社科院考研考博经济学06070809试题答案

一、名词解释（30字以上）1、需求价格弹性2、边际收益递减3、广义货币M24、布雷顿森林体系5、绝对剩余价值二、简答（500字以上）1、垄断竞争市场的性质和特征2、马克思主义经济危机理论三、论述（二选一，1000字以上）1、通货紧缩的产生与治理2、提高居民在国民收入分配比重，缩小收入差距的意义（政府报告中的话）一、名词解释（5*6）1、吉芬商品2、国际收支3、虚拟资产4、庇古效应5、剩余价值率二、简答（15*2）1、试用平均总成本、平均可变成本、边际成本曲线说明厂商的收支平衡点和停止营业点；2、试用持久性收入理论说明个人收入和消费支出的关系。

三、论述题（40 二选一）1、对财政政策和货币政策的四种政策组合和运用环境进行评述。

2、对凯恩斯的“三大心理假说”和“有效需求不足”的机制进行评述。

一、名词解释（5*6）1、折旧2、寡头垄断3、流动性陷阱4、消费者剩余5、资本项目二、简答（15*2）1、剩余价值生产既不发生在流通领域，又不能离开流通领域；2、巴罗—李嘉图等价命题的基本要点。

三、论述题（40）1、论述消费与投资的关系以及在当前我国的表现形态及评价。

一、名词解释（4*5）1、无差异曲线2、流动性陷阱3、菲利普斯曲线4、资本有机构成二、简答（15*2）1、加速原理及其要点；2、外延式粗放型经济增长和内涵式集约式经济增长的异同点。

三、论述题（2*25）1、垄断资本主义特点“恰恰不是工业资本的统治，而是金融资本的统治”。

2、科学发展观的基本内涵及其实践意义。

中国社会科学研究院农业经济管理专业考博真题解析报考分析--育明考博一、中国社会科学研究院农业经济管理专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容120301农业经济管理2016年10人①1001英语或1002日语②2001经济学原理③3007农业经济学①外国语综合能力测试50分（含口语及听力）②专业综合150分（笔试、面试）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、中国社会科学研究院农业经济管理专业考博的报录比平均在6:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有26个研究方向：01农村组织与制度（01）02农村组织与制度（02）03农村人才与人力资源管理（03）04农村人才与人力资源管理（04）05资源与环境经济（05）06资源与环境经济（06）07农村发展融资（07）08农村发展融资（08）09农村发展理论与政策（09）10农村发展理论与政策（10）11农村财政（11）12农村财政（12）13贫困与发展（13）14贫困与发展（14）15中国农村工业化与城市化（15）16中国农村工业化与城市化（16）17农产品市场与贸易（17）18农产品市场与贸易（18）19农村金融（19）20农村金融（20）21农村产业经济（21）22农村产业经济（22）23土地资源管理（23）24土地资源管理（24）25生态经济学（25）26生态经济学（26）3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大，要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数，专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、以同等学力资格报考的考生初试时需加试“政治理论”(考试范围：马克思主义经典选读、中国特色社会主义理论)，复试时需加试两门本专业硕士学位主干课程（笔试）。

5、入学考试总成绩=初试成绩*60%+复试成绩*40%。

育明教育考博分校针对中国社会科学研究院农业经济管理专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

中国社会科学院考博历年真题经济学原理2001-2003年试题
1、马克思的劳动价值论与我国收入分配改革(30分)
2、不完全竞争市场的缺陷及政府规制(25分)
3、假定投资不受利率影响，利用IS-LM模型和AD-AS模型说明，产出、利率、物价总水平是如何决定的？是怎样发生变化的？(30分)
4、阐述1998年度诺贝尔经济学奖的主要理论贡献。

（15）
社科院2002博士入学经济学原理考试题
1、用总供给和总需求曲线，说明什么情况下产量上升的同时价格下降，什么情况下产量下降的同时价格上升。

一起考研社区真情奉献
2、用图形分析并说明企业的短期成本和长期成本的关系。

3、论述马克思的商品价值向生产价格的转型理论。

4、2001年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献及其在现实经济活动中的应用。

社科院2003博士入学经济学原理考试题（每题必答1000字以上）
1、论述实验经济学对传统经济学“理性行为”的挑战；（30分）
2、新制度经济学的政策主张及对当代中国的意义；（35分）（新经济增长理论的政策含义及其对中国实践的启示）
3、运用政治经济学原理解析中共十六大报告关于“确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配的原则，完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度”的精神。

