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《老人与海》文献综述作者：周建波来源：《青年时代》2016年第13期摘要：《老人与海》是美国二十世纪作家海明威最著名的一部短篇小说。
该小说是20世纪世界文坛最具影响力的小说之一，对促进世界文学的发展有着长足的影响。
本文以综述的形式，对国内外有关该小说的研究做了较为系统的分析。
关键词：《老人与海》；文学；综述一、引言《老人与海》是美国二十世纪作家厄内斯特·海明威著名的短篇小说。
该小说是他在晚年证明自己创作实力的一篇杰作，在他的创作中占有特殊的重要地位，是其创作思想和艺术探索的总结性作品，小说获普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖。
《老人与海》讲述的是老渔民在大海上与鲨鱼群争夺一条大马林鱼而生死搏斗三天三夜的故事。
二、国外文献综述国外学者对《老人与海》的研究，主要从以下四个方面展开：第一，从文学角度分析。
Young（1952）和Baker（1961）对小说中不服输，勇于斗争的人性的崇拜以及悲剧的英雄色彩进行了解析。
Burhans（1960）从象征和讽刺来解析小说所表达的勇气、爱、谦逊、孤独、互相依赖等价值。
Roberts（1966）在总结了海明威其它作品中人物形象的基础上，对小说中硬汉进行探讨。
Gurko（1968）在总结海明威其它作品的基础上来研究中逃离社会，小说中追求人类精神解放的思想。
Barbour&Sattelmeyer（1975）对小说中关于棒球的对话的象征进行了解析。
Bickford（1996）从古巴文化背景来解析其中的象征。
第二，从宗教角度分析。
Backman （1955）通过分析小说老人祈祷以及左右手、苦难、木头等意象，说明老人圣地亚哥的虔诚，尽管生理上遭受痛苦，但获得精神的安宁与满足。
Baker（1961）从宗教的角度来分析小说中圣地亚哥的虔诚、苦难、圣洁的人性以及对无意义的生存的救赎，他认为圣地亚哥就是耶稣式的英雄。
第三，从心理学角度分析。
BenStoltzfus（1991）运用拉康理论说明老人是海明威自己个人命运的映射。
第14章菲茨杰拉德•海明威I.Fill in the blanks.1.Set in Spain during the Civil War,the novel_____stated again Hemingway’s view of love found and lost,and described the indomitable spirit of the common people.（人大2006研）【答案】For Whom the Bell Tolls【解析】海明威的小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》（For Whom the Bell Tolls）以西班牙内战为背景，该小说陈述了海明威对爱与失去的观点，描写了普通人不屈不饶的精神。
2.F.Scott Fitzgerald’s first novel_____,with its portrayal of casual dissipations of “flaming youth”,was an immediate commercial success.【答案】This Side of Paradise【解析】1920菲茨杰拉德发表第一部长篇小说《人间天堂》，一举成名。
书中描写了一战后年轻一代的精神面貌和生活方式。
3.F.Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the1920s decade in his masterpiece novel_____.【答案】The Great Gatsby【解析】《了不起的盖茨比》（The Great Gatsby）是美国作家弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德所写的一部以20世纪20年代的纽约市及长岛为背景的小说，被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征。
该书敏锐地抓住了当代社会生活的主题，并以象征手法展现了“美国梦”传奇之下的嘲讽及悲怅。
GHAPTER 14 Fitzgerald·Hemingway一．F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1. He became part of the intellectual set, the Triangle Club. P2132. His first novel, This Side of Paradise人间天堂3. Flappers and Philosophers时髦女和哲学家which glittered with the image of the Fitzgerald as the symbol of an American ideal. P214 Tales of the Jazz Age爵士时代的故事which, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age,镀金时代gave its name to an important historical period in the history of the country.Fitzgerald became “the angel of the twenties”4. His second novel, The Beautiful and the Damned美与丑P215 Masterpiece: The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比Tender is the Night夜色温柔All the Sad Young Men一代悲哀的年轻人Taps at Reveille雷维尔的节拍声The Last Tycoon, 最后的大亨which he never finished.二．Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) P2211. First novel, The Torrents of Spring春潮1926As a journalist, Hemingway trained himself in the economy of expression. 要求自己用词简洁Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase, “grace under pressure,”重压下的优雅2. In Our Time在我们的时代里P221Men Without Women 没有女人的男人Winner Take Nothing 胜者无所得3. First important novel: The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起P222 Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age becomes a symbol for an age; Hemingway’s book paints the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation.迷惘的一代4. A Farewell to Arms永别的武器5. TERM: the Hemingway’s hero: an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong. People of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. P2236. Death in the Afternoon 午后之死Green Hills of Africa 非洲的青山7. the Hemingway hero possesses what Bertrand Russell terms “despairing courage”绝望的勇气P2248. For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣Across the River and into the Trees过河入林The Old Man and the Sea, about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago He won the Nobel Prize in 1954.9. In the latter part of his life, Hemingway came to be known as “Papa Hemingway.” This compliment refers in the main to his contribution to the development of a new style of writing in America, the colloquial style.口语化。
Today, we tell about the life of writer Ernest Hemingway."A writer is always alone, always an outsider," Ernest Hemingway said. Others said that of the many people he created in his books, Hemingway was his own best creation.Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899. He grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near the middle western City of Chicago. He was the second child in a family of six. His father was a doctor. His mother liked to paint and play the piano.Each summer the family traveled to their holiday home in northern Michigan. Ernest's father taught him how to catch fish, hunt, set up a camp and cook over a fire.At home in Oak Park, Ernest wrote for his school newspaper. He tried to write like a famous sports writer of that time, Ring Lardner. He developed his writing skills this way. In 1917, Hemingway decided not to go to a university. The United States had just entered World War One and he wanted to join the army. But the army rejected him because his eyesight was not good enough. Ernest found a job with the Kansas City Star newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri. He reported news from the hospital, police headquarters, and the railroad station. One reporter remembered: "Hemingway liked to be where the action was." The Kansas City Star