US military ranks

1.The following are the factors that contributed to the development of the US economy.●vast spate & resources of the land●hard work by the people●English as its language2.The USA ranks second in the export of rice in the world.3.The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monopoly. has a free-market economy with a dominated private sector. economy assumes all the following features:●private ownership●high degree of monopoly.●Flexible government involvement6.American occupies the leading positior in the modern technology:●atomic energy●computer●space elementary school usually covers grade 1—8 and high school 9-12.8.the New York Times ,the Washington Post , Wall Street Journal ,U.S.A Today and Los Angeles Times are the mostinfluential newspaper in USA.9.By daily circulation , Wall Street Journal ranks first.10.List the four categories of higher education institution :university ,college , 2-year community college , technicaltraining institutions.11.In US the first largest immigration moment took place at the turn of 20th century.12.The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Nethelands. Around the time of the AmericanRevolution,the American had the mixed blood of Europe and their descendants.13.President Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France and doubled the country’s territory. is known as a “melting pot” for its mixture of nationalities15.Blues was derived from a blend of field chartery and spiritual which is a form of hymn singing prevalent inAfrica-American christian churches.。

911事件英语作文篇一：关于9.11恐怖袭击的英语演讲短文中英文对照大约一个月前，美国总统奥巴马前往纽约，向9/11恐怖袭击的受害者致敬。

几天前，美军在巴基斯坦打死了基地组织头目本.拉登。

奥巴马在被摧毁的世界贸易中心大厦遗址献花环，并会见2001年基地组织袭击遇难者的亲属。

今年是针对美国的911袭击十周年。

这无疑是一个重要的新闻。

而之后，也门的基地组织领袖瓦锡什警告将向美国发动更多袭击，瓦锡什在网上公布的声明中对美国人说，拉登死亡后，“圣战的光芒更加耀眼”，“即将发生的事更加伟大，对美国人来说也更糟糕”。

