2020高考英语大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义系统突破语法专题语法奠基课二依据句子成分学会分析长难句含答案

Unit 1 A land of di v ersity一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)1．strait n．海峡2．Arctic adj. 北极的；北极区的3．ministry n. (政府的)部；(全体)牧师；牧师的职责4．shave v. 刮；剃5．vice n．& adj. 代理；副职6．federal adj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的7．aircraft n. 飞行器；航空器；飞机8．nephew n. 侄子；外甥9．tram n. (有轨)电车10．cattle n. 牛(总称)11．bakery n. 面包房；面包厂12．ferry n. 渡船；渡口v t. 摆渡；渡运13．seagull n. 海鸥14．mourn v. 哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛15．authority n. 权威；权力(pl.)当局；官方16．pole n. 地极；电极；磁极Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)1．rail n. 铁路；扶手；(护栏的)横条2．hardship n. 苦难；困苦3.occur v i.发生；出现4．luggage n. 行李(〈美〉baggage) 5．thankful adj. 感激的；感谢的6．boom n. (人口、贸易的)繁荣v i. 处于经济迅速发展时期7．angle n. 角；角度8．civil adj. 公民的；国内的；民间的9．hire v t.& n. 租用；雇用10．grasp v t.& n. 抓住；抓紧；掌握；领会11．thoughtful adj. 关切的；体贴的；深思的12．reform v. 改革；革新n. 改革；改造；改良13．despite p rep. 尽管；不管14．nowhere ad v. 无处；到处都无15．brake n. 闸；刹车；制动器v. 刹(车)；用制动器减速16．fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的17．justice n. 正义；公平18．insert v t. 嵌入；插入Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)1．distinct adj.清晰的；明显的；明确的→distinction n．差别；区分；卓著2．immigrate v i.移入(外国定居)→immigrant n．(从外国移入的)移民→immigration n．移民；移居入境3．means n．方法；手段→mean v．意思是；意味着adj.吝啬的；卑鄙的→meaning n．意思4．majority n．大多数；大半→major adj.主要的v i.主修n．专业→minority n．少数5．elect v t.选择；决定做某事；选举某人→election n．选举6．percentage n．百分比；百分率→percent adj.百分之……的7．racial adj.人种的；种族的→race n．种族；竞争8．crossing n．横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道→cross n．十字；交叉adj.交叉的；生气的v．使交叉；横过→across p rep.在……的对面(过)9．applicant n．申请人→apply v i.申请→application n．申请书；申请10．customs n．海关；关税；进口税→customer n．顾客11．socialist n．社会主义者；社会党人adj.社会主义者的→society n．社会→social a dj.社会的→socialism n．社会主义12．indicate v t.指出；标示；表明；暗示→indication n．迹象；标示→indicator n．指示器；指示信号13．apparent adj.显而易见的；显然的；表面上的→apparently ad v.显然地；显而易见地14．conductor n．(公车)售票员；列车员；(乐[语境活用]1．—What is the meaning of the sign on the bottle?—It means “this side up”．(mean) 2．Apparently,_she took no notice of the apparent mistakes in theaccident.(apparent)3．Though he failed many times in election,_he never lost heart and at last he was elected President of the USA.(elect) 4．He indicated that an indicator should give me some indications of how I did in the test.(indicate)5．All the applicants can apply in person or by letter and at the same time should handin their applications before May 6th.(apply) 6．One of the major problems is that a majority of the graduates who major in English find it difficult to find a goodjob.(majority)7．“Walk a cross this street and turn left at the first crossing.” the boy told thelady.(cross)8．If a customer wants to bring the goods he buys abroad back to inland, he has to pay some customs when he passes through the Customs.(custom)9．Some socialists believe that socialism will over time turn into what they see as a more advanced system with no state, money, or social classes.(society)10．Over the past three years, there has been a big rise in immigration (immigrate) to the USA.队)指挥→conduct v．管理15．slip v i.滑动；滑行；滑跤n．滑动；滑倒→slippery adj.滑的16．punishment n．惩罚；处罚→punish v t.惩罚；处罚(二)练中记短语——记牢用活写准记牢语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)1.live_on继续存在；继续生存2．mark_out 标出……界线；用线画出范围3．apply_for 申请；请示得到4．take_in 包括；吸收；欺骗；理解5．keep_up 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)6．make_a_life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等7．back_to_back 背靠背8．by_means_of_... 用……办法；借助……9．a_great/good_many 许多；很多10．team_up_with 与……合作或一起工作1.I would like to apply_for admission to theEnglish Club of our school.2．As senior students, it is important to keep_up a good state of mind.3．A signal may be given by_means_of flags, lights, and guns.4．If you team_up_with your classmates, you will surely get the same work done far better. 5．These teenagers don't know much of the world yet; that's why they are so easily taken_in. 6．The site of the new chemical fertilizer plant has been marked_out.7．After seeing a_great_many homeless people in the streets, I thought I should do something for them.(三)仿写明句式——以用为本教材原句句式解读句式仿写1.However, it is likely that NativeAmericans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而，可能至少在15 000年前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。

