A novel photocatalyst BiSbO4 for degradation of methylene blue

小学上册英语第三单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My aunt has a farm with many ______ (动物).2.The ______ (温室效应) can impact plant habitats.3. A ____(green infrastructure) integrates nature into urban planning.4.I dream of creating a toy that promotes ________ (名词) and kindness.5.The _______ of a pendulum can be affected by its mass.6.The ______ teaches us about modern technology.7.The chemical formula for glucose is __________.8.Cherry _______ are red and delicious to eat.9.The capital of Bonaire is __________.10.The _______ can be a source of food and shelter.11.The cat is very _______ (可爱) and loves to play.12.I want to ________ (innovate) solutions.13.What do we call the outer layer of the Earth?A. CoreB. MantleC. CrustD. Atmosphere答案:C14.Which word means "to look at something closely"?A. StareB. GlanceC. PeekD. Gaze答案: D15.I have a pet ______ (fish).16.The puppy is very ______ (playful).17. A base can neutralize an _______.18.An oxidizing agent is a substance that can accept _____.19.The chemical formula for lithium carbonate is _____.20.I have a toy ________ that can soar through the air.21.What is the name of the famous American singer known for "Like a Prayer"?A. MadonnaB. Britney SpearsC. Lady GagaD. Janet Jackson答案:A22.We have a ______ (愉快的) celebration for achievements.23.My aunt enjoys giving ____ (advice) to others.24.What is the name of the famous English playwright?A. Charles DickensB. William ShakespeareC. George OrwellD. Jane Austen 答案: B25.Read and choose.(看图标号。

Picaresque NovelIntroductionA picaresque novel is a genre of fiction that originated in Spain during the 16th century. It is characterized by its episodic structure,satirical tone, and the adventures of a roguish protagonist, known as a picaro. This article aims to explore the concept of a picaresque novel, its key characteristics, notable examples, and its impact on literature.Characteristics of a Picaresque NovelA picaresque novel typically exhibits the following characteristics:1. Roguish ProtagonistThe central character in a picaresque novel is often a lower-class, cunning, and morally ambiguous individual. The picaro, through their various misadventures, provides a social critique of the society they navigate.2. Episodic StructureThe narrative of a picaresque novel is divided into a series of loosely connected episodes or adventures. These episodes often depict the picaro’s encounters with different social classes, institutions, and settings.3. Satirical TonePicaresque novels employ satire to criticize societal norms, customs, and institutions. Through humor and irony, authors expose the flaws and hypocrisies of the society in which the picaro operates.4. Social CritiquePicaresque novels serve as a commentary on the social and economic inequalities prevalent in society. T he picaro’s experiences shed light on the corruption, greed, and injustices that exist within the social hierarchy.5. RealismPicaresque novels often incorporate realistic and vivid descriptions of the settings and characters encountered by the picaro. This attention to detail enhances the sense of authenticity and provides a social commentary grounded in reality.Notable ExamplesSeveral notable picaresque novels have made significant contributions to the genre. Some of these include:1. “Don Quixote” by Miguel de CervantesConsidered one of the earliest and most influential picaresque novels, “Don Quixote” follows the adventures of the delusional knight-errant, Don Quixote, and his loyal squire, Sancho Panza. Through their exploits, Cervantes satirizes the chivalric romances popular during his time.2. “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman” by Laurence SterneSterne’s novel is a unique and experimental picaresque work that challenges the traditional narrative structure. It humorously explores the life and thoughts of the eccentric Tristram Shandy, employing satire to critique various aspects of society.3. “Moll Flanders” by Daniel Defoe“Moll Flanders” follows the life of the titular character, who engages in a series of deceptions, crimes, and relationships in her quest for social advancement. Defoe’s novel offers a vivid portrayal of 18th-century England and highlights the struggles faced by women of that era.4. “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark TwainAlthough often categorized as an adventure novel, Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn” exhibits many picaresque elements. The story follows the escapades of Huck and Jim, an escaped slave, as they navigate the Mississippi River. Twain’s satire targets racism, slavery, and social hypocrisy.Impact on LiteratureThe picaresque novel has had a profound impact on literature,influencing subsequent works in various ways:1. Development of the BildungsromanThe picaresque novel played a significant role in the development of the Bildungsroman, a genre that focuses on the moral and psychological growth of the protagonist. The episodic structure and social critique seen in picaresque novels provided a foundation for later coming-of-age stories.2. Satirical TraditionPicaresque novels established a tradition of using satire as a means of social critique. This tradition can be seen in later works, such as Jonathan Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels” and Voltaire’s “Candide,” both of which employ satire to criticize society and institutions.3. Influence on Modern FictionThe picaresque novel’s episodic structure and focus on theindividual’s experiences have influenced modern fiction. Authors like Jack Kerouac, in his no vel “On the Road,” and John Kennedy Toole, in “A Confederacy of Dunces,” have drawn inspiration from the picaresque tradition.4. Exploration of Marginalized PerspectivesPicaresque novels often give voice to marginalized individuals and shed light on their experiences. This exploration of the lower classes, women, and people on the fringes of society has influenced the representationof diverse perspectives in literature.ConclusionThe picaresque novel is a genre that continues to captivate readers with its roguish protagonists, satirical tone, and social critique. From its origins in Spain to its influence on modern fiction, this genre has left an indelible mark on literature. Whether it is Cervantes’ “Don Quixote” or Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn,” picaresqu e novels entertain, challenge, and offer valuable insights into the human condition.。

Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 191–217Contents lists available at ScienceDirectProgress in PolymerSciencej o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /p p o l y s ciChemical reactions of polymer crosslinking and post-crosslinking at room and medium temperatureGuillaume Tillet ∗,Bernard Boutevin,Bruno Ameduri ∗Ingénierie &Architectures Macromoléculaires,Institut Charles Gerhardt,UMR 5253,ENSCM 34296Montpellier Cedex,Francea r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 1February 2010Received in revised form 29July 2010Accepted 19August 2010Available online 21 September 2010Keywords:CrosslinkingPost-crosslinking PolymerFunctional groupsa b s t r a c tThis review focuses on various strategies that enable the crosslinking and post-crosslinking of polymers,excluding crosslinking obtained by radiation (e.g.,X-ray,UV,etc.)and that at high temperature.The review is divided into two main parts:systems enabling crosslinking at room temperature and those for which crosslinking occurs at intermediate temperatures (<150◦C).In the first part,various key functional groups can be used,such as (i)carboxylic acid involving reactions with compounds that bear carbodiimide or aziridine functions;(ii)acetoacetyl groups (with isocyanate,activated alkenes,aldehyde,amine functions);(iii)reactions involving activated amines with carbonyl functions (aldehydes,ketones,etc.);(iv)species bearing acetals as pH-sensitive crosslinking agents since they are stable in basic medium but they can self react under acidic conditions;(v)acrylamide functions which are able to self-crosslink;(vi)crosslinking agents able to react with water (such as species that bear a poly(alkoxy)silane for sol–gel process)and derivatives containing isocyanate functions and (vii)systems that require oxygen,for example polymers bear-ing double bonds,boranes for generating hydroperoxides and acetylenic functions which undergo acetylenic coupling.The second series of systems,used at higher temperatures (yet below 150◦C)involving the following key functions:(i)carboxylic acid that react with oxazoline,or epoxide function where specific catalysts are necessary;(ii)alcohols react-ing with protected urethanes,azlactones and methylol amide (for coating applications);(iii)azetidines (obtained from a cyclic amine onto an activated double bond)which self-crosslink;(iv)reversible Diels–Alder reaction (such as furane/bismaleimide reaction),and (v)Huisgen reactions between azido and triple bond.Various examples are presented,along with a discussion of their properties and applica-tions.© 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction (192)2.Crosslinking and post-crosslinking.................................................................................................1932.1.Crosslinking at room temperature..........................................................................................1932.1.1.Carboxylic acid ....................................................................................................193∗Corresponding authors at:Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier,Ingénierie &Architectures Macromoléculaires,8Rue de l’Ecole Normale,34296Montpellier Cedex 5,France.E-mail addresses:guillaume.tillet@enscm.fr (G.Tillet),bruno.ameduri@enscm.fr (B.Ameduri).0079-6700/$–see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.08.003192G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science36 (2011) 191–2172.1.2.Aceto acetyl function[24–31] (194)2.1.3.Amines[32–40] (196)2.1.4.Acetal function[41–45] (198)2.1.5.Acrylamide derivative[46–50] (199)2.1.6.Other crosslinking moieties (199)2.1.7.Conclusion (205)2.2.Crosslinking at intermediate temperatures (205)2.2.1.Carboxylic acid function (206)2.2.2.Alcohol function[138–139] (207)2.2.3.Azetidine functions[166–169] (210)2.2.4.Diels–Alder reactions[170–176] (210)2.2.5.1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition and“click chemistry”reaction[177–187] (213)2.2.6.Conclusion (213)3.Conclusion (213)References (213)1.IntroductionImprovement of the thermal,mechanical,physico-chemical properties of polymers is a crucial challenge in both synthesis(by the insertion of a key function)and the quest for new search applications.Hence,researchers are in a scientific,economical and environmental context in which both modification and improvement of known polymers are preferred rather than the synthesis of poly-mers from new monomers.The properties of a polymeric material depend on its chemical nature,but,for a given polymer type,they also depend on their molecular weight and the functions borne by the polymer chain.In addition to the overall properties,the mechanical properties which are regarded as the most important features of a material are of particular interest.In this context,polymeric mate-rials can be conveniently divided into two main categories, dependent on their molecular weight:-Those with a molecular weight higher than about 105g mol−1;this value is not a strict limit since it depends on materials and on the intermolecular interactions which occur in these materials;-Those which have low molecular weights,lower than 104g mol−1,often in the range of2–3.103g mol−1.According to the category,it is may be essential to carry out either crosslinking or post-crosslinking.Indeed,poly-mer materials in the lower molecular-weight range often require a crosslinking step to obtain satisfactory mechani-cal properties.It is useful to recall the definitions and differences between crosslinking and post-crosslinking,the main dif-ference arising from the way the material is processed. To obtain afinal material in one step,either a very high molecular-weight material or a directly crosslinkable oligomer has to be used to fulfill the targeted prop-erties.The preparation of an easily processed material requires the synthesis of an easily stored material possess-ing intermediate properties.If the desired performance is not reached,a further step to a post-crosslinking may be required,even though that thefirst step may have yielded a pre-crosslinked material.These statements concern all materials but they can be especially relevant for coatings since they must be deposited while they have no(or at most a few)crosslinks,to be crosslinked after they have been applied.Since thefields of applications are various and numer-ous,crosslinking or post-crosslinking reactions have been intensively studied for a long time,and continue to this date.Studies to tune polymerization and crosslinking have as objectives methods to control when and at which rate both these steps take place,and how they can occur either separately or simultaneously.Different types of crosslinkings are possible:(i)covalent crosslinking(which is regarded as the moststable),(ii)ionic bonds,and(iii)physical crosslinking(via Van der Waals,hydrogen bonds or other interactions).One of the most important parameters is,of course, the functionality of the reagents(oligomers and diluents) since crosslinked polymers are usually produced when this functionality is higher than two(even slightly so).Reactive groups are often introduced into the polymeric chains in the case of post-crosslinking.The reactivity and reaction rate of these groups can be controlled by different means: (i)temperature,(ii)radiation,(iii)external reactants(such as moisture,O2,H2O,etc.), (iv)processing.The objective of this review is to provide basic informa-tion to understand the phenomena of crosslinking,without claiming to be exhaustive in that very widefield.The focus is on some basic chemical reactions involving sim-ple reactants,such as water or oxygen,but also some more complex reactants bearing key or specific functions.Vari-ous crosslinking and post-crosslinking processes have been excluded,such as those involving radiation,e.g.,ultravio-let beams,which are commonly used to harden coatings (paints,varnishes,etc.),or␥-rays,electron beams,ozone, X-rays,etc.;many reviews have already been published on these methods[1–4].G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science36 (2011) 191–217193NomenclatureAAEM acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylateAA acrylic acidATRP atom transfer radical polymerizationBH blocking agentCHA N-cyclohexylazetidineDBN1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-eneDBU1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-eneEPA Environmental Protection AgencyGMA glycidyl methacrylateHEA2-hydroxyethyl acrylateHighlink®AG acrylamidoglycolic acid monohydrate Highlink®DMH N-(2,2 -hydroxy-1-dimethoxyethyl)acrylamideHMM hexamethylol melamineHPBd hydrogenated polybutadieneIBMA isobutoxymethylacrylamideIPDI isophorone diisocyanateMAA methacrylic acidMAAMA N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)methacrylamideMAGME N-(methoxy methyl acetate)acrylamideMMA methyl methacrylateNMA N-methylolacrylamidePAEK polyaryletherketonePCL polycaprolactonePDMS polydimethyl siloxanePEO polyethylene oxidePEs polyesterPFCB perfluorocyclobutanePHEMA polyhydroxyethyl methacrylatePMDETA pentamethyldiethylene triaminePMMA polymethyl methacrylatePMVE perfluoromethyl vinyletherPS polystyrenePTFE polytetrafluoroethylenePTMO polytetramethylene oxidePVAc polyvinyl acetateR F perfluoroalkylREACH registration,evaluation,authorisation andrestriction of chemicalsTEOS tetraethoxysilaneTGIC triglycidyl isocyanurateTMEDA tetramethylethylenediamineTMG tetramethylguanidineTMI®m-isopropenyl-␣,␣-dimethylbenzylisocyanateVDF vinylidenefluoride2.Crosslinking and post-crosslinkingFor simplicity,the discussion of crosslinking and post-crosslinking reactions in the following is categorized by types of chemical functions,and discussed successively in two cases,according to the temperature range of the dif-ferent reactions:(i)room temperature,(ii)intermediate temperature below150◦C.2.1.Crosslinking at room temperatureCrosslinking reactions at room temperature are inter-esting for various reasons,such as network development in a heating-sensitive system or to gain energy savings. Several of these are discussed in the following.2.1.1.Carboxylic acidTwo main intermediates are considered as crosslinking agents in this type:carbodiimides(the most common used) and aziridines.2.1.1.1.Carbodiimides[5–18].The use of carbodiimide as a crosslinker agent has been known since the late1960’s[5], though deeper investigations started in1980’s[6,7].The general reaction involves the condensation of a carbodi-imide reactant with a carboxylic acid,leading to an acetyl urea,as shown in Fig.1.Such a condensation does not require any catalyst and this represents an advantage.However,in the presence of moisture,this reaction also competes with the classic reac-tivity of carbodiimides,which are able to trap water and consequently generate anhydride acid and urea,as shown in Fig.1.Nevertheless,by adapting appropriate catalysis and reaction conditions,the reaction is directed towards the synthesis of N-acyl urea.In this way,Taylor and Basset [8]have shown that the N-acyl urea/anhydride acid ratio increased on increasing the solvent polarity,the temper-ature,or even pouring a base into the reaction mixture. Moreover,their studies also reported that above150◦C,N-acyl urea structure is not stable and this limits their uses to crosslinkers efficient at the lower temperature correspond-ing to most coatings.According to Campbell and Smeltz’s investigation[9], carbodiimides can be prepared from isocyanates in the presence of a catalyst such as phospholene oxide at 140–150◦C(Fig.2).Other methods have also been described and are reported in the literature[5,10].Studies on crosslinking have reported[11]that multi-functional carbodiimides are good crosslinking agents at low temperature in thefield of emulsions.Hence,emul-sion mixtures containing acrylic acid and multifunctional carbodiimides lead to paintfilms endowed with excellent properties(tensile properties and solvent resistance).Sev-eral patents[12–14]claim that carbodiimide agents can also be utilized in the fabrication offilms.This crosslinking method is also interesting because it can be used for in vivo conditions.Indeed,collagen matrices have been crosslinked to prevent their rapid degradation and to improve their mechanical properties.Several publi-cations[15–18]describe the crosslinking of collagen by the reaction of a carbodiimide with carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acid residues of the matrix.2.1.1.2.Aziridines[19–23].Thefirst paper that reports aziridine as crosslinking agent was published in the early 1970’s[19].Roesler and Danielmeier[20]published a review on the reaction of aziridine with carboxylic acids,194G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science36 (2011) 191–217Fig.1.Formation of acetyl urea compounds by condensation of a carbodiimide with a carboxylic acid and the side reaction in presence ofwater.Fig.2.Synthesis of a carbodiimide from isocyanate.which spontaneously lead to an amino ester at room tem-perature,as shown in Fig.3.Polyaziridines used as crosslinkers can be obtained by the Michael reaction (Fig.4),such as the addition of amine onto activated unsaturated groups (e.g.,acrylics)[21].Fig.5shows a triaziridine that is soluble in several polar solvents including water,as described by Pollano and Resins [21].This triazine has been used to improve the mechanical properties (lower elongation,higher strength-ening)and the chemical resistance of various coatings,including wood varnishes [20]for interior applications.Fig.6illustrates the crosslinking of carboxylic acid ter-minated polymer with a triaziridine compounds,reported by Liu et al.[22].This reaction does not require any catalyst,and is car-ried out at room temperature,but its reaction rate is slower than that of the reaction involving carbodiimides.However,the reaction rate may be increased by the use of Cr(III)car-boxylate as a catalyst [23].Indeed,while it took one day in the absence of any catalyst,the reaction rate was reduced to 1min in presence of catalyst.Two drawbacks were observed:-As for their homologue carbodiimides,their poor water stability led to inactive amino alcohol.Nevertheless,thisFig.5.Structure of trimethylolpropane tris(2-methyl-1-aziridine propi-onate).limitation can be overcome by adding the polyaziridine crosslinker prior to the processing of the oligomer.