我的观点，和平发展是当今世界的主题，我们应热爱和平，呼吁和平，打击恐怖主义，去创造一个美好的未来。

无疑，本拉登要为他所奉行的理念和因他而起的死亡和破坏负责。

但是更严重的问题还在现在正在进行的斗争中。

现在，谁将控制基地组织？对于基地组织来说，不论以何种目的，都不应该以无辜人的性命作为谈判的砝码。

唯一的希望是那些真正学习、了解并坚守自己的信仰的穆斯林能最终说服他们的兄弟姐妹不再用暴力解决问题。

我希望发达国家和中东稍微有一点和平。

About a month ago ,U.S. President Barack Obama traveled to New York to honor the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, days after U.S. forces killed al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. Mr. Obama was laid a wreath at the site of the destroyed World Trade Center buildings and met with relatives of those killed in the 2001 al-Qaida attacks.This year is the tenth anniversary of the attacks against the United States on September eleventh, two thousand one. This is undoubtedly an important and relaxing news.And then the leader of al-Qaida in Yemen is warning the United States of more attacks.In a statement posted on the Internet, Nasser al-Wahishi tells Americans that the “((holy war)) is brighterfollowing bin Laden's death and that "what is coming is greater and worse."In my opinion, Peace and development should be the topic of today's world, we should love peace,and call for peace, fight against terrorism, to gain a better future.There is no doubt that Osama bin Laden had to answer for the ideology he espoused and the death and destruction he reveledin. But serious questions remain in this ongoing fight. So now who, if anyone, will take control of al-Qaida?For al-qaida , regardless of what purpose should not take innocent people's lives as a negotiation of weights. The only hope is that Muslims who truly study, understand, and live their faith will eventually convince their brothers and sisters to give up on violence as a solution. ...I sure hope Developed countries are just a little closer to peace with the middle east.篇二：911英文写作Looking back and ahead, America remembers 9/11NEW YORK —Determined never to forget but perhaps ready to move on, the nation gently handed Sept. 11 over to history Sunday and etched its memory on a new generation. A stark memorial took its place where twin towers once stood, and the names of the lost resounded from children too young to remember terror from a decade ago.In New York, Washington and Pennsylvania, across the United States and the world, people carried out rituals now as familiar as they are heartbreaking: American flags unfurled at the new World Trade Center tower and the Eiffel Tower, and tears shed at the base of the Pentagon and a base in Iraq.President Barack Obama quoted the Bible and spoke of finding strength in fear. George W. Bush, still new to the presidency that day, invoked the national sacrifice of the Civil War. Vice President JoeBiden said hope must grow from tragedy.And Jessica Rhodes talked about her niece, Kathryn L. LaBorie, the lead flight attendant on the plane that hit the south tower. She remembered a radiant smile and infinite compassion, and suggested that now, 10 years on, it is time to turn a corner. "Although she may not ever be found, she will never ever be lost to her family and her friends,Rhodes said after she read a segment of the list of the dead at ground zero. "Today we honor her by letting go of the sadness over losing her and embracing the joy of having known her."It was the 10th time the nation has paused to remember a defining day. In doing so, it closed a decade that produced two wars, deep changes in national security, shifts in everyday life —and, months before it ended, the death at American hands of the elusive terrorist who masterminded the attack."These past 10 years tell a story of resilience,Obama said at a memorial concert at the Kennedy Center after he visited all three attack sites."It will be said of us that we kept that faith; that we took a painful blow, and emerged stronger,he said.The anniversary took place under heightened security. In New York and Washington especially, authorities were on alert. Ahead ofthe anniversary, the federal governmentwarned those cities of a tip about a possible car-bomb plot. Police searched trucks in New York, and streets near the trade center were blocked. To walk within blocks of the site, people had to go through checkpoints.The names of the fallen —2,983 of them, including all the victims from the three Sept. 11 attack sites and six people who died when terrorists set off a truck bomb under the towers in 1993 —echoed across a place utterly transformed.In the exact footprints of the two