（35分）。

社科院工经所考博考题：2000-2010 企业管理2000年必答题(50分)1论企业核心能力在制定企业经营战略中的作用。

二、选答题(任选一题，每题50分，共50分)1试论在建立国有企业高层经营管理人员激励与约束机制方面存在的主要问题、难点和对策。

2试举例论述在市场经济条件下企业加强冲突事务管理的重要性。

管理学原理2001年简答题(每题10分，共40分)1、W.爱德华兹.戴明对于管理理论的贡献是什么,2、谈谈你所了解的CIM,CAD和CAM。

3、简述形形色色的激励理论，它们如何形成当代激励理论的综合。

4、预测技术和环境变化的德尔非法的基本内容是什么, 论述题(每题30分，共60分) 1试比较经济学、管理学关于企业组织的基本研究方法和观点。

2试述企业家精神在战略管理中的特殊地位及现阶段如何培育我国的企业家精神。

企业管理2001年必答题(50分)1试用系统管理学派或权变管理学派的基本理论分析中国加入WTO后企业管理环境的变化及其企业管理创新的趋势。

二、选答题(必选一题，50分)1试论我国发展电子商务的主要难点和对策。

2试述企业经营业绩评价的基本方法及提高企业经营业绩的基本途径。

管理学原理2002年论述题(每体限在1000字以上)1论述运用战略管理理论，分析我国加入WTO后企业竞争战略的选择与调整。

(35分)2从管理道德观谈谈我国企业的责任和信誉。

(35分)3怎样用博弈论中的报复模型分析反对恐怖主义的策略。

(30分) 企业管理2002年必答题(50分)1试述提高企业管理信息化水平的意义和主要途径。

二、选答题(必选一题，50分)1试述我国国有企业治理方面存在的主要问题和对策。

2试述“意识—反应”型企业理论的基本要点及其在企业中的运用。

管理学原理2003年论述题(每题25分，共100分。

必答800字以上)1用霍夫斯泰德文化思维理论分析中外合资企业管理中的冲突和问题。

2从生产作业管理(operations management)角度分析如何提高中国制造业的劳动生产率和竞争优势。

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中国社会科学院研究生院
2018年硕士研究生入学考试试卷
考试科目：经济学原理
(共150分)
一、名词解释(共6题，每题5分，共30分。

每题答案不少于20字)
1.消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)
2.资本有机构成(Organic Composition of Capital)
3.规模收益递增(Increasing returns to scale)
4.边际技术替代率(Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution)
5.风险规避系数(Risk Aversion Coefficient)
6.持久收入假说(Permanent Income Hypothesis)
二、简答题(共2题，每题25分，共50分。

每题答案不少于300字)
1.结合图形简单说明总成本、平均成本与边际成本之间的关系。

2.结合图形说明垄断竞争下的短期均衡。

三、论述题(共2题，每题35分，共70分。

每题答案不少于800字)
1.试述边际效用递减规律的基本内容及其在现实经济生活中的应用。

2.结合相关经济学原理阐释当前我国的财政政策和货币政策。

中国科学院867经济学考研真题及笔记2021年中国科学院《867经济学》考研全套目录•中国科学院大学北京市培养单位《867经济学》考研真题与模拟试题详解•全国名校经济学考研试卷分析及真题详解（含北大清华人大复旦等名校）•全国名校经济学考研试卷分析及真题详解（含中央财大、武汉大学等名校）•全国名校经济学考研真题详解说明：本部分收录了本科目近年考研真题，提供了答案及详解，并对常考知识点进行了归纳整理。

此外提供了相关院校考研真题，以供参考。

2．教材教辅•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）名校考研真题详解•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）网授精讲班【47课时】•平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解•平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。

•试看部分内容考研真题精选一、名词解释1基尼系数[中央财经大学2017研；中南财经政法大学2019研]答：基尼系数是意大利经济学家基尼根据洛伦兹曲线于1922年提出的定量测定收入分配差异程度的指标。

它的经济含义是：在全部居民收入中用于不平均分配的百分比。

基尼系数最小等于0，表示收入分配绝对平均；最大等于1，表示收入分配绝对不平均；实际的基尼系数介于0和1之间。

联合国有关组织规定：若低于0.2表示收入高度平均；0.2～0.3表示比较平均；0.3～0.4表示相对合理；0.4～0.5表示收入差距较大；0.6以上表示收入差距悬殊。