-Aziridine compounds are irritant,toxic and mutagen.2.1.2.Aceto acetyl function [24–31]The aceto acetyl function (Fig.7)is a relatively new function,offering interesting potential for wide chem-ical activity.This reactivity is partly due to keto-enol tautomerism (75%ketone/25%enol)presented in Fig.7.Indeed,the insertion of the aceto acetyl functionality in a polymer reduces both the viscosity and the glass transition temperature [24].The other part of the reactivity,show in Fig.8,arises from the metal chelation (with copper,silver,nickel,etc.)by bisketones [25,26].This reaction is quite interesting since it is able to enhance adhesion to metal.Aceto acetyl derivatives can react with various groups,such (i)as isocyanates,(ii)activated alkenes,(iii)aldehydes,and (iv)amines,listed in the following:(i)IsocyanatesThe active methylene group of acetoacetyl function can react with an isocyanate at room temperature like in the reaction of isocyanates with hydroxyls,as shown in Fig.9.Del Rector et al.[24]have noted that this reac-tion occurred but with a lower reaction rate than that involving alcohols.In this case,a lower reaction rateisFig.3.Reaction between an aziridine and a carboxylic acid leading to an aminoester.Fig.4.Synthesis of polyaziridine by “Michael addition”between an amine and an acrylic alkene.G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 191–217195Fig.6.Crosslinking example of a polymer bearing carboxylic acid functions with atriaziridine.Fig.7.Keto–enol tautomerism:chemical equilibrium between keto and enolforms.Fig.8.Chelating of bisketone by copper acetate.a benefit since it allows better control of the crosslink-ing,and also favors convenient conditions to process the final product.(ii)Activated alkenes (“Michael addition”)A reaction between the methylene group and an electron deficient alkene can occur under strong basic conditions.This reaction,reported by Clemens and Del Rector [27],is described in Fig.10.These authors used strong bases (p K a >12),such as 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU),1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (DBN)and tetramethyl-guanidine (TMG),listed in Table 1.Indeed,the p K aofFig.9.Reaction between an isocyanate and an aceto acetyl compounds.196G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science36 (2011) 191–217Fig.10.“Michael addition”between an aceto acetyl compounds and an activatedalkene.Fig.11.Formation of a linkage between two acetylacetonate groups by reaction with formaldehyde.Table 1Various bases involved in the reaction between acetoacetyl derivatives and acrylates (according to Clemens and Del rector [27]).StructureAcronymp K aNHC NN CH 3CH 3H 3C CH 3TMG13.6NN DBN 12.7NN DBU 12.5such an acetylacetonate derivative linked to the acidic protons of methylene between both ketone functions is estimated to 12which explains the need to use such strong bases.(iii)Aldehydes and more especially formaldehyde.Similarly,acetyl acetonate has also been used effi-ciently with formaldehyde to lead to a short link between two aceto acetyl groups,as shown in Fig.11:(iv)AminesBy contrast,Fig.12illustrates the reaction of amines with the hydroxyl group of the aceto acetyl enolic form.In this way,Mori et al.[28]synthesized “honeymoon-type”adhesives for wood products by crosslinking of acetoacetylated poly(vinyl alcohol)with diamines (these are adhesives consisting of two components,opposite com-ponents being applied to opposite adherends,the two brought together to form a joint).They propose the mech-anism in Fig.13for this crosslinking.Other reactions may occur when acetyl acetonates are involved (in particular for reactions using melamines),butthese reactions do not occur at room temperature,and in this case various examples are reported in Section 2.2.It may be noted that the acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM)monomer,the structure of which is given in Fig.14,has been marketed and is used in many fields,such as with acrylic latexes.The aceto acetamide function may also be used [29,30]because it should be less sensitive to hydrolysis which is an important feature as well during the polymerization reaction as for its storage [31].2.1.3.Amines [32–40]As amines exhibit high nucleophily,several reactions may occur at room temperature.In addition to the acetyl acetonates reported in Fig.15,aldehydes and ketones [32]are also featured reactants,and imine groups are also pro-duced in this way.This reaction is acido-catalyzed,and it has been found that five days are required to reach satisfactory properties of polyurethanes bearing two carbonyl groups.Among amines,some hydrazine derivatives are able to react with ketones,as shown in Fig.16.The introduction of ketone groups in the resin has been achieved thanks to the use of the N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide as shown in Fig.17.This reaction,discovered 40years ago,has mainly been used in the field of crosslinking chemistry by Mestach and co-workers [33,34]in waterborne acrylic dispersions appli-cations.The second reaction involves amines reacting with epoxides.Several reactions have been published on this is well-known reaction [35–37].Fig.18illustrates the crosslinking between an amine terminated polysiloxane and polysiloxane bearing an epoxide.The epoxy/amine system has been developed for latex by Geurts [38].In that case,the materials are separated into two different phases,called “the two in one system”.The main difficulty consists in incorporating aminegroups inFig.12.Reactions between enolic form of aceto acetyl with an amine.G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 191–217197Fig.13.Crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol)bearing aceto acetylated groups with a diamine.acrylic latexes.It is easy to insert epoxide groups thanks to the glycidyl methacrylate monomer (GMA).However,the use of GMA for latex synthesis raises a limitation (espe-cially for pre-crosslinking)due to the instability of that monomer in aqueous medium.Therefore,O’Brien et al.[39]used the episulfide,equivalent of an epoxide,synthesized as shown in Fig.19.The episulfide is more stable towards water,hence limiting pre-crosslinking.The crosslinking of episulfides in the presence of piper-azine is slower than that occurring in the presence of the oxygen containing derivative,and the best conditions of crosslinking are for 30min at 65◦C.However,storage sta-bility is not much improved.This amine has been used for the hardening of both episulfide and epoxide because it is water soluble,and thus it can migrate into the particles.Geurts [38]has reported an extensive and remark-able investigation of the synthesis of methacrylateaminoFig.15.Preparation of imines by reaction between an amine and a car-boxylic group.monomers.The same group also prepared the correspond-ing salts of this amine.The best results were obtained when n =5;for lower n a chemical rearrangement occurs (leading to amine),while for higher n,the monomer exhibits so high surfactant properties to enable suitable processing.This system led to interesting results but Geurts noted the presence of an unavoidable Michael reaction in the course of latex synthesis that contains this amine,as shown in Fig.20.Fig.14.Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM)monomer bearing acetylacetonate group.198G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science36 (2011) 191–217Fig.16.Reaction of a hydrazine derivative with a polymer bearing ketones groups.The preceding reports the use of primary amines,but extensive researches also deal with the efficiency of ter-tiary amines and their reactivity with epoxides.Van de Ven et al.[40]have compared the reactivity of model epoxide molecules in the presence of water,tertiary amine,acid and alcohol,noting that,at room temperature,both the quater-nization reaction and the direct polymerization of epoxide mainly occurred,in contrast to the acid/epoxide reaction, which requiresheat.Fig.17.Structure of N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide.2.1.4.Acetal function[41–45]The acetal function represents the protected form of an aldehyde group and this protects the aldehyde function from amines.However,for lower pH values,the aldehyde is regenerated and the reaction with amine can lead to the corresponding imines.In this case,the driving force is the pH variation.Fig.21displays both reactions.Pichot’s group[41]was one of thefirst team that used this concept involving monomers with acetal groups to trap amino-acid,and this strategy was applied in thefield of Life Science.Another French team[42]used this concept in the field of acrylic coatings.Further progress was developed by Charleux’s group[42]and also claimed in a patent deposited by Elf Atochem[43].The development of latex for paints,able to undergo further reaction at room temperature during thefilm form-ing step,but remaining chemically stable during the latex synthesis and its storage,is obviously very delicate.That balance requires the use of protected chemical groups in the latex,which are deprotected during thefilm forming, and hence become reactive.Such a concept also occurs for acetal functions which are stable and inert in basic media[44].However these functions undergo hydrolysis in acid medium to lead to self-reactive aldehyde functions at room temperature.Fig.22displays this concept from N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)methacrylamide(MAAMA). Fig.18.Reaction between an epoxy and an amine often used to crosslink epoxyresins.Fig.19.Synthesis of thiirane from anepoxy.Fig.20.“Michael reaction”between an amine and a methacrylate amino monomer.G.Tillet et al./Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 191–217199Fig.21.Protection reaction of an aldehyde by alcohol,reaction between an aldehyde and anamine.Fig.22.Structure of N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)methacrylamide (MAAMA).Such a reaction is possible,and studies with model com-pounds have shown that the dimerization of the amido group with aldehyde leads to the cyclic structure shown in Fig.23.This explains the crosslinking obtained thanks to this kind of latex,but this latter must be prepared under basic medium and it has to be acidified during the film forming to carry out the hydrolysis of acetal into aldehyde.In fact,the acetal function is interesting because it acts as a pH-responsive crosslinking agent as Li et al.[45]have shown.2.1.5.Acrylamide derivative [46–50]Acrylamide and aldehyde derivatives have been well-known for decades because they are able to self-crosslink at high temperatures.The chemical reaction arises from the self-condensation of the alcohol function [46]on the acrylamide monomer,as found in urea/formaldehyde or melamine/formaldehyde resins.Likewise,monomers bearing these groups have been synthesized for incorpo-ration in latexes,such as N-methylolacrylamide (NMA),isobutoxymethylacrylamide (IBMA),acrylamidoglycolic acid monohydrate (Highlink ®AG)or N-(2,2 -hydroxy-1-dimethoxyethyl)acrylamide (Highlink ®DMH),illustrated in Fig.24.In addition to the above monomers,many others are commercially available or synthesized.The use of a catalyst enables one to decrease the self-reaction temperature to room temperature,but post-curing is often necessary.These catalysts are either AlCl 3or strong organic acids such as paratoluene sulfonic acid or orthophosphonic acid [47].However,several side reactions are also involved,leading to the formation of formalde-hyde by-products,as shown in Fig.25,which is undesirable because of itstoxicity.Fig.23.Cyclic structure after the dimerization of an amido group with an aldehyde.Monomers such as N-(methoxy methyl acetate)acrylamide (MAGME)have been copolymerized with monomers containing hydroxyl groups,such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA),to obtain self-crosslinkable latexes [48].Indeed,Fig.26shows the presence of three potential crosslinking sites borne by the monomer,includ-ing NH,CH and OMe.Such a chemistry is promising and undergoes a fast development [49,50].2.1.6.Other crosslinking moietiesThis section describes a peculiar process that allows a post-crosslinking process at room temperature.However,it requires the participation of a chemical agent (and from neither thermal nor photochemical effects).Typically,the use of oxygen and water are reported below.2.1.6.1.Water [51–100].2.1.6.1.1.Sol–gel reactions.The chemical reactions of the sol–gel process were reported almost four decades ago [51],but this technique has gained increasing interest.The sol–gel process makes it possible to produce at low tem-perature networks with high purity and high homogeneity.Although many studies have been carried out on sol–gel processes involving organic compounds,a few investiga-tions involve polymers to lead to hybrid materials for which organic and inorganic phases coexist.Furthermore,some multicomponent systems which cannot be made by con-ventional methods due to crystallization can be produced in a sol–gel process [52].Although shrinkage and fracture during the curing process limit the widespread applica-tions of these techniques,much success has been achieved in producing monolithic solids by controlling the diffu-sion rate of volatile components in the system [53].Two methods exist to obtain organic/inorganic materials.The first method is based on a mixture of a metal alkoxide [such as Si(OR)4,Ti(OR)4,Zr(OR)4,Al(OR)3]and a polymer.For example,Blanchard et al.[54]reported an extensive study on the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of dif-ferent metal alkoxides M(OR)n (where M represents Si,Ti,Zr atoms,etc.and OR is an alkoxy group).Then,the metal alkoxide undergoes a hydrolysis reaction followed by a polycondensation to form a three-dimensional network containing the polymer.The hydrolysis and polycondensa-tion reactions are described in Fig.27.The resulting materials,initially called “ceramers”by Wilkes et al.[55],should reflect some of the proper-ties of the sol–gel glass and the incorporated polymeric reactant.However,the completion of the hydrolysis reac-tion depends upon the amounts of water and acid added to the system.Because of the nature of that process,。