demanded that its reporters write short sentences. It wanted reporters tosee the unusual details in an incident. Hemingway quickly learned to do both.He worked for the newspaper only nine months before he joined the Red Cross to help on the battlefields of Europe. His job was to drive a Red Cross truck carrying wounded away from battle.The Red Cross sent him to Italy. Soon he saw his first wounded when an arms factory in Milan exploded. Later, he was sent to the battle front. He went as close to the fighting as possible to see how he would act in the face of danger. Before long, he was seriously wounded.The war ended soon after he healed. Hemingway returned to the United States. Less than a year hadpassed since he went to Europe. But in that short time he had changed forever. He needed to write about what he had seen. Ernest Hemingway left home for Chicago to prove to himself, and to his family, that he could earn a living from his writing.But, he ran out of money and began to write for a newspaper again. The Canadian newspaper, the Toronto Star, liked his reports about life in Chicago and paid him well.In Chicago, Hemingway met the writer Sherwood Anderson. Anderson was one of the first writers in America to write about the lives of common people. Hemingway saw that Anderson's stories showed life as it really was,the way Hemingway was trying to do.Anderson gave Hemingway advice about his writing. He told Hemingway to move to Paris, where living was less costly. He said Paris was full of young artists and writers from all over the world.In return for Anderson's kindness Hemingway wrote a book called "The Torrents of Spring." It makes fun of Anderson and the way he wrote. There was something in Hemingway that could not say "thank you" to anyone. He had to believe he did everything for himself, even when he knew others helped him.Hemingway decided to move to Paris. But before he did he marrieda woman he had recently met. Her name was Hadley Richardson. Paris was cold and gray when Hemingway and his new wife arrived in 1921. They lived in one of the poorer parts of the city. Their rooms were small and had no running water. But the Toronto Star employed him as its European reporter, so there was enough money for the two of them to live. And the job gave Hemingway time to write his stories.Hemingway enjoyed exploring Paris, making new friends, learning French customs and sports. Some new friends were artists and writers who had come to Paris in the nineteen twenties. Among them were poet Ezra Pound, and writers Gertrude Stein, John dos Passos,and F. Scott Fitzgerald. They quickly saw that Hemingway was a good writer. They helped him publish his stories in the United States. He was thankful for their support at the time, but later denied that he had received help.As a reporter, Hemingway traveled all over Europe.He wrote about politics. He wrote about peace conferences and border disputes. And he wrote about sports, skiing and fishing. Later he would write about bull fighting in Spain. The Toronto Star was pleased with his work, and wanted more of his reports. But Hemingway was busy with his own writing.He said: "Sometimes, I would start a new story and could not get it going. Then I would stand and look outover the roofs of Paris and think. I would say to myself: 'All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence you know.' So finally, I would write a true sentence and go on from there. It was a wonderful feeling when I had worked well. "Hemingway's first book of stories was called "In Our Time." It included a story called "Big Two-Hearted River," about the effect of war on a young man.It tells about the young man taking a long fishing trip in Michigan. Hemingway had learned from his father when he was a boy about living in the wild.The story is about two kinds of rivers. One is calm and clear. It is where the young man fishes. Theother is dark. It is a swamp, a threatening place.The story shows the young man trying to forget his past. He is also trying to forget the war. Yet he never really speaks about it. The reader learns about the young man, not because Hemingway tells us what the young man thinks, but because he shows the young man learning about himself."Big Two-Hearted River"is considered one of the best modern American stories. It is often published in collections of best writing.After the book was published in 1925, Hadley and Hemingway returned to the United States for the birth of their son. They quickly returned to Paris.Hemingway was working on a long story. He wanted to publish a novel so he would be recognized as a serious writer. And he wanted the money a novel would earn.The novel was called "The Sun Also Rises." It is about young Americans in Europe after World War One. The war had destroyed their dreams. And it had given them nothing to replace those dreams.The writer Gertrude Stein later called these people members of "The Lost Generation."The book was an immediate success. At the age of twenty-five Ernest Hemingway was famous. Many people, however, could not recognize Hemingway's art because they did not like what he wrote about. Hemingway's sentenceswere short, the way he had been taught to write at the Kansas City Star newspaper. He wrote about what he knew and felt. He used few descriptive words. His statements were clear and easily understood. He had learned from earlier writers, like Ring Lardner and Sherwood Anderson. But Hemingway brought something new to his writing. He was able to paint in words what he saw and felt. In later books, sometimes he missed. Sometimes he even looked foolish. But when he was right he was almost perfect. With the success of his novel, Hemingway became even more popular in Paris. Many people came to see him. One was an American woman, Pauline Pfeiffer. Shebecame Hadley's friend. Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway. Hemingway and Pauline saw each other secretly. One time, they went away together on a short trip. Years later, Hemingway wrote about returning home after that trip: "When I saw Hadley again, I wished I had died before I ever loved anyone but her. She was smiling and the sun was on her lovely face." But the marriage was over. Ernest Hemingway and Hadley separated. She kept their son. He agreed to give her money he earned from his books.In later years, he looked back at his marriage to Hadley as the happiest time of his life.At twenty-five, Hemingway was living in Paris. He was a famous writer. But the end of his first marriage made him want to leave the place where he had first become famous.Years later he said: "The city was never to be the same again. When I returned to it, I found it had changed as I had changed. Paris was never the same as when I was poor and very happy. "Hemingway and his new wife returned to the United States in nineteen twenty-eight. They settled in Key West, an island with a fishing port near the southern coast of Florida.Before leaving Paris, Hemingway sent a collection of his stories to New York to be published. The bookof stories, called "Men Without Women," was published soon after Hemingway arrived in Key West. One of the stories was called "The Killers." In it, Hemingway used a discussion between two men to create a feeling of tension and coming violence. This was a new method of telling a story.Nick opened the door and went into the room. Ole Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. He lay with his head on two pillows. He did not look at Nick. "What was it?" he asked."I was up at Henry's," Nick said, "and two fellows came in and tiedme up and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you. "It sounded silly when he said it. Ole Anderson said nothing."They put us out in the kitchen," Nick went on. "They were going to shoot you when you came in to supper."Ole Anderson looked at the wall and did not say anything."George thought I ought to come and tell you about it.""There isn't anything I can do about it," Ole Anderson said.Any new book by Hemingway was an important event for readers. But stories like "The Killers" shocked many people. Some thought there was too much violence in his stories.Others said he only wrote about gunmen, soldiers, fighters and drinkers.This kind of criticism made Hemingway angry. He felt that writers should not be judged by those who could not write a story. Hemingway was happy in Key West. In the morning he wrote, in the afternoon he fished, and at night he went to a public house and drank. One old fisherman said: "Hemingway was a man who talked slowly and very carefully. He asked a lot of questions. And he always wanted to get his information exactly right. "Hemingway and his wife Pauline had a child in Key West. Soon afterward he heard that his father had killed himself. Hemingway wasshocked. He said: "My father taught me so much. He was the only one I really cared about. "When Hemingway returned to work there was a sadness about his writing that was not there before. His new book told about an American soldier who served with the Italian army during World War One. He meets an English nurse and they fall in love. They flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth. Some of the events are taken from Hemingway's service in Italy. The book is called "A Farewell to Arms."Part of the book talks about the defeat of the Italian army at a place called Caporetto."At noon we were stuck in a muddy road about as nearly as we could figure, ten kilometres from Udine. The rain had stopped during the forenoon and three times we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main highroad. . . . "Later we were on a road that led to a river. There was a long line of abandoned trucks and carts on a road leading up to a bridge. No one was in sight. The river was high and the bridge had been blown up in the center; the stone arch was fallen into the river and the brown water was going over it. We went up the bank looking for a place to cross. . . . We did not see any troops; only abandoned trucks and stores. Alongthe river bank was nothing and no one but the wet brush and muddy ground.""A Farewell to Arms" was very successful. It earned Hemingway a great deal of money. And it permitted him to travel. One place he visited was Spain, a country that he loved. He said: "I want to paint with words all the sights and sounds and smells of Spain. And if I can write any of it down truly, then it will represent all of Spain."A book called "Death in the Afternoon" was the result. It describes the Spanish tradition of bull fighting. Hemingway believed that bull fighting was an art, just as much as writing was an art. And he believed it was a true test of