新实用汉译英教程名词解释

Sociosemiotic 社会符号学
Social semiotics is primarily concerned with human semiosis as an inherently social phenomenon in its sources, functions, contexts, and effects. It is also concerned with the social meanings constructed through the full range of semiotic forms, through semiotic texts and semiotic practices, in all kinds of human society at all periods of human history.
3个meaning
1. 言内意义Linguistic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with each other in the same system.
e.g. The man picked up his hat and courage. 那个男人捡起了帽子鼓起了勇气。

2. 指称意义Referential meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with its referent.
e.g. The referential meaning of Emily Dickinson, would be the person who goes by that name.
3. 语用意义Pragmatic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and its interpretant.
e.g. “What did you say?” can mean a challenge to repeat something that will not find favour.
3个function
1. 概念功能The ideational function represents the speaker‟s meaning potential as an observer. It is the cont ent function of language, language as …about something‟.
e.g. John built a new house. 约翰建了个新房子。

2. 人际功能The interpersonal function represents the speaker‟s meaning potential as an intruder. It is the participatory function of language, language as doing something.
e.g. No smoking! 请勿吸烟!
3. 语篇功能The textual function represents the speaker‟s text—forming potential; it is that which makes language relevant. This is the component which provides the texture.
e.g. Barbara teaches English in a high school in Washington D, C, the capital of the United States. She had wanted to become a teacher when she was young. She has taught eight years now and always enjoyed her work.
巴巴拉在华盛顿的一所中学教英语。

它是美国的首都。

她年轻时代就想成为一名教师。

她已从教八年，非常喜欢她的工作。

3个situation type
1. 语场Field of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the purposive role of the language user in the situation in which a text has occurred.
e.g. a scientist writing for an article for an academic journal.
2. 语旨Tenor of discourse is the set of role relationships between the relevant participants.
e.g. Goodbye, Mom. 妈妈，再见。

3. 语式Mode of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the relationship the language user has to the medium of transmission.
e.g. a public speech, a letter, or a conversation.
4个汉英词义关系
1. 相符Correspondence means that the meanings of the SL and TL are in general agreement with each other.
e.g. 好票good seats
2. 包孕Inclusion means that the meaning of a TL word is included in a SL word.
e.g. 汉语“汽车”可指小汽车、公共汽车、卡车、面包车、出租车等各类车，但英语automobile（汽车）只指motor-car，即小汽车，其余各类车辆需分别由bus、truck、minibus及taxi表示。

3. 交叉Intersection means that the meanings of both SL and TL words share something in common but still remain more or less different.
e.g. works：1) 著作；2) 工厂工厂：1) works；2) plant plant：1) 工厂；2) 植物
植物：1) plant；2) vegetable vegetable：1) 植物；2) 蔬菜
4. 空缺Zero means that an English word or expression may expresses a concept which is totally absent in the Chinese culture, or vice verse.
e.g. 教师休息室Teachers only。