英国文学复习资料[1]一选择题1. _____ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. William Shakespearec. Phillip Sidneyd. Thomas Campion2. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development ofEnglish Drama. It was _______ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Logec. Edmund Spenserd. Thomas More3. Great popularity was won by John Lyly?s prose romance_______wh ich gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an effected style of court speech.a. Arcadiab. V enus and Adonis.c. Eupheusd. Lucrece4. At the beginning the 16th century the outstanding humanist_____wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people?s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Morec. Phillip Sidneyd. Edmund Spencer5. English absolute monarchy was once again adopted in the reignof ________after the Queen Elizabeth.a. Edward VIb. James Ic. Charles Id. Queen Ann6.Beowulf is the most important and the first epic in the Old Englishever written. It was written in _______.a. sonnetsb. balladsc. alliterationd. heroic couplet7.Paradise Lost is a (n)________.a. lyrical poemb. hymnc. epicd. narrative poem8.Pamela is a___________.a. historical novelb. romanceb. novel of naturalism d. novel of epistles andpsychology9.Gulliver’s Travels is a ________.a. sentimental novelb. novel of satire andallegoryc. Gothic noveld. novel of stream ofconsciousness10.I Wandered lonely as a Cloud is a ________.a. lyrical poemb. lyrical prosec. romance in prosed. sonnet11.T he School of Scandal is a ______.a. tragedyb. comedy of mannersc. noveld. romance12.The Merry Wives of Windsor is a ______.a. comedyb. tragedyc. historical playd. morality play13. A Red, Red Rose is a______.a. lyricb. satirical poemc. epic d ode14.Clarrisa is a (n) ____________.a. historical novelb. epistolary novelc. metrical romanced. satirical novel15. The title of “Poet?s poet” is given to the writer of thefollowing work__ _____.a. Death Be Not Proudb. Venus and Adonisc. Romeo and Julietd. The Faerie Queen16. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespearian plays of_______.a. comedyb. sequence of sonnetsc. tragedyd. historical play17. Chaucer was the first important poet of a royal court to writein______ after the Norman conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. Celt18. “He was not of an age, but for all the time”. “He” here refers to_____.a. Shakespeareb. Chaucerc. John Miltond. Ben Jonson19. The father of the school of Metaphysical poets is _______.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Wyatt20. The most important prose writer of Elizabethan Age was _______,who was also the founder of the English materialistic philosophy.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Francis Bacon21. During the medieval time, there were several types of drama, amongwhich the ______ denotes only dramas based on Saint?s lives.a. miracle playb. morality playc. mystery playd.interlude22. Morality plays were dramatized _______of the life of man, histemptation and sinning, his quest for salvation and his confrontation with death.a. elegyb. dreamc. ambitiond. allegories23. The hero in morality plays usually represents Mankind or _______.a. Devilb. Godc. valiantd. everyone24. The rhyme schem e of Spenser?s Amorretti is created by Spenserhimself, and it is now called ____, rhyme pattern of which is ______.a. English sonnet/ abab cdcd, efef ggb. Italian sonnet/ abba abba cde cdec. Miltonic sonnet/ abab bcbc cde cded. Spenserian sonnet/ abab bcbc cdcd ee25. In the Faerie Queene, Spenser signifies glory in abstract, and theQueen Elizabeth______ in particular.a. Gloryb. famec. honestyd. virtue26. Spenser not only wrote in Spenserian sonnet, he also inventedSpensrian stanza, a nine-line stanza used by him in Faerie Queene, the rhyme scheme of which is ________.a. abab ababab. abab bcbccc. abcb cdcdcd. aabb ccddd27. Spenser is usually considered “poets? poet”, because of his superbtechnical skill, perfect melodies, rare senses of beauty. However, in his poetry there still remain two defects: _______.a. power and unityb. power and steadinessc. steadiness and unityd. unity and melody28. The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus is based on a _____.a. German legendb. Greek legendc. Roman Legendd. Celtic Legend29. The hero of Dr. Fustus is a young ______.a. scholarb. doctorc. philosopherd. magician30. The significance of Marlowe?s plays lies in the playwright?spresenting of, in various ways, the spirit of ________.a. feudal lordsb. the rising bourgeoisiec. the intellectualsd. common people31. Who was the greatest dramatist in the 18th century?a. Goldsmithb. Sheridanc. Sterned. Fielding32. Which play is regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare?a. She Stoops to Conquerb. The Rivalsc.The School for Scandald. The ConsciousLovers33. Chaucer was the first important poet of royal court to write in______ after the Norman Conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. Greek34. Shylock is a character in the play _______.a. T amburlain written by Marloweb. Othello written by Shakespearec. The Jew of Malta written by Marlowed.The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare35. “To err, is human, to forgive, divine” and “ A little learning is adangerous thing.” are taken from the poems written by ______.a. John Miltonb. Francis Baconc. William Shakespeared. Alexander Pope36. The Deserted Village is a ___________.a. sentimental poemb. romantic poemc. neo-classical poemd. allegorical poem37. In English Poetry the phrase …the deep? is often referred to _______.a. the hellb. the heartc. the sead. the grave38. At the turn of the 18th and 19th century, ______ appeared as a newliterary trend in England.a. Renaissanceb. Reformationc. Romanticismd. Sentimentalism39. Of Truth was written by a British essayist_______.a. William Shakespeareb. George Bernad Shawc. Francis Bacond. John Donne40. “Gold? Y ellow, glittering, precious gold! Thus much of this willmake black white, fool fair, wrong right, base noble, old young, coward valiant…”These lines are taken from ________ by Shakespeare.a. Volponeb. As you like itc. The School for Scandald. Timon of Athens41. “ Conceit” is a term applied in particular to the school representedby_______.a. Herrickb. Ben Jonsonc. Poped. John Donne42. The general spirit of Shakespeare?s first period comediesis _______.a. youthfulness with melancholyb. pessimism with youthfulnessc. optimism with youthfulnessd. optimism with melancholy43. _____ is one of Shakespeare?s famous four tragedies.a. Romeo and Julietb. Julius Caesarc. Anthony and Claopatrad. Othello44. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespeare?s play s of ______inwhich Shakespeare highly praises the wits and wisdom of the heroin______ .a. Sophiab. Portiac. Ophiliad. Olivia45. One of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinesehistory.a. Henry VIb. Everyone in His Humorc. The Riva lsd. Tamburlain46. Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of _____ England, whichindignantly satirized the ____ prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular world.a. Renaissance/ corruptionb. medieval /realityc. medieval /corruptiond. Renaissance/ reality47. One of the following writers is not known as a sonnet poet is_______.a. Wyattb. Shakespearec. Greened. Spencer48. Mephistophilis is a _______.a. soldierb. devil?s servantc. king?s clownd. noble man49. Thomas More was killed because of ______.a. his disagreement with the princeb. his treason of Englandc. his plot against King Henry VIIId. his disagreement with the king?s divorce and the religiousbelief50. More is known as a writer, statesman and _______.a. humanistb. merchantc. socialistd. soldier51. All the following writers created the sonnet sequence except______.a. Shakespeareb. Thomas Morec. Spenser c. Sidney52. Apology for Poetry is a_______.a. sonnetb. literary criticismc. noveld. play53. Of the following, the one that employs the form of romance is_______.a. Euphuesb. Amorettic. Of Studiesd. V enus and Adonis54. The “Mighty line” in Marlowe?s play means________.a. blank verseb. sonnetc. coupletd. free verse55. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument ofEnglish drama is ______.a. Surryb. Marlowec. Shakespeared. Ben Jonson56. The recurrent theme of Marlowe?s plays is the praise of ______.a. capitalismb. churchc. feudalismd. individualism57. All the heroes of Marlowe?s plays end with ______.a. happinessb. triumphc. tragedyd. insult58. The literary genre which best represents the literary achievement inRenaissance is _____.a. novelb. dramac. poetryd. romance59. Thomas More?s masterpiece Utopia was written in _______.a. Frenchb. Englishc. Latind. Greek60. Astrophel and Stalla was written by the author who also wrote _____.a. Amorettib. As Y ou like Itc. Apology for Poetryd. Dr. Faustus61. The poet who wrote the first sonnet sequence in English literature also wrote _____.a. The Shepherds’ calendarb. Apology for Poetryc. Hamletd. Alchemist62. The soldier, the poet, the critic, the courtier, all the titles can be applied to one of the following writers.a. Spenserb. Marlowec. Sidneyd. Ben Jonson63. Spenser is famous for his _______.a. musical rhythmb. colorful imagesc. symbolsd. all of the above64. Test of courage, faith and loyalty is the theme of a _____.a. romanceb. novelc. playd. ballad65. La Mort e’d Arthur describes the war, the tournament, illicit love and the quest for ______.a. Christb. Holly Grailc. Bibled. King Arthur66. All the following figures appear in the work La Morte’d Arthu r, except_______.a. King Arthurb. Gueneverec. Lancelotd. Tamburlain67. La Moret’d Arthur marked the ____ of the romance in England.A. falling b. risingc. summitd. ending68. The English Romantic Movement began in the 1798 when “Lyrical Ballads” was published, and ended in1832 when ______.a. Jane Austain diedb. Scott diedc. Wordsworth diedd. Shelley69. Quotation and the author are correctly paired in all the followings except______.a.a. “I might boast myself La V ainqueur”----- Johnsonb.b. “A little learning is a dangerous thing.” ------ Popec. c. A Truthful artist’s duty was to produce humann ature”------ Wordsworthd.d. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” ---------Shakespeare.70. Virtue Rewarded in the novel by Richardson means___________.a.a. Shopia was married to Mr. B finally.b.b. Pamela was kicked out of Mr. B’s place.c. c. Shopia was married to Tom Jones at last.d.d. Pamela was married to T om Jones.71. The Spectator was started in the ______century.a. early 18thb. late 19thc. the late 18thd. early 19th72. The figure of speech used in the article A modest Proposal is called _____.b. paradoxc. ironyd. pun73. The Rape of the Lock gives an account of ______.a. bull fightingb. a knight duelc. a writer’s lifed. an anecdote of the court74. At the end of the History of T om Jones, a Foundling,________.a. Blifil was hangedb. T om was put in jail againc. Shopia divorced with T omd. None of the above75. Richardson was noted as a storyteller, letter-writer and a ______ as well.a. criticb. moralizerc. poetd. playwright76. The couplet, originally French, was made full use by ______.a. Popeb. Donnec. Chaucerd. Johnson77. All of the followings were from Ireland except________.a. Sheridanb. Goldsmithc. Swift78. The pair not correct associated is _______.a. Blake----engraverb. Goldsmith______poet and novelistc. Fielding ____playwrightd. Richardson _____poet79.The Sentimental School includes all of the following writers except_______.a. Thomas Cowperb. Thomas Grayc. Richardsond. Swift80. Milton was nicknamed “the lady of the Christ” because he was ______.a. a ladyb. as serious as a ladyc. as hansom as a ladyd. as gentle as a lady答案；1-5 a a c b b 6-10 c c d b a11-15 b a a b d 16-20 a c a c d21-25 c d d d d 26-30 b a a a b31-35 b c c d d 36-40. a c d b d41-45. d c d b d 46-50. b c b d a.51-55. b b a a b56-60. d c b c c61-65. b c d a b66-70. d c b c b71-75. a c d d b76-80. a d d d c二，名词解释1. EnlightenmentEnlightenment is a progressive intellectual movement, which swept over England and other lands in Western Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment freed and reformed the thinking of man. Enlighteners strove to clear away the feudal remnants and replace them by bourgeois ideologue.2.Blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter. See also Meter. In the 1540s Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, seems to have originated it in English as the equivalent of Virgil's unrhymed dactylic hexameter. In Gorboduc (1561), Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton introduced blank verse into the drama, whence it soared with Marlowe and Shakespeare in the 1590s. Milton forged it anew for the epic in Paradise Lost (1667).3. Fable(1) A short, allegorical story in verse or prose, frequently of animals, told to illustrate a moral. (2) The story line or plot of a narrative or drama. (3) Loosely, any legendary or fabulous account.4. RomanceAny imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances./doc/205598258.htmledy of mannersIts concern is to bring the moral and social behavior of its characters to the test of comic laughter. The male hero lives not for military glory but for pleasure and the conquests that he can achieve in his amorous campaigns. The object of his very practical game of sexual intrigue is a beautiful, witty, pleasure loving, and emancipated lady, every bit his equal in the strategies of love. The two are distinguished not for virtue but for the true wit and well-bred grace with which they conduct the often complicated intrigue that makes up the plot.6. HumorA humor is a theory used by Ben Jonson in his play writing.A humor, according to the physiology and the psychology of the time, was one of the liquid constituents of the body, each of which had its peculiar emotional propensity. Every character in Jonson’s comedies personifies a definite humor, so his characters are like caricatures.7. NovelThe extended prose fiction that arose in the 18th century to become a major literary expression of the modern world. The term comes from the Italian novella, the short "new" tale of intrigue and moral comeuppance most eminently disseminated by Boccaccio's Decameron (1348-1353). The terms novel and romance, from the French roman, competed interchangeably for most of the 18th century.三．阅读题Passage 1To die, to sleepNo more and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, ?tis a consummationDevotedly to be wished. To die, to sleepTo sleep-perchance to dream: ay there?s the rub,For in that sleep of death what dream may come?When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us a pause. There?s the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man?s contumelyThe pangs of despised love, the law?s delay,The insolence of office, and the spurns,The patient merit of th? unworthy takesQUESTION:1. These lines are taken from a famous play named________.2. The author of the play is____________.3. In the play these lines are uttered by ____________.4. About the utterance what does the speech show? Passage 2What though the field be lost?All is not lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield:And what is else not to be overcome?That glory never shall his wrath or mightExtort from me. To bow and sue for graceWith suppliant knee, and deify his powerWho, from the terror of this arm, so lateDoubted his empire-that were low indeed;That were an ignominy and shame beneathThis downfall; since, by fate, the strength of godsAnd this empyreal substance, cannot fail;Questions:1. These lines are written in __________.2. In the second line …the unconquerable will? refers to the will of _____.a. Zeusb. Satanc. Godd. Adam3. These lines are taken from a very famous ________ entitled ________.4. Who is the author of this poem?5. What?s the central theme of these lines?6. What do you think of the writing features of the passage?Passage 3My friend Roger, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside of his church with several texts of his own choosing; he has likewise given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion table at his own expense. He has often told me that, at his coming to his estate, he found his parishioners very irregular; and that in order to make them kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and a Common Prayer book, and at the same time employed an itinerant singing masters, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct them rightly in the tunes of the Psalms, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that have ever heard.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a periodical named______.2. The Title of the passage is ___________________.3. The …I” in the passage is supposed to be _____________a. Mr. Spectatorb. Addisonc. Steel4. What kind of person is Sir Roger?5. What is the writing features of the passage?Passage 4:I lay down on the grass, which was very short and soft, where I slept sounder than ever I remember to have done in my life, and as I reckoned, above nine hours; for when I awaked, it was just daylight. I attempted to rise, but was not able to stir: for as I happened to lie on my back, I found my arms and legs were strongly fastened on each side to the ground; and my hair, which was long and thick, tied down in the same manner. .I likewise felt several slender figures across my body, from my armpits to my thighs. I could only look upwards; the sun began to grow hot, and the light offended my eyes. I heard a confused noise about me, but in the posture I lay, could see nothing except the sky. In a little time, I felt something alive moving on my left leg, which advancing gently forward over my breast, came almost up to my chin; when bending my eyes downwards as much as I could, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and arrow in his hands, and a quiver at his back.Questions:1. this passage is taken from a well-known book written by______.2. The …I? in the passage was dropped in a str ange country, the name of which is _______.3. The title of the book is__________.4. The …I? in the passage is ______________.5. what is the writing features of the passage?Passage 5I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and mywife past childbearing.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a well-known essayentitled___________________________.2. The author of the article is ______________________.3. What is the most striking features of the article?Passage 6A little black thing among the snowCrying “weep, weep, weep,” in notes of woe!“Where are your father and mother? Say?”“They are both gone up to the church to pray.”“Because I was happy upon the hearth,And smil?d among the winter?s snow;They think they have done me no injury,And are gone to praise God and His Priest and King,Who make up a heaven of our misery.”Questions:1. What is the little black thing refers to_________?2.What?s the title of the poem? _________3.Who make up a heaven of our misery.” _________4. What do you know from the line “ …and are gone to praise God and his Priest and King?”5. Comment on the little speaker?s narrative.Passage 7Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,And all the air a solemn stillness holds,Save where the beetle wheels droning flight,And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.Save that from under ivy-mantled towerThe moping owl does to the moon complainOf such, as wandering near her secret bower,Molest her ancient solitary reign.Questions:1. Those two stanzas are taken from-__________by _______.2.The poem is written in the metrical meter of ______ pentameter.3. The sequence time of the poem is from __________ to___________, together with the country scene especially the cemetery inthe churchyard to foil the sadness and melancholy.4. This poem can be regarded as the typical poem of __________, or maybe you can call it a poem of ________.why do you feel about this?Passage 8How the chimney-sweeper?s cryEvery black?ning chu rch appalls;And the hapless soldier?s sighRuns down palace walls.But most thro? mid-night streets I hearHow the youthful harlots curseBlasts the new-born infant?s tear,And blights with plagues the marriage hearse.Questions:1.What is title of the poem?2. Where is this poem taken from_________.3. Who is the writer of this poem.4. The theme of this poem is _____________________________. ANSWER TO passage 11.“Hamlet”2. Shakespeare3. Hamlet4.“To be or not to be” means to live or end one?s life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving however a different reason for refraining. The notion that in the words “or not to be ”he is speculating on the possibility of “something after death”---whether there is a future life –cannot be entertained for a moment. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life. Practically the whole speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldly weariness. ANSWER TO passage 2:1. A2. B3.“Paradise Lost”4.John Milton5.In this passage, God is depicted as a despot “Who now triumph, and in the excess of joy/sole reigning holds the T yranny of Heaven;” whil e in contrast Satan is presented as the real hero, a rebel with “the unconquerable will, And courage never to submit or yield.” The epic turns out to be an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom. Herein lies the great significance of the passage and the work as well./doc/205598258.htmlton is difficult to read, because of his involved style withfrequent inversions and very complicated sentence structure. His sentences are often long. Y et, to express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur—the “Miltonic” style. He is a great master of the blank verse. His lines are rich in the variations of rhythm and pause.ANSWER TO passage 3:1.The Spectator2.Sir Roger at the Church3. a4.Sir Roger represents the country gentry. He is a country gentleman of old fashioned manners. He stands for the old-fashioned virtues of simplicity, honesty, and piety. His foibles, which are describes with a gentle humor, make a setting for his virtues, which point an example to the world of fashion. He is created as a character fit in the novel.5.The periodical literature in “The Spectator” maintained its tone of courtesy and good breeding. Such prose is easy to understand yet capable of variety and beauty. Just as Dr. Johnson described, “His prose is the model of the middle style; on grave subjects not formal, on light occasions not graveling; pure without scrupulosity, and exact without apparent elaboration; always equable, and always easy, without glowing words or printed sentences.”ANSWER TO passage 4:1.Swift2.Lilliput3.Gulliver’s Travels4.Lemuel Gulliver5.The style is characterized by directness, simplicity andvividness. The most grotesque creations are combined with the bitterest satire.ANSWER TO passage 51. “A Modest Proposal”2. Jonathan Swift3. A Mod est Proposal is an example of Swift’s favorite satiric devices used with superb effect. Irony (from the deceptive adjective “modest” in the title to the very last sentence) pervades the piece. A rigorous logic deduces ghastly arguments from a shocking premise so quietly assumed that the reader assents before he is aware of what his assent implies. Parody, at which Swift is adept, allows him to glance sardonically at, by then , the familiar figure of the benevolent humanitarian (forerunner of the modern sociologist, social worker, economic planner) concerned to correct a social evil by means of a theoretically conceived plan. The proposer, as na?ve as he is apparently logical and kindly, ignores and therefore emphasizes for the reader the enormity of his plan. The whole piece is an elaboration of a rather trite metaphor: “The English are devouring the Irish.” But there is nothing trite about the pamphlet, which expresses in Swift’s most controlled style his pity for the oppressed, ignorant, populous, and hungry Catholic peasants of Ireland, and his anger at the rapacious English absentee landlords, who were bleeding the country white with the silent approbation of Parliament, ministers, and the Crown.ANSWER TO passage 6:1. It refers to the poor little boy who has been made black because of their sweeping. Chimneys.-2.The title of the poem is “The Chimney-Sweeper”3. It was the “God and Priest and king” who together builda Heaven of misery for the weak and the poor.4. The language of this short lyric, though, very simple, yet somewhat ironical satirical which reveals his understanding and knowledge of the source of the misery and sufferings of the poor and the weak.ANSWER TO passage 7:1. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Thomas Gray2. quatrains, iambic3. dusk, darkness4. sentimentalism, graveyard schoolSentimentalism seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel. Sentimentalism often relates to sentimentality and sensibility in some literary works . In Poetry, we have Thomas Gray’s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, not mention the various odes of sensibility which flourished in the later half of the century.ANSWER TO passage 8:1. “London”2. Songs of Innocence3. William Blake4. The poem provides a comprehensive picture of the many miseries, physical andspiritual, in London.五. Answer the following questions回答下列问题（There are2 questions in this part , one is for 5 point , totally 10 points）1. Analyze the image of Robinson Crusoe.Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through the characterization of Robinson Crusoe, Deofoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature, and human fate with his indomitable will and。