towers was a stately memorial, two great, weeping waterfalls, unveiled for the first time and, at least on the first day, open only to the relatives of the victims. Around the square perimeter of each were bronze parapets, etched with names.Some of the relatives were dressed in funereal suits and others in fire department T-shirts. They traced the names with pencils and paper, and some left pictures or flowers, fitting the stems into the recessed lettering.At the south tower pool, an acre in area and 30 feet deep, Mary Dwyer, of Brooklyn, remembered her sister, Lucy Fishman, who worked for Aon Corp., an insurance company that occupied seven floors near the very top."It's the closest I'll ever get to her again,she said. One Sept. 11 relative pronounced the memorial breathtaking. An underground section and a museum won't open until next year, but for many of the families, the names were enough."It breaks me up,said David Martinez, who watched the attacks happen from his office in Manhattan, and later learned that he had lost a cousin and a brother, one in each tower.At memorial services, people talked of grief and loss and war and justice. But they also talked of moving forward."Every year it becomes more significant,Barbara Gorman said at a service for the Port Authority dead, which included 37 police officers, one of them her husband, Thomas. "My kids are 25, 21, 18. They understand now. It's not so much a tragedy anymore as history, the history of our country."In the decade between then and now, children have grown. The second-graders who were with Bush on the morning of Sept. 11, 2001, will graduate high school next spring.And children who were in the cradle or the womb on that day are old enough to read names at the anniversary, old enough to bear the full burden of their grief."You will always be my hero,Patricia Smith, 12, said of her mother.Nicholas Gorki remembered his father, "who I never met because I was in my mother's belly. I love you, Father. You gave me the gift of life, and I wish you could be here to enjoy it with me."Alex Zangrilli said: "Dad, I wish you were here with me to give me advice, to be on the sidelines when I play sports like all the other dads. ... I wish we had more time together."Madeline Hoffman smiled as she said to her father: "Everyone always tells me I look and act just like you.And Caitlin Roy, whose father was a firefighter, said: "I want to thank you for the nine years you spent as my dad. They were short but not without their benefits. We're taken care of now. We're happy."Obama, standing behind bulletproof glass and in front of the white oak trees of the memorial, read a Bible passage after a moment of silence at 8:46 a.m., when the first jetliner slammed into the north tower 10 years ago.The president, quoting Psalm 46, invoked the presence of God as an inspiration to endure: "Therefore, we will not fear, even though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea."Obama and Bush, joined by their wives, walked up to one of thepools and put their hands to some of the names. Bush later read from a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a mother believed to have lost five sons in the Civil War: "I pray that our heavenly father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement."In a ceremony at the Pentagon, Biden paid tribute to "the 9/11 generation of warriors."Never before in our history has America asked so much over such a sustained period of an all-volunteer force,he said. "So I can say without fear of contradiction or being accused of exaggeration, the 9/11 generation ranks among the greatest our nation has ever produced, and it was born —it was born —it was born right here on 9/11."Defense Secretary Leon Panetta paid tribute to 6,200 members of the U.S. military who have died in the Iraq and Afghan wars. One hundred eighty-four people died at the Pentagon.In Shanksville, Pa., a choir sang at the Flight 93 National Memorial, and a crowd of 5,000 listened to a reading of the names of 40 passengers and crew killed aboard the fourth jetliner hijacked that day a decade ago. Obama and his wife traveled to the Pennsylvania town after their visit to New York and placed a wreath at the memorial. During the president's visit, members of the crowd chanted, "USA! USA!One man called out: "Thanks forgetting bin Laden!It was the first anniversary observance since al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan in May.In a brief scare, two military aircraft escorted a New York-bound American Airlines flight from Los Angeles. Three passengers made repeated trips to the bathroom and some people thought they were using hand signals to communicate, but the men werecleared and sent on their way, said a law enforcement official who was not authorized to speak publicly and spoke on condition of anonymity. The official said earlier reports that the men had locked themselves in the bathroom were incorrect.Fighter jets also shadowed a Denver-to-Detroit Frontier Airlines flight after the crew reported that two people were spending an unusual amount of time in the bathroom. The FBI said a search of the plane turned up nothing and three passengers were questioned and released."Due to the anniversary of Sept. 11, all precautions were taken, and any slightinconsistency was taken seriously,said Sandra Berchtold, an FBI spokeswoman in Detroit.For the most part, in New York, away from the trade center, it was a pleasantSeptember Sunday. People had brunch outdoors. Bicycles crowded the paths along the Hudson River. Families strolled around. Sailboats caught a river breeze and drifted past the dock where emergency vessels evacuated trade center survivors.Elsewhere in the nation, it was a day not to bring life to a stop, as it was 10 years ago, but to pause and reflect.Outside FedEx Field in Landover, Md., fans got ready for the first Sunday of the NFL season, the Redskins and Giants, Washington and New York. There was extra security at the stadium. Scott Millar, a Redskins season ticket-holder, used the logic of post-Sept. 11 America in deciding to go to the game."You've got to trust the security. You've got to trust the people who are here to protect you,he said. "We're here to have a good time."In southwest Missouri, where 160 people died in May in the nation's deadliest tornado in six decades, New York firefighters and ground zero construction workers joined survivors in a tribute to the victims of Sept. 11.The New York contingent brought a 20-by-30-foot American flag recovered a decade ago from a building near the trade center. Survivors of a Greensburg, Kan., tornado began repairing the flag in2008, using remnants of flags from their town. The final stitches are being made in Joplin, Mo., and then the flag will go to the National 9/11 Memorial Museum. Missouri is the last stop on a 50-state tour to promote national unity and volunteerism."We're so far away from the World Trade Center,said Christy Miller, who brought her mother and two children to the Joplin tribute. "But it doesn't matter how far away you are."Some observed the day as a time to serve. Thousands cleaned parks, renovatedcommunity centers and gave blood as they did in the days after the 2001 attacks. Some said they were trying to reclaim good will that they said has been lost amid political rancor and economic fear. "As unfortunate as it was, it seemed like it put us all back into the frame of mind that life wasn't just about me,said Yvette Windham, who joined 200 people to build seven new homes in a Nashville, Tenn., neighborhood.The world offered gestures large and small. The Colosseum in Rome, rarely lit up,glowed in solidarity. Pope Benedict XVI encouraged people to resist "temptation toward hatredand focus on justice and peace. Taps sounded in Belgium and in Bagram, Afghanistan. InMadrid, they planted 10 American oak trees in a park, led by a prince. And in Malaysia, Pathmawathy Navaratnam woke up Sunday in her suburban Kuala Lumpur home and did what she's done every day for the past decade —say "good morningto her son, Vijayashanker Paramsothy, who was killed in New York on Sept. 11, 2001."He is my sunshine. He has lived life to the fullest, but I can't accept that he is not here anymore,Navaratnam said. "I am still living, but I am dead inside."The Taliban marked the anniversary by vowing to keep fighting against U.S. forces in Afghanistan, insisting that they had no role in the Sept. 11 attacks. They railed against "American colonialismand said Afghans have "endless staminafor war.篇三：修辞分析~布什在911事件后的演讲中英文对照布什在911事件后的演讲Good evening.晚上好，Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices. Secretaries, business men and women, military and federal workers. Moms and dads. Friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenlyended by evil, despicable acts of terror.今天，我们的同胞、我们的生活及我们珍视的自由受到了恐怖主义分子的蓄意攻击。