a man'sbravery, something that always concerned him.Hemingway also traveled to Africa. He had been asked to write a series of reports about African hunting. He said: "Hunting in Africa is the kind of hunting I like. No riding in cars, just simple walking and feeling the grass under my feet. "The trip to Africa resulted in a book called "The Green Hills of Africa" and a number of stories. One story is among Hemingway's best. He said a writer saves some stories to write when he knows enough to write them well.The story is called "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." It tells of Hemingway's fears about himself. It is about a writer who betrays his art for moneyand is unable to remain true to himself.In nineteen thirty-six, the Civil War in Spain gave him a chance to return to Spain and test his bravery again. He agreed to write about the war for an American news organization.It was a dangerous job. One day, Hemingway and two other reporters were driving a car near a battlefield. The car carried two white flags. But rebel gunners thought the car was carrying enemy officers. Hemingway was almost killed. He said: "Shells are all the same. If they do not hit you, there is no story. If they do hit you, then you do not have to write it. "The trip to Spain resulted in two works, a play called "The FifthColumn" and the novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls." The novel tells the story of an American who has chosen to fight against the fascists. He realizes that there are lies and injustice on his side, as well as the other. But he sees no hope except the victory of his side. During the fighting, he escapes his fear of death and of being alone.He finds that "he can live as full a life in seventy hours as in seventy years. " The book was a great success. Hemingway enjoyed being famous. His second marriage was ending. He divorced Pauline and married reporter Martha Gellhorn. He had met Martha while they were working in Spain. They decided to live in Cuba, near the city of Havana. Theirhouse looked out over the Caribbean Sea.But this marriage did not last long. Hemingway was changing. He began to feel that whatever he said was right. Martha went on long trips to be away from him. He drank heavily to forget his loneliness. When America entered World War Two, Hemingway went to Britain as a reporter. Later he took part in the invasion of Europe and the freeing of Paris.During the war Hemingway met another reporter, Mary Walsh. In 1945, when his marriage to Martha was legally over, he married Mary. After the war, Hemingway began work on his last important book, "The Old Man and the Sea." It is thestory of a Cuban fisherman who refuses to be defeated by nature. Hemingway said: "I was trying to show the experience of the fisherman so exactly and directly that it became part of the reader's experience. "In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature. But he was too sick to take part in the ceremony. Ernest Hemingway was sixty years old, but he said he felt like he was eighty-six. And, even worse, he felt that he no longer was able to write. He seemed to be living the story about the writer who had sold his writing skill in order to make money. In 1961 Ernest Hemingway killed himself. Among the papers he leftwas one that described what he liked best:"To stay in places and to leave. . . to trust, to distrust. . . to no longer believe and believe again. . . to watch the changes in the seasons. . . to be out in boats. . . to watch the snow come, to watch it go. . . to hear the rain. . . and to know where I can find what I want. "。
美国文学期末考试试卷模拟试题一I. Fill in the following blanks and put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15％， 1 point for each）1.The publication of ______ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New EnglandTranscendentalism。
2。
Hard work, thrift, ______ and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing。
3。
At 87, ______ read his poetry at the inauguration of President John F。
Kennedy.4。
Jack London’s masterwork _________ is somewhat autobi ographical。
5。
______, the tragic hero of Moby Dick, burning with a baleful fire， becomes evil himself in his thirst to destroy evil。
6.Ezra Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the “________” movement.7.“The C ustom House" is an introductory note to the novel _______。
8.Among the works attacking the “American Dream”， __________by Fitzgerald is a powerful piece。
《英美文学选读》自考真题试题及答案解析卷面总分：100分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：50题一、单选题（共50题，共100分）1.( )is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th —century“stream—of —consciousness ”novels and the founder ofpsychological realism.• A.Theodore Dreiser• B.William Faulkner• C.Henry James• D.Mark Twain正确答案：C本题解析：亨利 . 詹姆斯是美国现实主义文学大师，他的作品往往涉及美国之外的主题，其作品的风格是“心理活动”。
被誉为20 世纪美国意识流文学的先驱。
2.Closely relate d to Dickinson ’s religious poetry are her poemsconcerning( ),ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.• A.love and nature• B.death and universe• C.death and immortality• D.family and happiness正确答案：C本题解析：迪金森的诗歌涉及宗教和爱情两方面，而其涉及宗教的诗歌往往是以死亡和永恒为主题的，3.considered( ) “the true father of our national literature ”.• A.Bret Harte• B.Mark Twain• C.Washington Irving• D.Walt Whitman正确答案：B本题解析：马克 . 吐温是美国文学巨匠，他以两部“历险记”创造可美国文学史上的一个奇迹，那就是开创了美国文学的一个新时代，所以将他誉为“真正的美国文学之父”。