小学下册英语第二单元测验卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1._____ (草原) are home to many wildflowers.2.Which type of tree produces acorns?A. PineB. MapleC. OakD. Birch答案:C3.What do we call the force that opposes motion?A. GravityB. FrictionC. TensionD. Compression4.The Earth's crust is continuously undergoing ______.5.The _____ (pen/pencil) is on the desk.6.My friend is __________ (值得信赖的).7.What do you call a person who designs buildings?A. ArchitectB. EngineerC. ContractorD. Surveyor答案:A8.What do you call the part of the plant that grows above the ground?A. RootB. StemC. LeafD. Flower答案:B9.What do we call the device used to take pictures?A. CameraB. ProjectorC. MonitorD. Scanner答案:A10.My cat enjoys catching ______ (小虫) in the garden.11.The ancient pyramids were built as ________ (墓葬) for pharaohs.12.She wears _____ (glasses/hats).13.The _______ is important for pollination and growth.14.What do we call the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole?A. EquatorB. LongitudeC. LatitudeD. Meridian答案:D Meridian15.What is the name of the fairy tale character who kissed a frog?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. The Princess and the FrogD. Rapunzel16.What is the term for a baby rabbit?A. KittenB. PuppyC. BunnyD. Fawn答案:C17.The first successful bone marrow transplant was performed in ________.18.I like to collect __________ after a storm. (雨水)19.I love to _______ (煮饭) on weekends.20.What is the primary ingredient in chocolate cake?A. FlourB. SugarC. CocoaD. Eggs答案:C21.What do you call a person who writes books?A. NovelistB. EditorC. PublisherD. Librarian22.My _____ (表弟) is visiting next week.23.The cat is ___ (chasing/sleeping) a mouse.24.What do you call a person who studies insects?A. BiologistB. EntomologistC. ZoologistD. Botanist答案:B25.The __________ (历史的反击) challenge established norms.26.Animals that are active at night are called __________.27.My cousin has a pet _______ (我表弟有一只宠物_______).28.I enjoy ______ (hiking) on trails.29.What is the capital of Qatar?A. DohaB. Al RayyanC. Al WakrahD. Lusail答案:A30.The _____ (小狗) loves to chase its tail. It is very entertaining! 小狗喜欢追自己的尾巴。