图1 洛伦兹曲线如图1所示，洛伦兹首先将一国总人口按收入由低到高排序，然后考虑收入最低的任意百分比人口所得到的收入百分比。

最后，将这样得到的人口累计百分比和收入累计百分比的对应关系描绘在图形上，即得到洛伦兹曲线。

图中横轴OH表示人口（按收入由低到高分组）的累计百分比，纵轴OM表示收入的累计百分比，ODL为该图的洛伦兹曲线，以将洛伦兹曲线与45°线之间的部分A叫做“不平等面积”，OHL与45°线之间的面积A＋B就是“完全不平等面积”，不平等面积与完全不平等面积之比，称为基尼系数，是衡量一个国家贫富差距的标准。

人大商学院2002-2010经济学博士入学试题时间：2002年1、论市场经济理论与实践（50分）2、入世与我国产业结构调整（50分）时间：2003年1、分析通货紧缩的成因及治理对策（40分）2、试析中国大陆对外开放政策的经济含义（30分）3、试论国有经济管理体制改革与经济发展的关系（30分）时间：2004年1、论述经济活动中边际效益递增的条件和选择策略（25分）2、试述技术变革对市场结构的影响（25分）3、试分析我国经济高速增长下劳动工资趋向（25分）4、试分析我国生产要素总供给和总需求及当前经济情况（25分）时间：2005年1、试分析周期理论主要流派（25分）2、试用结构—行为—绩效框架分析我国市场经济结构及其效应（25分）3、试用社会成本、企业成本（私人成本）和**矫正外部性政策原理，论述循环经济与可持续发展的关系（25分）4、运用规模经济原理论述企业成长中进行收购和兼并的经济效益（25分）时间：2006年1、论述垄断竞争市场的特点及其资源配置2、论述熊彼特的周期理论，并分析我国多数产业产能过剩的原因及影响3、论述技术变革对生产函数、成本函数的影响，利用微笑理论曲线论述技术变革的作用4、论述在市场经济条件下，一国的国际收支能够做到自动调节时间：2007年1、现代经济学中关于企业的理论2、全球化与信息化对民族企业的影响3、用效用理论分析价格和品质变化对竞争力的影响4、IS—LM—BP模型分析宏观政策对企业的影响时间：2008年1、什么叫沉没成本，其对企业决策有何影响2、财政政策及货币政策的互动关系3、根据均衡理论，解释国家支持价格和抑制价格的手段和效应4、用帕累托改进原理，分析我国改革30年经济成就的经验时间：2009年1、给出某商品在价格为40元时，需求量为12单元，请问当价格为60元时，其需求变化情况，要求用中点式方法，计算需求价格弹性E＝0，0<E<1，E＝1，E>1时需求量的变化情况，对于0<E<1，E>1时这两种情况具体数值考生可以自己设定，然后计算弹性值和需求量，并说明在每个弹性区间需求量的变化情况。

中国社会科学院《经济学原理》历年真题——1999年经济学原理试题一、概念解释（每题5分）价值资本积累两大部类级差地租Ⅰ通货紧缩恩格尔系数M1 外贸依存度二、简答。

（每题10分）1．马克思如何看待失业人口的存在对资本主义市场经济的作用2．当厂商的平均成本曲线为U形时，平均成本曲线与边际成本之间有什么关系？3．利用凯恩斯的宏观经济模型说明储蓄和投资的一般关系三、论述（共30分，两题任选一题。

）1．试论需求管理及其在我国的运用。

2．试论完全竞争的性质以及在经济分析中的意义。

——2000年经济学原理试题一、概念解释（共40分，每题4分）社会必要劳动资本积累第Ⅱ大部类社会主义生产目的GDP 边际消费倾向M2 机会成本生产成本生产函数帕雷托最优二、简答题（共30分，每题10分）1．简述马克思劳动价值论的基本原理。