Terra Cotta Warriors and HorsesThe figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots and horses. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits near by Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum.[1] Other terracotta non-military figures were also found in other pits and they include officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians.Terra Cotta Warriors is divided into 11 kinds：the general warriors, car warriors and driver, shoot warriors(standing), shoot warriors(kneeling),warrior figure, cavalry warriors, the horse warriors, weapon warriors.Recently an interesting phenomenon has been discovered: the looks of terracotta warriors unearthed from the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shi Huang closely resemble those of modern Chinese people. Examined closely, almost every facial variation of modern Chinese man can be found amongst the warrior figures. Out of great astonishment, some people may guess the artisans practiced divination, by which they could predict the appearance of Chinese people living over 2,000 years later.Experts don't agree by holding that the accidental discovery contains inevitability. The plastic art of terracotta warrior basically covers all Chinese people's facial shapes, which can be classified into eight types similar to the strokes of certain Chinese characters. Observe carefully, and you will find the face shapes of terracotta warriors are no more than these eight types.'国' shape-face: characterized by rectangle face, high cheekbone, wide forehead and cheek. '用' shape-face: marked by oblong face and flat cheek and chin. '目' shape-face: narrow and long face with small features. '田' shape-face: near square shape. '甲' shape-face: wide top and narrow bottom, like the shape of a melon seed. '由' shape-face: long face with narrow forehead and wide chin. '申' shape-face: wide cheekbone and narrow ends of the face, and oval face. Besides grasping the characteristics of these eight face shapes, the Qin's artisans also learned that different face shapes should match with unlike facial features. For example, the plump '由' shape-face matches with small eyes, nose and mouth.Qin artisans were skilled at using tiny details to express different characters and mental states. A person's temperament is often seen in his eyes, which is no exception to the Qin Terracotta Warriors. A canny warrior is recognized by his graceful eyebrow and eyes, a brave soldier's eyes are wide and staring, while asimple and honest soldier often has big head, wide face, bushy eyebrows and big eyes.All the eyeballs of the Qin Terracotta Warriors are simple a convex shapes. Eyes are regarded as the window to a man's heart so the artisans carved different eyes to represent the "inner world" of the different soldiers. Some soldiers have squinty eyes and a tender smile to show their confidence to win the war; some soldiers have eyes wide open in a fury, filled with hate toward their enemies; and some soldiers are looking down, shy and quiet. The soldiers looking forward have their eyeballs in the center of the eyelids, and those who looking up have the eyeballs titled up slightly. Also, the eyes of the Qin Terracotta Warriors depict a single eye-lid, which accurately represents the features of the eyes of the Qin people.On seeing the terracotta warrior figures, we could not help praising their lifelike appearance, reflecting the deep and thorough observation on life of the artisans living in the Qin Dynasty. The wisdom of the ancient Chinese people is embodied in this magnificent group of terracotta warriors.Among the 1,500 terracotta warrior figures of the Terracotta Army, stands a unique green-faced soldier. Discovered in Pit No.2 in 1999, this unusual figure greatly aroused the curiosity and interest of archaeologists everywhere.The whole body of this figure was painted in color and the paint on the face still remains. The white part of the eye ball and black pupil are still very clearly visible. The figure's face, neck and ears were painted light green, which marks him out as very different to the other pink faced terracotta warriors. The eyebrows and beard are black, the hair band is scarlet, and the hair bun and the hair are painted ochre.This difference led to a heated debate among archaeologists as to the reason why he was painted in this way. Some experts believe that it was done completely by mistake, guessing the figure's creator must have been color blind. Others refute this by pointing out that the strict management rules of the Qin Dynasty would not allow a product which did not conform to the specification to be buried in the mausoleum. Some experts believe that the warrior's green face was intended to frighten enemies, however all of these statements are lacking in scientific evidence.It is interesting to note that the ancient Chinese viewed the color green as symbolic of youthfulness and vibrancy. Based on this knowledge, some experts assert that the green-faced terracotta warrior could have been placed there to demonstrate the braveness of all the soldiers and the power of the army in battle.Qin Officer's DressingIn the Qin Dynasty, the ranks of officers can be recognized by their dressings. The terracotta general wears a dual long jacket, a dark purple crest hat, a long pant, a thigh protector, a pair of boots with square opening tipping and uniform head, and covered with a colorful armor, looking grand and awe-inspiring. The middle-level officer has two kinds of dressing. The first kind includes a long jacket, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head, chest plate trimmed with colorful lace and a double long hat. The second kind includes a high collar gown clasped on the right side, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head and covered a piece of armor with smooth edge and