第三单元测评第一部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

A(黑龙江鹤岗高二月考)The following 4 famous paintings —from Jan van Eyck’s portrait to Pablo Picasso’s masterpiece —have stood the test of time.TheAmolfiniPortraitJan van Eyck’s TheAmolfiniPortrait,an oil painting on wood produced in 1434,in which a man and a woman hold hands with a window behind him and a bed behind her,is undoubtedly one of the masterpieces in the National Gallery,London.This painting is as visually interesting as it is famed.It is also an informative document on fifteenth-century society,through van Eyck’s heavy use of symbolism — while husbands went out to engage in business,wives concerned themselves with domestic duties.TheStarryNightVincent van Gogh painted TheStarryNight,oil on canvas(帆布),a moderately abstract landscape painting of an eall hillside village,during his 12-month stay at the mental hospital near Saint-Remy-de-Provence,France between 1889 and 1890.When the Museum of Modern Art in New York City purchased the painting from a private collector in 1941,it was not well known,but it has since become one of van Gogh’s most famous works.TheHarvestersTheHarvesters is an oil painting on wood completed by Pieter Bruegel the Elder in 1565.It depicts the harvest time which most commonly occurred within the months of August andSeptember.Nicolaes Jonghelinck,a merchant banker and art collector from Antwerp,commissioned this painting.The painting has been at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City since 1919.GuernicaGuernica,a large black-and-white oil painting,was painted by the Cubist Spanish painter,Pablo Picasso in 1937.The title‘Guernica’ refers to the city that was b ombed by Nazi planes during the Spanish Civil War.The painting depicts the horrors of war and as a result,has come to be an anti-war symbol and a reminder of the tragedies of war.Today,the painting is housed at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid.1.Which of the following paintings was produced earliest?A.Guernica.B.TheHarvesters.C.TheStarryNight.D.TheAmolfiniPortrait.2.Who created the painting describing the harvest seasons?A.Pieter Bruegel the Elder.B.Vincent van Gogh.C.Jan van Eyck.D.Pablo Picasso.3.What do we know about the painting TheStarryNight?A.It was painted on wood in oils.B.It described the painter’s life in hospital.C.It wasn’t widely recognized before 1941.D.It was given away to the museum by a collector.B(安徽六安高二期中)Singapore’s tradition of eating out in places called hawker centers is now recognized by the United Nations for its cultural importance.A hawker is a person who sells food or goods and advertises by shouting at people walking by on the street.Hawkers are an important part of Singaporean culture.Open-air eating areas where hawkers sell their goods are very popular.Famous chefs,such as Anthony Bourdain and Gordon Ramsay have praised them.On Wednesday,the United Nations’ culturalagency,UNESCO,adde d the city’s “hawker culture” to its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.Singapore sought to have hawker culture added to the list about two years ago.Now that it has been recognized,Singapore must provide a report every siust show efforts the city-state has made to save and support its hawker culture.“These centers serve as ‘community dining rooms’,where people from diverse backgrounds gather and share the experience of dining over breakfast,lunch and dinner,” UNESCO said.In the 1970s,Singapore cleaned up its streets so the city moved street hawkers to new eating centers.These areas were part of an effort to improve the island.Now,the centers offer many different low-cost meals for local people and provide a pleasing social setting.The film CrazyRichAsians showed its stars enjoying meals at a famous night market.Some sellers even received Michelin stars from a famous restaurant rating system for their meals costing only a few dollars.But,now the average age of a hawker in Singapore is 60 years old.Younger Singaporeans now want to work in offices.They are less interested in working in small restaurants.4.What do we know about hawkers from paragraph 2?A.They sell goods in the open-air area.B.They are famous chefs.C.They are Singapore natives.D.They are popular all over the world.5.Why is hawker culture added to UNESCO’s list?A.For the efforts Singapore has made.B.For its importance in showing Singapore’s culture.C.For the report Singapore provided.D.For the recommendation by UNESCO.6.Why is the film CrazyRichAsians mentioned?A.To advertise the film.B.To introduce the stars.C.To show the popularity of hawker centers.D.To help the sellers receive Michelin stars.7.What is the last paragraph mainly about?A.The difficulties hawker culture are facing.B.The average age of hawkers.C.The effect caused by age.D.The future of the hawker culture.CA letter written to a 12-year-old girl in Lithuania was delivered in December,almost 51 years after it was sent by a pen pal in Poland.“I thought that someone was pranking me,” said Genovefa Klonovska after being handed the letter,which included a handmade colored rose and two paper dolls.The letter,together with 17 others,fell out of a ventilation hole(通风口) this summer,dirty and wrinkled,as a wall was taken down in a former post office on the suburb of Vilnius.Jurgis Vilnius,owner of the building immediately called the post office.“I’m so happy they got interested,” said he.Street names and their numbering have changed in Vilnius,and post office workers spent months looking for the right houses and talking to current renters and neighbors,tracking down where the recipients moved to.Only five were found.In several cases children of late recipients were handed a lost letter.“We felt a moral duty to do this,” said Deimante Zebrauskaite,head of the customer eent at Lithuania Post.One lady compared the eessage from a bottle thrown into sea.People were emotional.“Some felt they saw a part of daily life of their deceased parents,” Zebrauskaite said.In the letter to Klonovska,sent from Koezary in Poland and stamped in 1970,a girl named Ewa complains buses no longer reach her village,so she has to walk in minus 23 degree Celsius cold,and asks for pictures of actors.Now in her 60s,Klonovska has no memory of Ewa.She probably wrote Ewa after finding her address advertising for pen pals in a newspaper,and the relationship ceased after the letter got undelivered.“So good that the letter didn’t matter much.The loss was not life-changing,” said Klonovska.“What if they delivered a lost letter from a suitor(求婚者) to his love,and their wedding never happened?”8.What does the underlined word “pranking” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Brightening.B.Embarrassing.C.Tricking.D.Pleasing.9.What happened to the letters in paragraph 2?A.They were accidentally found.B.They remained well-preserved.C.They were delivered by the former post office.D.They were hidden by the owner of the building.10.Which of the following best describes the present post office in Vilnius?A.Generous.B.Dutiful.C.Honest.D.Cautious.11.What can we learn from what Klonovska said?A.Klonovska refused a suitor.B.Klonovska stopped the wedding.C.The undelivered letter ruined the relationship.D.The undelivered letter made little difference to her.D(安徽怀宁高二期中)A British friend told me he couldn’t understand why Chinese people love eating sunflower seeds(嗑瓜子) as a snack somuch.“I’ve met a lot of older Chinese and many have a crack in their front teeth,I believe that’s from cracking the seeds,” he said.I had never noticed the habit,but once he mentioned it,I suddenly became more aware.I realized that whenever I’m watching TV or typing a report,I always start mindlessly cracking sunflower seeds.My friend doesn’t like su nflower seeds,and,to him,it seems unnecessary to work so much just to get one small seed.When we were young,the whole family would usually get together for Chinese New Year.Then,we all lived close to one another,usually in a small city,and sometimes even neighbors would go door-to-door on Chinese New Year’s Eve to check out what every household was making.I remember my parents would be in the kitchen cooking.Out in the living room,a large table would already be laid out,complete with fancy tablecloth,ready-made dumpling fillings,and dishes full of candy,fruits and sunflower seeds.Some of the dishes were to be offered to our ancestors later,while others were for neighbors andchildren to eat before the evening feast.I must have learned how to crack sunflower seeds back then.I don’t think it’s right to criticize one’s choice in food or eating habits,no matter how strange they may seem.It’s not only in China.When I went abroad,I found people had all sorts of strange habits when it came to food.In Denmark,they put salted red fish on bread and eat it for dinner,no matter how much it ruins your breath.They think it’s a delicacy(美味佳肴),and it’s connected to their certain culture.I think it’s a wonderful tradition.12.Why can the British friend not understand when he found Chinese love eating sunflower seeds?A.Because the seeds are too hard to crack.B.Because he thinks they are harmful to teeth.C.Because he doesn’t think the seeds are good.D.Because he doesn’t think the seeds are worth eating.13.What does the writer prove by mentioning Chinese New Year?A.The families get together for it.B.Eating sunflower seeds is related to it.C.The traditions of celebrating it disappear.D.Children can eat delicious food on that day.14.What’s the writer’s attitude to Denmark’s way of eating bread?A.Indifferent.B.Critical.C.Understandable.D.Doubtful.15.What idea does the writer want to express in this passage?A.It is good to form healthy eating habits.B.Eating habits come from a certain culture.C.Changing your eating habits will change your life.D.One kind of food doesn’t necessarily suit everyone.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

