________ (talk) to the store manager.7. You've never mentioned _______________ (live) in Japan before. How long didyou live there?8. If he keeps _______________ (come) to work late, he's going to get fired!9. Debbie plans _______________ (study) abroad next year.10. I agreed _______________ (help) Jack wash his car.。