colorful lace. The junior officer wears a long jacket, a piece of armor, a long hat, a pair of shallow shoes and a thigh protector. Also there are a few junior officers do not wear armors. They fight in light equipment.Qin Soldier's DressingThe heavy infantries of the Qin terracotta warriors have three kinds of dressing. The first kind includes a long jacket, a pair of shorts, and a pair of shallow shoes, and combed a tight roll of hair at the right side of the head, assembled with leggings and has armor on the back. The second kind is similar to the first one except the soldiers have a red handkerchief on the head. The third kind of soldier's dressing is same to the second one, but the soldiers belong to this group combs flat bobs on the back of the heads instead of wearing handkerchiefs.The cavalries wear Hu dress ("Hu" refers to the northern minorities living in the northwestern part of ancient China, unlike the loose clothes wore by the people living in the central China, Hu dress is tight which is easy for horse racing and archery), waist-length armors and round small hats. They hold the bow and arrow in one hand, with the reins in the other hand. The drivers of chariots dress in two ways. Some wear long jackets, armors, long hats, shallow shoes and armed with leggings. The other kind of dressing provides strict protection to the body which is reflected in the square plates protecting the neck, and the plates cover the two arms to connect with hand guards.Acrobatics Figures (Baixi Yong)In the spring in 1999, the archaeologists at the Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang discovered an accessory pit between the inner and outer city of the mausoleum. In the nine newly excavated pits, they found eleven color-painted acrobatics figures and the utensils they used for performance such as Ding (tripod), spears and pottery basins.These acrobatics figures, though being crushed into pieces, are recognizable on the whole. At present, three pieces have been repaired and marked No.1, No.3 and No.5. They are naked from the waist up and wear thick short skirts. Their faces were painted light pink. It is believed that they are probably the acrobats who played wrestling, weight lifting, dancing and other performances.The No.1 acrobatics figure stands at attention, measuring 5.7 feet tall. Its lefthand holds the right wrist and the arms crossed before the belly. The No.3 acrobat is tough and brave. Measuring 6.2 feet tall, it has strong muscles on the chest and arms, the belly slightly bulged, the right arm lifts uplifted, the left thumb put into the waist belt, the left leg bent forward and the right foot steps on the floor heavily. The No.5 acrobat is the strongest and tallest one. It is about 6.6 feet tall. The two hands put across the belly. There is a trail of a cylindrical thing between the left arm and left ribs. It is supposed to be a long wooden column, but was decayed through years.These acrobatics figures are different from those severe-looking terracotta warriors in gestures, dressings and expressions. The discovery of these figures adds a new group to the Qin terracotta warriors; shows us the colorful acrobatical art and the entertainment culture in the Qin royal court.Arose from the primitive society, Baixi was prospered in the Qin and Han dynasties. It refers to the theatricals and variety shows including pole climbing, wrestling dance, sword-swallowing and tripod lifting, among which the tripod lifting is the most welcomed one. The men of giant strength competed in lifting up the heaviest tripod. During this excavation work, a copper tripod was also unearthed. It weights about 467 pounds, which is the heaviest copper tripod discovered in the Qin Mausoleum by far.What's more, on the side palace of the Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, experts discovered a stone dice called Shiboqiong similar to today's dice but with 14 sides. Each side was carved with one character or a number. It is believed that the dice was a play thing of the Emperor Qin Shihuang. But how to play it and how the 14 sides developed into today's six sides, remains unknown The Terra Cotta Warriors Pits have unearthed large amounts of bronze weapons which include swords, spears, scimitars, billhooks, halberds, arrowheads and crossbows. Despite being buried for over two thousand years, these military weapons still glitter and their edges are as sharp as of old. This miracle reflects the high level of metallurgical technology of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).Experts have found many reasons to explain the Qin Army's formidable might, including strict military systems, a well-disciplined army and wise tactics in fighting. But one important factor that should not be ignored is their highly advanced military equipment including the following:Sword: Jian in Chinese. The sword is the king of short weapons. In fighting, the sword is used to stab the enemy. The over 20 pieces of bronze swords unearthed in Pit 1 and Pit 2 are smooth and sharp in the color of yellow gray. The body parts were finely filed and polished, making the swords as bright as new.Comparatively, Qin swords were molded longer than the ones in other states. It is because the longer the sword is, the easier it is to stab the enemy.But the bronze swords unearthed in the Qin terracotta warriors pit were not the best precious swords in the Qin Dynasty. The bronze sword hung on the officer warrior in the bronze chariot measures 60 cm, but if enlarged to the actual size, it measures as long as 120 cm, not to mention the length of the precious sword wore by the Emperor Qin Shi Huang.Spear: Mao in Chinese. The bronze spears unearthed in theCrossbow: Nu in Chinese. Compared to the bow, the crossbow takes more Arrowhead:Dagger-Axe: Known as Ge in Chinese, the dagger-axe is a pointed weapon。