第一讲学会划分句子成分，为理清句式奠基句子不清、理解不明，一见长难句就发懵，皆因句子成分没划清。

划分句子成分、拆分长难句是正确理解、应用复杂句式的必备手段，所以在学习句式之前，先给同学们补上欠缺的这一课。

句子有若干个组成部分，分别承担着不同的作用，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。

英语中的句子成分分为主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive)。

一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。

主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。

但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。

能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。

当主语为从句时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。

The patient's family have expressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised.(名词作主语)Studying English is very important.(动名词短语作主语)It's obvious that he was wrong.(代词it充当形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征，常位于主语之后。

谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。

判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。

Unit 5 Tra v elling abroad一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)1．cafeteria n．自助食堂；自助餐厅2．shopkeeper n.店主3．numb adj.麻木的；失去知觉的4．oilfield n.油田5．essay n.文章；散文6．queue n.队列；行列v i.排队7．drill v i.&v t.钻(孔)n.钻；钻机8．parallel adj.平行的；相同的；类似的9．seminar n.(专题)研讨会10．enterprise n.事业；事业心11．bachelor n.获学士学位的人；未婚男子12．minibus n.小型公共汽车13．cage n.鸟笼；兽槛14．battery n.电池(组)；电瓶；炮台15．inn n.客栈16.tomb n.坟墓17．autonomous adj.自主的；独立的；自治的Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)1．qualification n．资格；资历→qualified adj.有资格的；能胜任的→qualify v．(使)合格；(使)具有资格2．preparation n．准备；预备→prepare v．(使)准备3．recommend v t.推荐；建议→recommendation n．推荐；建议4．comfort n．舒适；安慰v t.安慰→comfortable adj.Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)1．visa n.签证2．hike v i.&n.远足；徒步旅行3．tutor n.导师；助教；家庭教师4．destination n.目的地5．idiom n.习语；成语6．lecture n．&v i.演讲；讲课7．motherland n.祖国8．routine n.常规；日常事务adj.通常的；例行的9．bark v i.(指狗等)吠叫；咆哮n.犬吠声；树皮10．substitute n.代替者；代用品v t.用……代替……11．draft n.草稿；草案v t.草拟；起草12．contradict v t.反驳；驳斥[语境活用]1．—Are you sure he is qualified_to drive a car?—Yes.He got his drivingqualification_before he was qualified as a driver.(qualify)2．These new shoes are not very comfortable though they are designed for comfort.(comfort)3．He is preparing for the exam,while舒适的→comfortably ad v.舒适地5．academic adj.学校的；学术的→academy n．学院；研究院6．requirement n．需要；要求→require v t.需要；要求7．revise v t.复查；修正；复习→revision n．复查；修正；复习8．acknowledge v t.承认；确认；答谢→acknowledgement n．承认9．occupy v t.占用；占领；占据→occupation n．职业→occupied adj.忙于……的；使用中的10．apology n．道歉；谢罪→apologize v i.道歉11．optional adj.可选择的；随意的→option n．选择12．agent n．代理人；经纪人→agency n．代理处；中介处13．geographical adj.地理(学)的→geography n．地理；地形14．abundant adj.丰富的；充裕的→abundance n．丰富15．govern v t.&v i.统治；管理；支配→governor n．统治者→government n．政府his brother is making preparations for the sports meeting.(prepare)4．This is strictly required,_so if you don't match this requirement,_please do not send your resume.(require)5．She apologized to the teacher for her being late,and he accepted herapology.(apologize)6．He occupies an important position ina company,and is occupied with allkinds of activities,so his occupationbrings him great fame.(occupy)7．The young man was recommended asmanager of the big company thanks tothe recommendation letter of hisprofessor.(recommend)8．In a democratic and progressivegovernment,_the governors alwaysgovern their people in more severe legalmeans.(govern)(二)练中记短语——记牢用活写准记牢语境活用(选用左栏短语填空) 1.fit_in相适应；相融合 1.It's said that his youngest son had2．settle_in(迁入新居、更换工作后)安顿下来3．adjust_to适应；调节……以适应4．take_up_占用时间(空间)；开始从事5．keep_it_up保持优秀成绩；继续干下去6．get/be_used_to对……适应；习惯7．day_in_and_day_out日复一日8．be_occupied_with忙着做……；忙于某difficulty fitting_in with the rest of his new class.2．Since he has just had a major operation,he knows that a trip to Europe this summer is out_of_the_question.3．I've been working twelve hours a day since last month,but I shall not be able tokeep_it_up_now.4．I would have gone to Daisy's wedding last事物9．out_of_the_question不可能的；不值得讨论的10．as_far_as_one_is_concerned_就……而言(三)仿写明句式——以用为本weekend, but I was_occupied_with piles of work.5．Day_in_and_day_out you can hear them arguing about the same silly questions.教材原句1.It was the first time she had ever left her motherland.这是她第一次离开祖国。