2．简述经济不景气条件下宏观货币政策的基本内容。

3．简述完全竞争条件下的市场基本特征及其理论含义三、论述题。

（共30分，两题任选一题）1．谈一谈你对当前宏观经济政策的看法。

2．谈一谈中国加入WTO以后的主要利弊。

——2001年经济学原理试题一、简答题（共40分，每题10分）1、产业资本循环的阶段和职能2、社会主义市场经济体制的基本框架3、利润率最大化的条件4、通货膨胀的基本类型二、论述题（3题中任选两题，每题30分）1、市场失灵的主要表现及其校正措施2、应用宏观经济调控的基本原理，分析我国近两年宏观经济政策的特征3、应用现代公司治理结构原理分析我国国有企业的公司化改造——2002年经济学原理试题一、概念解释（每题4分，共28分）社会主义市场经济劳动的二重性资本有机构成边际效用需求弹性市场失灵GNP折算（缩减）指数二、简答题（每题14分，共42分）1、以宏观经济学中的总需求决定论说明扩大政府采购的作用2、试论述社会总资本扩大再生产的实现条件3、作图说明垄断企业的产品价格和产量如何决定三、论述题（选一题，30分）1、比较说明：马克思与西方经济学分别怎样解释市场上的产品价格如何决定？2、马克思如何以劳动价值论来说明资本主义社会国民收入的分配？他的观点与西方经济学中的收入分配理论有何不同？——2003年经济学原理试题一、概念辨析（每题14分，共70分）1、经济学和政治经济学2、价值和生产价格3、资本集中和资本积累4、机会成本和边际成本5、经济增长和经济发展二、论述题（每题40分，共80分）1、谈谈经济学中的静态分析、比较静态分析和动态分析2、西方经济学中的失业理论和我国现阶段的就业问题——2004年经济学原理试题一、名词解释30分绝对剩余价值级差地租II 资本原始积累恩格尔定理无差异曲线二、简答题50分A垄断条件下利润平均化规律会发生那些变化？B浅析规模经济与范围经济的关系！三、论述题70分A生产要素按贡献参与分配的依据及其意义！B论公平与效率的关系！——2005年经济学原理考试试题一、名词解释：每题6分边际效用对剩余价值有效需求自然失业率虚拟资本二、简答题，每题20分1、产业资本循环实现条件是什么?2、完全竞争与不完全竞争的区别和联系?3、IS-LM模型中的产品市场和货币市场实现均衡的机制是什么?三、论述题，每题30分1、产权、产权制度对市场经济发展的意义2、在社会主义市场经济条件下市场机制和宏观调控的关系——2006年经济学原理试题一、名词解释(共30分,每题6分。