Historians rank Lincoln best US presidentDays after celebrations honoring his bicentennial, Abraham Lincoln kept his rank as best US president, according to a survey of 65 historians that landed George W. Bush 36th out of 42 overall.Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865), the first US president George Washington (1789-1797) and New Deal architect Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) were ranked the top three out of the 42 men who have been the country's former chiefs, according to a survey by cable channel C-SPAN.John F. Kennedy came in sixth, ahead of Ronald Reagan (10th) and Bill Clinton, who jumped to 15th from 21st during the last survey in 2000, when Lincoln also ranked first.Of all modern presidents, Bush, who left office last month after an eight-year tenure, fared worst at 36th, nearly 10 spots behind Richard Nixon (27th), who was forced to resign in disgrace in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal.Bush scored lowest in international relations, where he ranked 41st, and in economic management, where he placed 40th. His best ranking was 24th, in having "pursued equal justice for all." He placed 25th in crisis leadership, and for his vision and agenda setting.Reagan faired well in public persuasion, where he was propelled to third spot, from his 10th place overall.Bill Clinton also received accolades for his public persuasion, landing a 10th spot in that category, up from 15th overall.But presidential historians were critical of the last Democratic president's moral authority, placing him 37th, ahead of Richard Nixon (41st), but behind Bush (35th).Jimmy Carter fell from 22nd to 25th overall, and many other presidents moved positions. The fluidity of perceptions of past presidents reflects contemporary concerns, according to Edna Medford, a survey leader and participant."Today's concerns shape our views of the past, be it in the area of foreign policy, managing the economy or human rights," she said in a statement.Presidents James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce and William Henry Harrison ranked worst overall.在美国纪念已故前总统亚伯拉罕林肯诞⾠两百周年之际，⼀项对65位历史学家开展的调查显⽰，在美国历任42位总统中，林肯被认为是最出⾊的总统，⽽⼩布什则仅排在第36位。