专题六非谓语动词非谓语动词作状语1．分词作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。

(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主动关系。

Hearing the news, they got excited.听到这个消息，他们很兴奋。

(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。

Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.如果给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。

2．动词不定式作状语(1)动词不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果、原因等。

She was surprised to see George walk in.看到乔治进来，她很惊讶。

(2)动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do, so as to do, to do 等，但so as to do不能置于句首。

In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.为了通过考试，他努力学习。

(3)作目的状语的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。

To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.(×)[命题点感悟]单句语法填空①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long________ (see) the benefit.解析：to see此处意为：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。

分析句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。

语法奠基课二依据句子成分，学会分析长难句一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。

其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。

所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。

一、长难句的常见形式1．复合句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。

其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。

主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。

而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。

一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，考生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。

这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。

[例1]What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．[分析]此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。

Unit 2 Cloning一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效(二)练中记短语——记牢用活(三)仿写明句式——以用为本二、课堂重点深化1．object vi .反对；不赞成 n ．物体；目标 [自主体验] 单句语法填空①A majority of students objected to being_arranged (arrange) for extra lessons duringholidays and weekends.②As far as I'm concerned, I have an objection (object) to charging for parking.[系统归纳]易错对对碰(object/oppose)③Sometimes, some students object to the idea that English classes are taught in English.④To my comfort, only a few people opposed building a new bridge.佳句时时写⑤(2018·江苏高考书面表达)停止盲目追随排名很有必要，对于排名我们要持客观态度。

It is necessary to stop following ratings blindly and we should hold_an_objective_attitude_towards_it.[名师指津]object表示“反对”时，为不及物动词，加宾语时需加介词to，而oppose表示“反对”时，为及物动词，可直接加宾语。