博士经济学面试题及答案1. 请简述经济学中的边际效用递减原理。

答案：边际效用递减原理是指随着消费者对某种商品或服务的消费量增加，其从每增加一个单位的消费中获得的额外满足感（即边际效用）逐渐减少的现象。

这一原理是消费者行为理论的基础之一，反映了消费者在不同商品和服务之间的选择和偏好。

2. 什么是市场失灵？请举例说明。

答案：市场失灵是指市场机制在某些情况下不能有效地分配资源，导致资源配置的效率低下。

例如，外部性问题（如污染）和公共品的提供（如国防、公共安全）是市场失灵的典型例子。

在这些情况下，市场无法通过价格机制来反映商品或服务的真实社会成本和效益。

3. 请解释完全竞争市场的条件。

答案：完全竞争市场的条件包括：市场上有大量买家和卖家，产品是同质的，市场信息完全透明，进入和退出市场没有障碍，以及没有政府干预。

在这种市场中，单个买家或卖家对价格没有影响力，价格由市场供求关系决定。

4. 什么是货币政策？请简述其主要工具。

答案：货币政策是中央银行用来影响经济活动，特别是总需求水平的一系列措施。

主要工具包括：调整利率（如联邦基金利率），公开市场操作（买卖政府债券以影响货币供应量），以及调整银行准备金率。

5. 请描述经济增长与发展的区别。

答案：经济增长通常指的是一个国家或地区的总产出（如GDP）随时间的增加。

而经济发展则更广泛，不仅包括经济增长，还包括生活质量的提高、社会福利的改善、技术进步和结构变化等方面。

6. 什么是机会成本？请举例说明。

答案：机会成本是指为了获得某项资源或进行某项活动而放弃的其他选择的最高价值。

例如，如果一个农民选择种植小麦而不是玉米，那么种植小麦的机会成本就是放弃种植玉米所能带来的收益。

7. 请解释什么是菲利普斯曲线。

答案：菲利普斯曲线描述了失业率与通货膨胀率之间的短期负相关关系。

在短期内，当失业率较低时，工资和价格上升的压力可能导致通货膨胀率增加；反之亦然。

然而，长期来看，这种关系可能会因为预期调整等因素而变得不那么明显。

中国社科院2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PART I VocabularySection A (10 point)Directions：Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word．1．The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictly be implied by the”gap-filling”approach，but this is not certain．A．view B．approve C．coerce D．insist2．Petrazzini's main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet，but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet．A．uniformity B．discrepancy C．convention D．distinction．3．The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived：the hundreds of millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases．A．troublesome B．astonishing C．everlasting D．conflicting4．There were not personal goals，no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind．There were only God's decrees to be faithfully carried out．A．orders B．petitions C．prophets D．queries5．Lee Ford and Dan Brooks，a London-based creative and development team，came up with an”edgy”V olkswagen spot for a demo：a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded caf．A．ignite B．stain C．impede D．ascribe6．The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773 as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously as a composer．A．bedlamite B．betrayer C．genius D．jailor7．Kelly fought depression，her sister struggled against violent tendencies，and their only physical touches they'd ever known from their parents were abusive．A．cordial B．fastidious C．sadistic D．absurd8．Browse one of the websites that hosts them，like You Tube or Google Vides，and you'll see drunken karaoke，babies being born，plane crashes，freakish sports accidents and far，far stranger things．A．elegant B．fraternal C．frantic D．bizarre9．There were still a few surprises，as a squeal here and there in the dark announced，but we did learn to “see with our feet”—lessons in trail Braille．A．divergence B．scream C．gradation D．strand10．He hasn't analyzed why he tips so generously，but I think the proclivity stems from his high school years，when he worked as a busboy．A．predilection B．prosperityC．premeditation D．preambleSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．11．In a competitive and fast-paced modern society，busy business executives are so __________ their work that they hardly know what the word leisure means．A．engrossed in B．exempt from C．skeptical of D．extraneous to 12．But the depth of a novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme-either __________ or significant．A．versatile B．trivial C．preliminary D．alternate13．It is always __________ in some ways，because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action，it would obviously be too transparent．A．scrupulous B．clamorous C．intrinsic D．camouflaged 14．She often remains coldly remote from him；probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of __________ in his neighbor．A．discordance B．deliberation C．perversity D．repulsion15．For us it is a big and dark secret；to __________ it would be to jeopardize our future，confessed an avi-aphobe who is currently undergoing therapy．A．divulge B．recall C．retain D．duplicate16．The charitable acts of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people．However，ruthless company downsizing drives and continued layoffs，coupled with rising pay for top managers，have made him look a good deal less __________．A．discourteous B．prudent C．benevolent D．obstinate17．Most of us go through life adding __________ to knowledge，polishing a concept here or there，doing an experiment，contributing a few leaves—or，if we are lucky，a twig—to the tree of knowledge．A．impartially B．impassably C．incrementally D．melodiously 18．The only way he could do it-and by “it” he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin，who is so famous that his infant daughter，Apple，is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined--is by getting into some kind of trouble，and it could only be infamy，which is of course，__________．A．preposterous B．preludial C．precise D．preponderant 19．So the most __________ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message-this manifesto，which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly．A．fastidious B．eminent C．anonymous D．waggish20．The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life，its __________ dialogue，its sheer narrative pull，its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives，its absence of mock heroics，its comic absurdities and irony and，above all else，its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil．A．pungent B．notorious C．anticlimactic D．shakyⅡPART GrammarSection A (10 mints)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．21．The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll，and they kepttelling me that I was changing it and tripping me __________．A．for B．on C．up D．in22．The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus--besieged administrators __________ to lure minority applicants，students frantically __________ money to cover fee hikes，department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home．A．to struggle，to seek B．struggled，soughtC．struggle，seek D．struggling，seeking23．If you're a regular reader of blogs，or indeed of any kind of news website，you've probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload：the blogosphere creates __________ material for any human being to comfortably __________．A．too much，digest B．not much，digestC．too little，be digested D．not much，be digested24．When deposits are federally insured，people no longer rush to withdraw their money if they __________ the financial condition of their bank．A．become concerned about B．become concerned withC．become concerned in D．concern25．Over and over in War of the Worlds，he evokes the sensation，more familiar from dreams than movies，__________ an otherworldly entity，glimpsed from a great distance，__________ suddenly，violently clawing its way into your personal space．A．that，is B．is，which C．that，being D．which，being26．As the generations progress，feather length will increase because females do not prefer a specific length tail，but a longer-than-average tall．Eventually tail length will increase to the point __________ the liability survival is matched by the sexual attractiveness of the trait and an equilibrium will be established．A．that B．where C．which D．／27．Never far from positions of influence，wealthier from his broadcasting activities __________ the biggest moguls，he is in many ways on the edge of things．A．than all but B．as all but C．but than all D．but as all28．__________ a rigid，unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral，it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good．A．Modern science not only gradually developsB．Not only did modem science gradually developC．Now that modem science gradually developedD．Only did modem science develop29．One theory is that too much vitamin E __________ bleeding risk，which would __________ the risk of a type of Stroke，while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant，removing harmful molecules in the body，and instead becomes a pro-oxidant，actually promoting the production of harmful molecules．A．decreases，decrease B． increases，increaseC．decreases，increase D．increases，decrease30．Nor，indeed，do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players，since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future--they want precisely __________ society expects of them．