论弗罗斯特《摘苹果之后》中的死亡隐喻发布时间：2022-07-21T08:53:03.876Z 来源：《时代教育》2022年5期作者：刘沛婷[导读] 乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式刘沛婷湖南师范大学，湖南长沙 410006摘要：乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式，在人们的日常语言和活动中无所不在。

诗歌是高度隐喻化的体裁，本文就将以弗罗斯特的短诗——《摘苹果之后》为例，通过挖掘诗歌中的结构隐喻、方位隐喻和本体隐喻，深刻剖析弗罗斯特的死亡观建构，为该诗的解读提供新的维度，也有助于丰富该理论的应用范畴。

关键词:《摘苹果之后》；结构隐喻；方位隐喻；本体隐喻；死亡On death metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”Peiting LiuHunan Normal University, Hunan Changsha 410006Abstract: George Lakoff and Mark Johnson put forward in their book Metaphors We Live By that metaphor is not only a figure of speech but a way of thinking, pervasive in everyday language and action. Since poetry is highly metaphorical, this thesis is to explore how Robert Lee Frost construct his insight of death through structural metaphors, orientational metaphors as well as ontological metaphors in his short poem “After Apple-Picking”, with the hope to provide a new dimension for the interpretation of the poem and to expand the application scope of the theory. Key words: “After Apple-Picking”; structural metaphors; orientational metaphors; ontological metaphors; death 1.IntroductionLakoff and Johnson in their monograph Metaphors We Live Вy, point out that metaphor not only can be understood from the figurative perspective, but is the thinking way.[1] Ungerer and Schmid hold that conceptual metaphor, as a cognitive instrument, is not just a stylistically dramatic way of expressing thoughts by means of literary language, but a way of thinking.[2] K?vecses has put that conceptual metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain.[3] On the basis of the cognitive approach to the understanding of conceptual metaphor, it can be divided into structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. The development of conceptual metaphor theory has brought advance to Linguistics, Anthology, Literature and so on.Robert Lee Frost commands an important place in any list of outstanding poets in the twentieth century. His poem “After Apple-picking” is written in the first person. The speaker is an orchard worker who has picked apples long and hard but is now on the verge of being overwhelmed by fatigue and the depth of the experience. On the edge of falling sleep, he remembers not only the ripe apples successfully picked but also those that fell and were considered damaged and had to be sent to the cider mill. He knows that his sleep will be troubled by the failures more than by the successes. He is not sure about the nature of the sleep he is about to drop into—whether it will be ordinary sleep, more like a hibernation, or more like death.The entire poem is a kind of extended metaphor, in which the activity of harvesting apples represents people’ life and the speaker’s falling asleep suggests human death.As a classical literary work, the study of this poem mostly focuses on its rhythm and writing devices. The analysis of multiple themes and symbols has always been the research hotspot of literature works. Li Yingxue discussed the fuzziness of the meaning of poetry from the perspective of deconstruction, and there are many scholars who explore metaphors in Frost’s other poems.[4] Few people applied it to analyze “After Apple-Picking”. Therefore, this paper is to discuss how Frost structures his thoughts on death metaphorically by describing a laborer’s picking apples. The first three chapters of this thesis illustrate Frost’s views of death through the construction of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors in “After Apple-Picking” respectively. At last it is followed by a logical conclusion of this thesis.2.Structural MetaphorsIn structural metaphor, one greatly structured and explicitly delineated concept is applied to structure another. As Lakoff and Johnson point out that one domain of conceptual metaphor is metaphorically structured in light of another. Structural metaphor allows its source domain to offer a comparatively rich knowledge structure for the target domain, that is to say, the cognitive function of structural metaphor is to enable audiences to understand the target domain by the structure of the source domain. The poem “After Apple-Picking” include two key conceptual metaphors: DEATH IS SLEEP and PEOPLE ARE PLANTS.2.1 DEATH IS SLEEPFrost chooses a laborer who is overtired with apple-picking and falls asleep to reflect his insight of death. Hence the poem can be understood as a mapping from a source domain (sleep) to a target domain (death). The mapping is tightly structured. There are ontological correspondences. The dead correspond to those who have a sound sleep. The retrospection before death corresponds to the unconscious state near sleep. The darkness corresponds to the night. The cease of life corresponds to the stillness and motionlessness of sleep. As Lakoff puts it, “people use a concrete source domain to describe an abstract target domain.”[5] Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood vividly through the concept of sleep. The word “sleep”has been repeated five times. “Winter sleep” suggests the emotion of being decayed, forlorn and silent triggered by death because winter, in the metaphoric meanings, has strong associations with death.[6] Another euphemistic expression of death is “long sleep”, which is indicative of its permanence. “Human sleep” is the most evident reflection of conceptualization of death as sleep, showing that human death is what Frost has discussed. In the light of sleep, Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” is no longer a lyrical poem of a worker’s experience on the orchard farm and fatigue aftera day’s labor, but a profound thought on life and death through an extended conceptual metaphor of death as sleep.2.2 PEOPLE ARE PLANTSBoth man and tree are living beings that go through birth and wither, and the achievements of man are kin to the fruits of plants. “Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough” correspond to those unfilled dreams while apples that “struck the earth/ No matter if not bruised or spilled with stubble”correspond to people’s failed pursuits. The scent of apples refers to delight and satisfaction brought by success. In Frost’s poem, the act of apple-picking is a metaphor for the fruits the speaker has achieved in life.[7] It is universally acknowledged that success is what people desire and is something enjoyable. However, the speaker is overtired of the great harvest and wished to rest, which illustrates that the speaker has been bored with worldly sense of accomplishment and hopes to simple have a dream and a “long sleep”. Due to the sweet smell of the apple, the narrator actually falls asleep after fatigue and he enters into “long sleep”(death) with a sense of emptiness resulted from the excessive fruits he has gathered. The speaker’s experience reveals the poet’s meditation on life that it is futile people achieve a great deal of success but eventually own nothing after death. Therefore, the poet don’t ponder on human sleep for no reason but he penetrates the meaninglessness of long tough life struggles.The two root metaphors are carefully chosen to reflect Frost’s philosophy on death. This also confirms the cognitive value of metaphor, that is, vehicles(such as sleep) are usually well known to readers, and their features and structures will be mapped to relatively unfamiliar things when they interact with tenor (such as death) to help readers understand the characteristics and structures of ontology. The characteristics of sleep are mapped to the characteristics of death. Frost’ poem “After Apple-Picking” is not only a pastoral work of rural world in orchard farm but also a thought-provoking poem on death. The end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment yet finds him blocked from success by winter’s approach and physical weariness. The futility that what people achieved as a result resembles fallen apples of no worth leads to fatigue and wish to seek relief in sleep, that is death. Therefore, this seemingly idyllic poem is in fact the ultimate exploration of human destiny through the metaphors of death as sleep and people as plants.3.Orientational MetaphorsOrientational metaphors do not structure one concept in terms of another but instead organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.[1] Most of them have to do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral. These spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment. As Lakoff points out that CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN. HEALTH SND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN. This poem employs spatial antagonism to construct death metaphor. “The Apple-Picking” involves a development from consciousness to unconsciousness. At the very beginning, the farmer is sober enough on the long two-pointed ladder sticking toward heaven. The spacial position is rather high. After the speaker has been done with apple-picking, rest is badly needed after the arduous labour. He is drowsed off and no longer in his conscious state. Frost adopts simple past tense from line8 to line17, serving as a beginning of the speaker’s dream. In the half unconsciousness of the farmer, the autumn evening bursting with the aroma of the apples has for a moment changed into a winter morning with hoary glass. In farmer’s dream, things “melted”, “fall and break”, which suggests a downward trend. Finally both woodchuck and the farmer fall asleep on the ground. The perspective of the whole poem shifts from heaven to earth, that is from top to bottom, revealing the opposition of space. A pane of glass divides the world into two parts: reality and dream. The transition from reality to dream is the manifestation of change of the speaker’s consciousness. The higher position represents reality and consciousness while the lower dream and unconsciousnessWhat’s more, the positional contrast reveals the opposition of life and death. In the first line of “After Apple-Picking”, the ladder occupies a central position in the whole picture of the poem, acting as a bridge between heaven and earth, life and death. The imagery of heaven and apples evokes the garden of Eden. The act of ascending the ladder symbolized a re-approach to heaven and eternal life while the movement down the ladder symbolizes the descent from heaven to earth, also from life to death[4]. According to Bible, picking apples is considered as corruption and degradation. As baskets of apples fall down and are spiked, they become worthless. This is true of human beings. After the farmer has finished apple-picking, fatigue and emptiness has wrapped him. His vigorous life reaches a pause, which actually means the farmer’s death. Most of fundamental concepts are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors. In Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”, the poet shows the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness as well as from life to death in virtue of the binary opposition of space. The physical basis of such division is that humans sleep and die lying down and stand up when they are awaken. Therefore, the antagonism of life and death is constructed through the opposition of up and down positions, which contributes to the further construction of the root metaphors.4.Ontological MetaphorsOntological metaphor helps us understand those abstract entities through conceptualizing them as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. As Lakoff and Johnson point out: “our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding.” Ontological metaphor could be classified into three types, which are entity and substance metaphor, container metaphor and personification.Firstly, an invisible abstract concept, in entity and substance metaphor, is considered as a visible concrete object. Human being expresses abstract concepts as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood thanks to another common concept—sleep. The dark and bleak state of death is implied by night in winter. The poet also tries to clarify the hibernation of hamsters and the long sleep of human beings: one is short seasonal rest and the other is an eternal stop of motion. In this way, the characteristics of death are no longer vague. The first root metaphor of death as sleep receives deeper and more detailed illustrations. Similarly, human achievements becomes a measurable entity like apples in “ After Apple-Picking”. Through these well-known common things, the original abstract concept can be elucidated. The essence of metaphor lies in the comparison between two entities.Secondly, container metaphor is a kind of ontological metaphor in which an invisible abstract concept is regarded as a container which has a surface owning scope and range with an in-out orientation. In Frost’s poem, the farmer’s dream and sleep is a container, where he can see “magnified apples”, feel “the pressure of ladder-round”. The farmer’s falling into dreams shows the motion from one space to another space. The state of farmer can be classified into “in sleep” and “out of sleep”, which symbolize death and life respectively.Lastly, personification specifies the physical object as being a man, which can make people to comprehend these different physical objects in light of human characteristics, motivations and activities. In Frost’s poem, apple “struck the earth” and long sleep can “come on” are all personification. They are extensions of ontological metaphors and that they allow us to make sense of phenomena in the world on the basis of our own goals. It is carefully chosen to endow this poem a dynamic effect so that the theme of this poem can be effectively conveyed. All in all, the understanding of a poetic metaphor is a cognitive process.[8] Ontological metaphor makes us understand abstract concepts by use of concrete concepts. The poet uses sleep to explain death, making the abstract concept simplified and concrete. In the poem, the dream not only reflects the structural metaphor, but also reflects the container metaphor. It forms a contrast between “in dream” and “out of dream” so as to further strengthen the difference between life and death. Apple has bruises, and Death actively does come in. These anthropomorphic expressions embody the metaphorical nature of language and the symbolic nature of death. As a result, metaphor of death in this poem has been justified.5.ConclusionThe exploration of the relationship between Frost’s view of death and Lakoff’s cognitive metaphors will undoubtedly help readers to guard against deceptive surface meanings when interpreting and appreciating Frost’s poems, and to explore the profound life philosophy reflected in his poems through metaphorical thinking and active participation.Through dividing metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” according to Lakoff’s classification, the way of constructing poem’s theme is evidently revealed. At the first glance, it seems to be a lyrical poem, but it actually a poem of death after further analysis. Frost implicitly depicts life actions as apple picking activities, apples are symbols of human achievements, and death is similar to long sleep, which are structural metaphors, through which the characteristics of abstract concept death can be easily understood. Moreover, the orientational metaphors constitute to the body of this poem. The up-down spatial position divides the farmer’s state into consciousness and unconsciousness, also a reflection of human’s state of life and death. The contrast between in-out categories reflects the whole poem’s structure: it shifts from reality to dream. Since the farmer’s dream is explained as a container, the state of dreaming metaphorically stands for death. Therefore the whole poem is based on structural metaphors of death is sleep and people are plants, which are illustrated with orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors.However, the thesis still has some limitations due to the author’s slim analysis. It can be better with more logical illustrations and evidences. But it is no doubt that the thesis provides a new perspective of discussing Frost’s poem. It expands the application scope of Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor and enriches its practice, and produces referential meaning to literature appreciation. References[1]Lakoff, G & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By[M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.1980.[2]Ungerer, F & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2008.[3]K?vecses, Z. Metaphor: A practical introduction[M]. New York: Oxford University Press.2002.[4]李应雪. 一个解构批评的范本——析罗伯特·弗洛斯特诗歌《摘苹果之后》意义的模糊性[J]. 宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2007(04): 78-81.[5]Lakoff, G. The Invariance Hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image-schemas?[J]. Cognitive Linguistics, 1990(01): 39-47.[6]Huo, Lirong. Comments on “After Apple-Picking”[J]. Overseas English, 2012(01): 196-197.[7]赵志宇. 罗伯特·弗洛斯特的《摘罢苹果》[J]. 文学语言学研究, 2007(02):70-71.[8]胡壮麟. 诗性隐喻[J]. 山东外语教学, 2001(03): 3-8.。