2．forbid vt.(forbade, forbad; forbidden)禁止；不准[自主体验]单句语法填空①It is high time that we forbade setting (set) off fireworks in urban areas!②You are forbidden to_leave (leave) the room unless you apologize for what you have done.[系统归纳]佳句时时写③我认为禁止商店和超市提供免费的塑料购物袋是必要的。

语法专题突破专题十二　构词法英 语高考总复习内容索引核心考点课堂突破专项训练巩固提升核心考点 课堂突破[高考感悟]单句填空1.(2020· 全国Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moon ’s far side is_______________(extreme) challenging.2.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a _______________(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The _______________(beauty) long branches coveredwith pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)_______________ (certain) during the holiday period, thisplant is a must.extremely celebrationbeautiful Certainly5.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Filled with _______________(curious), the artist packedhis bags and left.6.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)As the small boat moved _______________(gentle) alongthe river,he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.7.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Historical _______________(accurate) is importantbut so is entertainment.curiosity gently accuracy 8.(2020·北京卷)Oliver says if you ’re _______________(luck) enough tohave someone close to you who enjoys cooking,ask them if you can join in when it ’s possible.9.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷) Running is cheap,easy and it ’s always _______________(energy).10.The best education should not be available only to (wealth) people.lucky energetic wealthy[考点归纳]考点一　构词法的种类构词法合成法合成名词weekend,cowboy,sunlight合成形容词part-time,first-class,good-looking合成副词someday,anywhere,however其他合成词somebody,safeguard,without转化法名词↔形容词light光线/轻的　right右边/对的名词↔动词taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣动词↔形容词open打开/开着的　clean打扫/干净的形容词↔副词late晚的/迟到　hard艰苦的/努力地构词法派生法前缀disable,impossible,nonstop,disability,disadvantage,disagreement后缀changeable,childhood,friendship缩略法混成法breakfast+lunch→brunch截短法laboratory→lab首字母缩略法Gross Domestic Product→GDP考点二　合成法合成法就是由两个或更多的词合成一个词。

Unit 2 Healthy eating一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效(二)练中记短语——记牢用活(三)仿写明句式——以用为本二、课堂重点深化1．balance n ．天平；平衡vt .平衡；权衡 [自主体验] 单句语法填空①Before making the final decision, you 'd better balance the advantages against the disadvantages.②You 'd better keep a balanced (balance) diet for the benefit of your health. 补全句子③When the boy was running after his brother, he lost_his_balance and had a bad fall. 当小男孩跑着追哥哥时，他失去平衡重重地跌了一跤。

[系统归纳]佳句时时写④你太努力工作了，你最好在工作和休闲之间保持平衡。

You are working too hard.You'd better keep_a_balance_between_work_and_relaxation.僻义牢牢记⑤I must check my bank balance before I decide to buy the car.余额2．lie v．说谎；躺下；位于n.谎言；谎话[自主体验]单句语法填空①My mother won't have me lying (lie) to her no matter what happens.②The town lies (lie) on the coast with amazing scenery, which attracts many visitors every year.③He didn't finish his homework last night so he told lies (lie)．④The survivors lay (lie) on the beach, exhausted and shocked.[系统归纳]易错对对碰(lie/lay)⑤The boy lying on the ground lied to his mother that the cock had laid an egg.⑥The living room is clean and tidy, with a dinning table already laid for a meal.佳句时时写⑦毫无疑问，这个候选人的优势在于他能用英语和外国人交流。