A．that which B．that C．which D．what thatSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．31．The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual'sAdream history．But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other's dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams，which are the equivalent of literary archetypes．D32．The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into accountAthe prospect that “drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price--theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanism for keeping cancer to bay．”D33．The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature inArecent years that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life，but the new paper is far more detailed--and,scientists say,more compelling--that anything published previously．B C D34．For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States，MTV offers a highly-end case study in how to export what seems，at first glance，to be a uniquely American brand．35．The trend to empty a library is being driven，academicians and librarians say，by theA Bdwindling need for undergraduate libraries，many of them were built when leading researchC Dlibraries were reserved for graduate students and faculty．36．Dr．ElBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help theA internationalcommnunity，and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that does not derive from a nuclear weap ons deterrent，would rather based on addressingB C Dthe security concerns of all people．37．DDT，the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known，exposed nature'sAvulnera-bility．Unlike most pesticides，whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types ofB Cinsects，DDT is capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once．D38．For it is “everybody”，a whole society，which，has identified being feminine with caringA B C about how one looks．Given these stereotypes，it is no wonder that beauty enjoys，at best，a ratherDmixed reputation．39．The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancerAwith chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life，a possibility that has never beenB C D rigorously examined．40．We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe，Astars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time．We peer inward to our own genome，Bswiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance，C Dten-dency，advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature．PART Reading comprehensionⅢ：(30 points)Directions：Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French．This is especially true in politics．Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English，and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory，no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France．At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century，or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory．This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes，but principally in the following one．The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves．The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them．The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government，while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency；whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other．It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before，that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life．A moreattentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition．Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars．This is true，but it is only to be understood of those matters which are not the necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts．Mercantile men will take up very eagerly，and without any close scrutiny，all the general ideas on philosophy，politics，science，or the arts which may be presented to them；but for such as relate to commerce，they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve．The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics．If，then，there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself，blindly and extravagantly，to general ideas，the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation．They will then be compelled to enter into details，and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory．This remedy may frequently be a painful one，but its effect is certain．Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests．Comprehension questions41．According to the writer，what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?A．Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government．B．Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful．C．General ideas in political affairs．D．Eighteenth century ideas．42．Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?A．The French constitution did not allow for experiment．B．In America，the constitution provides checks and balances．C．The social conditions in France led to different ideas．D．The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs．43．Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because __________．A．in politics it is easier to study general ideasB．general ideas on different subjects are more interestingC．mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy，politics，science and the artsD．they do not have time to address details44．What does the writer think would inhibit people's preference for general ideas?A．Teaching them the weak points of the theory．B．Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions．C．Trying to make them abandon those ideas．D．Compelling them to study details．45．The writer's conclusion is that __________．A．the principle of equality must be paramountB．general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyC．citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutionsD．people'ｓ taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democratic institutionsPassage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”，the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money．Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development，but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all．The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection-so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives-does not exist in simpler cultures．The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons．For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive)，in so far as society does not insist upon the couple，s equal social status-a condition，however，that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests．In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom，irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring．This is because where the constitutions，state of health，temperament，internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group，the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society．It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection．Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare．The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due，in part，to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves．Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction．But，happiness is a purely personal matter，decided upon entirely by the couple themselves，and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading--particularly in the higher strata，whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts--no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results，it remains true that，with reference to procreation，love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection．In fact，in this respect，it is the only fight and proper thing．Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia--the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities--a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species．In the case of marriage for money，the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness--just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together--and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important．