高二英语艺术作品创作单选题30题(答案解析)1.The Mona Lisa is a famous example of _____.A.paintingB.sculptureC.architectureD.literature答案：A。

《蒙娜丽莎》是一幅著名的绘画作品。

选项B“sculpture”是雕塑；选项C“architecture”是建筑；选项D“literature”是文学。

2.The Statue of Liberty is a type of _____.A.paintingB.sculptureC.architectureD.literature答案：B。

自由女神像是一种雕塑。

选项A“painting”是绘画；选项C“architecture”是建筑；选项D“literature”是文学。

3.The Sydney Opera House is an example of _____.A.paintingB.sculptureC.architectureD.literature答案：C。

悉尼歌剧院是一个建筑的例子。

选项A“painting”是绘画；选项B“sculpture”是雕塑；选项D“literature”是文学。

4.A novel is a form of _____.A.paintingB.sculptureC.architectureD.literature答案：D。

小说是一种文学形式。

选项A“painting”是绘画；选项B“sculpture”是雕塑；选项C“architecture”是建筑。

5.Picasso is famous for his _____.A.paintingsB.sculpturesC.architectural designsD.literary works答案：A。

毕加索以他的绘画作品而闻名。

选项B“sculptures”是雕塑作品；选项C“architectural designs”是建筑设计；选项D“literary works”是文学作品。

中考英语摄影艺术的审美价值与表现手法单选题40题1. The word “photography” comes from two Greek words, “photo” means light and “graphy” means ____.A. writeB. drawC. paintD. take答案解析：A。

在摄影这个词“photography”中，“photo”表示光，“graphy”来源于希腊语，有书写、记录的意思，相当于“write”，所以选A。

B选项“draw”侧重于绘画，C选项“paint”侧重于用颜料绘画，D选项“take”虽然和摄影有一定关联，如“take a photo”，但在这里不符合“graphy”的含义。

2. The first permanent photograph was created in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. His photograph was a view from his ____.A. studioB. windowC. gardenD. attic答案解析：B。

根据历史知识，约瑟夫·尼塞福尔·涅普斯1826年拍摄的第一张永久性照片是从他的窗户看到的景色，所以选B。

A选项“studio”工作室，一般是人为设置场景进行拍摄的地方，不太可能是第一张照片的拍摄场景。

C选项“garden”花园，不符合历史事实。

D选项“attic”阁楼，也不是这一历史事件中的拍摄场景。

3. In early photography, photographers had to use long exposure times because ____.A. cameras were not advanced enoughB. they liked long - time shootingC. the light was too strongD. they wanted to create special effects答案解析：A。

湖南省长沙市雅礼书院中学2025届高三英语第一学期期末学业质量监测试题注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．The disaster-stricken village was inaccessible ___________ by helicopter, and the storm added to the rescuers’ difficulty.A．instead of B．other than C．rather than D．regardless of2．Eventually, she has recognized ____, whatever happens and however bad ____ seems today, life still goes on and everything will be better tomorrow．A．that; it B．it; that C．it; what D．that; what3．I live in a town ______ runs a small and winding river.A．through which B．which C．in which D．where4．---Tom has failed again in the math exam. I am really let down.---______ He has already done his best.A．Don’t push him. B．No kidding.C．He should be to blame. D．No wonder.5．My friend warned me ______ going to the East Coast because it was crowded with tourists.A．by B．against C．on D．for6．I'm sorry you ______ so long, but it' ll still be some time before Jim gets back．A．wait B．waited C．had waited D．have been waiting7．When was _____ you last met Jennifer? I haven’t seen her for ages.A．it that B．it C．it what D．what 8．___________the effect of culture shock, he is trying to read a lot about it before going to France for further study.A．To reduce B．ReducedC．Reducing D．Having reduced9．Have you read the book Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out by Mo Yan, _____ that won him the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature?A．the one B．one C．those D．ones10．Molly finally agreed, _____ reluctantly, to go and see a doctor.A．afterwards B．almostC．otherwise D．somewhat11．It was in that small house ________ was built with stones by his father ________ he spent his childhood.A．that; where B．which; thatC．which; which D．that; which12．—How about his design?—Well, to tell the truth, it is ______ but satisfactory. So you’ll have to try your best to better it.A．something B．anythingC．everything D．nothing13．—I think the paper is taking you a long time to write.—I ______ on it for almost a month now.A．worked B．was workingC．am working D．have been working14．Have you got these jeans in ________ larger size? This pair is a bit too small around ________ waist.A．a; the B．/; theC．the; / D．a; a15．—Do you think he is the only person for the job?—I’m not quite sure but he’ll prove_______ to the task.A．equal B．essentialC．special D．superior16．— David is a green hand at such things.— But I believe he is quite ________ to the task.A．relevant B．accessibleC．equal D．unique17．So difficult____it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A．I did find B．didI findC．I have found D．have I found18．They went to the street to ________ to the whole city to help the poor boy. A．apply B．appealC．add D．reply19．The only problem was ______ we kept getting lost! But people in Tianjin are very friendly and helpful.A．why B．whetherC．that D．how20．She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong.A．since B．whenC．unless D．before第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。