Unit 3 A taste of English humour一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)1.verbal adj.口头的2.nonverbal adj. 不用语言的3.depressed a dj. 忧愁的；沮丧的4.charming adj. 迷人的；有魅力的5.moustache n. 小胡子6.worn-out adj. 磨破的；穿旧的7.leather n. 皮革8.chew v t.& v i. 嚼碎；咀嚼(食物)9.costume n. 服装；戏装10.budget n. 预算；开支11.actress n. 女演员12.pancake n. 烙饼；薄饼13.detective n. 侦探14.vast adj. 巨大的；辽阔的15.porridge n. 粥；麦片粥edy n. 喜剧Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)1.content adj.满足的；满意的n. 满足v t. 使满足2.ordinary adj. 平常的；普通的3.throughout prep. 遍及；贯穿ad v. 到处；始终；全部4.overcome v t.& v i. 战胜；克服5.outstanding adj. 突出的；杰出的；显著的6.worn adj. 用旧的；用坏的；破烂的7.gesture n. 姿态；手势v i. 做手势8.occasion n. 时刻；场合9.slide v t.& v i. (使)滑动；(使)滑行n. 滑；滑动；幻灯片10.whisper n. 耳语；低语v t.& v i. 低语；小声说Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)1.humour n．幽默；滑稽→humorous adj.幽默的；滑稽的2.performer n．表演者→perform v t.表演→performance n．表演3.astonish v t.使惊诧→astonishing adj.令人感到惊讶的→astonishment n．惊诧；震惊→astonished a dj.感到惊讶的4.fortunate adj.幸运的；吉利的→fortunately ad v.幸运地→unfortunately ad v.不幸地→fortune n．运气；财富[语境活用]1.The famous performer is said to have performed a humorous performance at yesterday's evening party, which leaves a deep impression on the audience.(perform)2.To my astonishment,_he didn't feel astonished at the astonishing news that his brother died at all.(astonish)3.Fortunately,_when he went abroad to try his fortune,_he gained great wealth.(fortune)5.entertain v t.& v i.使欢乐；款待→entertaining adj.愉快的；有趣的→entertainment n．娱乐；款待6.convince v t.使信服→convincing adj.令人信服的→convinced adj.坚信不移的；确信的7.direct v t.& v i.导演；指示；指挥adj.直的；直接的；直率的→direction n．指导；方向→director n．导演→directly ad v.直接地；径直地conj.一……就……8.particular adj.特殊的；特别的；挑剔的n.细节；细目→particularly ad v.特殊地；特别地9.amuse v t.使发笑；使愉快→amusing adj.好笑的；有趣的→amused adj.逗乐的→amusement n．愉快；快乐10.explanation n．解释；讲解；说明→explain v t.解释；说明11.react v i.作出反应；回应→reaction n．反应；回应12.bored adj.厌烦的→boring adj.令人厌烦的13.failure n．失败(者)；失败的人或事→fail v i.失败14.mess n．脏或乱的状态→messy a dj.脏的；乱的4.The children in the mountain village have no entertainment,_so their teachers often tell entertaining stories to entertain them afterclass.(entertain)5.The boy is particularly interested in making model planes but he is not particular about what heeats.(particular)6.After school, she directly went off in the direction of the cinema to see the new film directed by the famous director.(direct)7.Although he failed many times, he didn't admit he was a failure.He would face the challenge bravely and tried to achieve his goal.(fail)8.She tried to convince me that I was mistaken.What she said was so convincing that I was completely convinced.(convince)(二)练中记短语——记牢用活写准记牢语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)1.feel/be_content_with对……满足2.up_to_now 直到现在3.badly_off 穷的；缺少的4.star_in 在……担任主角；主演5.cut_off 切断；断绝6.pick_out 挑出；辨别出7.in_particular 尤其；特别8.convince_sb.of_sth. 使某人相信某事9.pick_up 收听；(偶然)学会10.react_to 对……作出反应；回应1.Up_to_now,_the dog has become a member of our family and everyone enjoys its company. 2.I mentioned that point in_particular,_for it was quite important.3.In 2018, Maria starred_in a popular film directed by a famous director.4.As the summer vacation is approaching, it's high time that parents picked_out some training courses for their children.5.I don't know how Mr.Brown will react_to the news that his son has won first place in the competition.6.Mary felt cut_off from the outside world, since she lacked an Internet connection and couldn't receive any e-mail.(三)仿写明句式——以用为本教材原句句式解读句式仿写1.As Victor Hugo once said,“Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face” ... 维克多·雨果曾经说过：“笑容如阳光，能驱走人们脸上的冬天”……as引导定语从句，代替后面句子的内容。