This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individualrelationships．Comprehension questions46．According to the text，what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?A．Personal dignity．B．Economic decline．C．Monetary considerations．D．Financial growth．47．Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?A．Upper middle．B．Middle middle．C．Lower middle．D．Lower lower．48．The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because __________．A．we demand too much of our partnersB．partners don't give complimentsC．people are too differentiated sociallyD．the economic disparity in many regions is growing49．How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?A．They fuel mutual instinctual attraction．B．They inspire individual responsibilities．C．They deflect superficial relationships．D．They prohibit suitable marriages．50．Panmixia is said to __________．A．aid the selection process B．complement individualizationC．inspire positive results D．set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley，the “great codifier of thought in an age of codification．”It deserved quoting at some length：”The first maxim of a free state，”he writes，is，that the laws be made by one set of men，and administered by another；in other words，that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate．When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly，particular laws are made for particular cases，springing often times from partial motives，and directed to private ends：whilst they are kept separate，general laws are made by one body of men，without foreseeing whom they may affect；and，when made，must be applied by the other，let them affect whom they will…When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known，the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other；and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations，nor any superior power to control their proceedings，these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice．The consequence of which must be，that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws，that is，without anyknown pre-established rules of adjudication whatever；or under laws made for particular persons，and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin．“Which dangers，by the division of the legislative and judicial functions，are in this country effectually provided against．Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate；it has no ease or parties before it；no private designs to serve：consequently，its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies，which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations．”With the end of the eighteenth century，England's major contributions to the development ofthe principles of freedom came to a close．Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth，and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh Review and economists in the Smithian tradition，like J．R．MacCulloch and N．W Senior，continued to think of liberty in classical terms，there was little further develop- ment．The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition．Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that England had in part preserved from the Middle Ages，by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution．And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent--the desire to remake the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles．The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England，Dr．Richard Price．As early as 1778 he argued：”Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be a Government of LAWS and not by MEN．If the laws are made by one man，or a junto of men in a state，and not by common CONSENT，a government by them is not different from slavery．”Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot：”How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country，who has given a just idea of liberty，and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers．‘that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?'“From then onward，the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty，until it could be said that”in Great Britain，which，little more than a century ago，repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based，and led the resistance to Napoleon，those ideas have triumphed．”Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth，we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them．Comprehension Questions51．Concerning William Paley's main vision of the rule of law，which of the following is NOT true?A．The purpose of an independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests．B．Paley's political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances．C．The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity．D．The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional principles．52．According to Paley，what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary and legislative powers aren't kept separate?A．The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed．B．Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests．C．Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest．D．Lawmakers would have adjudication powers．53．Complete the following sentence：”The Whig intelligentsia __________．”A．supported traditional tendencies B．supported reformist tendenciesC．supported Manichean tendencies D．supported aesthetical tendencies54．Which of the following best expresses the author's opinion of the Utilitarians?A．Unbiased．B．Neutral．C．Critical．D．Sympathetic．55．Which of the following is true?A．The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the French revolution．B．The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles of English freedom．C．The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedom and the ideals of the French revolution．D．The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has an economic base．Passage 4There are，two opinions as to the production of light．Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature，and therefore when we read．In the beginning God created heaven and earth，a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven，and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth．And spiritual nature was formed first，as being of higher dignity than corporeal The forming，therefore，of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say，the light inquestion is a spiritual light．For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God．Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses，and give various reasons．Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things；but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over，as having been created beforehand．Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people，to whom material things alone appealed，and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols．It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures；for they would have paid them divine worship，since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun，moon，and stars，which was forbidden them (Deut．iv．19)But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness，in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen．i．2)．One is where we read that the earth was void and empty，and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep．Now it was necessary，for two reasons，that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light．In the first place because light is a quality of the first body，as was stated，and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light．The second reason is because light is a common quality．For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies．But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles，so do we in work of every kind．For the living thing is generated before the animal，and the animal before man，as is shown in De Gener Anim．It was fitting，then，as an evidence of the divine wisdom，that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place，since light is a form of the primary body，and because it is a more common quality．Basil，furthermore，adds a third reason：that all other things are made manifest by light．And。

2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析（一）厂商成本函数为C（Q）=F+0.5a Q21．求厂商的规模报酬区间2．厂商的供给函数3．若市场需求函数为P=A-b Q（A,b均为正数），市场由该厂商唯一供给，且厂商是价格接受者，在什么条件下存在唯一的市场均衡？【育明教育解析】1.AC=C Q=F Q+12aQ当F Q=12Aq，即Q=2F a时，AC取最小值2aF故Q在0，2F a2F a，+∞上规模不经济1.MC=dC dQ=aQ=p∴供给函数为Q=P a，（p≥2aF）0，（p<2aF）2.p=A−bQQ=P a=>p=aA a+b，Q=A a+b唯一均衡存在的条件是：p=aA a+b≥2aF（二）有a，b两人，消费物品1,2。

效用函数分别为，，a，b 的禀赋分别为（9,3）和（12,6）1．求1和2的超额需求函数，并验证瓦尔拉斯法则2．求均衡价格3．若经济禀赋为（21,9），写出契约线方程。

【育明教育解析】1.对a来说，maxx1a,x2a ln x1a+2ln x2a s.t.p1x1a+p2x2a≤9p1+3p2用lagrangean 乘子法，得：1x 1a =λP 12x 2a =λP 2=>2x 1a P 1=2x 2ap 2代入约束式并取等号解得：x 1a =3+P 2p 1，x 2a =2+6P 1p 2同理，对b 来说，解得：x 1b =4+2P 2p 1，x 2b =4+8P 1p 2∴z 1（P 1）=x 1a +x 1b−21=3P 2p 1−14；z 2（P 2）=x 2a +x 2b−9=14P 1p 2−3∴z 1（P 1）∙P 1+z 2（P 2）∙P 2=0，满足walras 法则2.令z 1（P 1）=0，得：P 2p 1=1433.在契约线上，应有两人的边际替代率相等，即∂U a∂x 1a ∂U a∂x 2a =∂U b∂x 1b ∂U b ∂x 2b ∴1x 1a 2x 2a =121−x 1a 19−x 2a =>9x 1a =21x 2a ，或写成x 2a =37x 1a（以a 的坐标轴）（三）三个小国1，2，3，其中1，2为生产国，3为消费国。

社科院考博试题经济学金融学中国社会科学院研究生院考博试题经济学原理2008年名词解释：（每题4分，共5题）法定准备金率全要素生产率重商主义简答：（每题20分，共2题）公共产品的六种提供方式垄断，及对中国的借鉴意义。

（引致列宁《帝国主义论》重的一句话：垄断是资本主义腐朽……的开始）论述：（40分）论地租形成原因及实际意义2007年名词解释（每题4分，共5题）折旧流动性陷阱寡头垄断资本项目消费者剩余简答（每题20分，共2题）解释“剩余价值生产不在流通领域但不能离开流通领域”。

巴罗－李嘉图等价命题的理论要点论述投资与消费的关系及其在当前中国的表现形态（40分）2006年名词解释：（每题4分，共5题）无差异曲线菲利普斯曲线流动性陷阱相对剩余价值有效剩余价值简答（每题15分，共2题。

每题300字以上）加速原理的含义及要点。

外延式粗放型增长与内涵式集约型增长的异同。

论述（每题25分，共2题。

每题800字以上）为什么说在垄断资本主义阶段，“不是工业资本占统治地位，而是金融资本占统治地位”？试述科学发展观主要含义及实践意义。

2005年：一、名词：环比价格指数试验经济学萨缪尔逊均衡二、简答：比较优势理论的原理新古典经济学派与新凯恩经济学派的区别三、论述：剩余价值的生产过程是劳动过程与价值过程的统一从政治经济学的观点分析我国近期出现的“民工荒”现象。

2004年：一、名词：需求弹性基尼系数汇价垄断二、简答：人力资本投资的边际收益是递增的吗?何谓帕累托效率准则？三、论述：简论生产要素按贡献分配与商品价值决定的关系。

简述宏观调控体系中的财政、货币政策及其作用机理。

2003年：1.评论实验经济学对理性行为假设的挑战。

2.新经济增长理论的政策含义及其对中国实践的启示。

3.运用政治经济学原理解析中共十六大报告关于“确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献与分配的原则，完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度”的精神。

2002年：1.用总供给和总需求曲线，说明什么情况下产量上升的同时价格下降，什么情况下产量下降的同时价格上升。

2005年社科院经济学原理考博试题（暂缺答案)(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分，答案每题不能少于30字）(总题数：4，分数：20.00)1.环比价格指数（chain price index)（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：2.萨谬尔森均衡（Samuelson Equilibrium)（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：3.铸币税（Seigniorage)（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：4.试验经济学（Experimental economics)（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：二、简答（每题10分，共20分，答案不少于300字）(总题数：2，分数：20.00)5.新古典宏观经济学与新凯恩斯主义经济学的基本理论有哪些主要区别？（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：6.简述比较优势原理的基本要点。