2023-2024学年江苏省南京外国语学校高三上学期期中考试英语试题Student Volunteering: Project Coordinator (协调员) vacanciesWould you like to make a real difference to your local community? Becoming a Project Coordinator could be the role for you! We’re currently looking for our next set of volunteer Project Coordinators for the 2023—2024 academic year. Project Coordinators work with a team of students to run a project with support from the Volunteering and Mentoring Team. This year we are looking for teams to lead the following projects:▪Chester Student Dog Walking Project—walking dogs for members of the community who would struggle to do so themselves for health reasons▪Chester Healthy Eating Workshops—healthy cooking workshops for people who have experienced homelessness▪Welly Wednesdays—one-off conservation activities that benefit the environment like tree planting and hedge laying▪Get Talking—students raising awareness, fundraising and talking about issues that can affect students, helping to open dialogue about serious topics and reduce stigma (污名)▪inCredible—students helping young people to identify what is credible information and reduce the spread of fake news▪Dementia Café—a monthly café in Time Square, Warrington for people and families affected by dementia (痴呆) to come together and connect with othersInterested in running any of these projects? Find the role descriptions and application forms on the Volunteer Hub. Email ***********************.uk with any questions or with your completed application form. The deadline to apply is Thursday, April 20.1. Who can become a Project Coordinator?A．A cooperative and well- organized clerk. B．Students eager to give back to society.C．A well-informed communication expert. D．People struggling against healthproblems.2. Which project would you apply for if you want to go green?A．Chester Healthy Eating Workshops. B．Welly Wednesdays.C．inCredible. D．Dementia Café.3. What should you do to submit your application?A．Learn the role descriptions by heart. B．Raise your tips about volunteering.C．Upload it on the Volunteer Hub. D．Email ***********************.uk .Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone cannot make us tired. It sounds absurd. But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a state of fatigue(疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we could find it full of fatigue toxins and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what make us tired?Some scientists declared that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional attitudes. One of England’s most all standing scientists, J.A. Hadfield, says,“ The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, A famous American scientist g oes even further. He declares,“ One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in a good health is due to emotional problems”.What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No. A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated—those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.4. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?A．Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood.B．Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work.C．The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.D．A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.5. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?A．Unpleasant emotions. B．Challenging mental work.C．Endless tasks D．Physical labor.6. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to ______.A．have some good food B．discover fatigue toxinsC．exercise regularly D．enjoy their work7. What is the best title for this passage?A．How long can our brain work? B．Why is our brain tired from work?C．Can we work like Albert Einstein? D．When should we take a break in work?Most of us trust our doctors even when they hand us a prescription for a drug we can’t pronounce. But natural, holistic (整体的) products are fully in vogue nowadays, and the Internet has created a way for non-experts to become as or more informed as their general practitioner when it comes toobscure treatment methods. “People are now more willing to take their health and wellness into their own hands,” says Danielle Hardee, a wellness advocate for Do TERRA International.Oddly enough, until fairly recently, Hardee was not one of those people. Her first experience with essential oils came in treating her pet bulldog. After seeking suggestions for the sickly pet on Facebook, a fellow fosterer told Hardee about certain oils she could try applyi ng to the animal’s skin. Pairing her curiosity with healthy skepticism, Hardee dove deep into researching the safety of the oils. “I was very happy with everything I found,” she says. “I started not just using them on the foster dog, but also our son, who needed the benefits of the respiratory support.” While the dog’s recovery was soon apparent, the benefits for her son were almost immediate.The oils in question are considered “essential” not due to any proven vitality, but because they contain the essence of the plants from which they are extracted. Peppermint, lavender and citruses are among the most common on the market today, but numerous essential oils have been in use for several centuries.After seeing how beneficial the concentrated liquids were to both the two-legged and four-legged members of her family, Hardee soon found herself teaching essential oil classes. “It became something I felt so strongly about, I had to share it,” she says. The classes quickly grew in size and geographical span and Hardee soon became an advocate for doTERRA International, a natural nutrition and wellness company.As growing popularity pushes essential oils into the broader market, Hardee recommends curious customers proceed with caution concerning quality and purity. Hardee believes the effects of quality oils will be the evidence that helps them prevail. “I’m not a holistic health guru (专家),” she emphasizes. “I’m just seeing it with my own eyes.”8. Why did Hardee begin to support do TERRA International?A．Her essential oil classes quickly grew. B．She learned treatment methods onFacebook.C．Her family benefited from the essentialoil.D．She felt strongly about the essential oil. 9. Why are those oils considered ”essential“?A．Because they are used to save people’s lives. B．Because they are taken from the essence of plants.C．Because they are essential to patients’ recovery. D．Because they are proven to be useful and energetic.10. What makes natural, holistic products popular according to Hardee?A．The internet which has created a way for them to be known.B．The effects of the products people can see with their own eyes.C．The curiosity people have about quality products.D．The determination of people to control their own health.11. What is Hardee’s suggesti on for curious customers?A．They should buy those good and pure oils. B．They should choose any popular oil product.C．They should start their own essential oil class. D．They should question the effects of the oils at times.On June 6th Columbia University announced that it will no longer co-operate with US News & World Report’s undergraduate rankings. It is the first top-notch institution to do so. Might its departure be the start of a mass departure?Columbia’s decision follows a rankings scandal last year. In February 2022 one of Columbia’s own maths professors accused the college of fudging its data in several areas. The university later admitted to having used “outdated and/or incorrect methodologies”.In the 1980s prospective students started to expand their college search beyond their local area, and it was hard to learn about universities and compare them. Hence, US News began ranking America’s top universities in 1983, and has released its findings annually since 1988.Colleges have gone to great lengths to move up in the ratings. Richard Freeland, Northeastern University’s former president, capped class sizes and hired faculty to improve its spot; it moved from 127th in 2003 to 44th this year. Others went too far. A dean at Temple Universit y’s business school was sentenced to prison and was ordered to pay a $250,000 fine after being found guilty of fraud in relation to artificially inflating his programme’s rankings.The ranking system used to seem unstoppable. Universities have tried to ditch it before, only to find that doing so can backfire badly. US News still ranks non-participating universities, using publicly available information, and the data often do not go in their favour. Reed College, a liberal-arts college, stopped taking part in 1995. It tumbled from the top quartile to the bottom. Columbia did not submit data for this year’s analysis, citing concerns about Dr Thaddeus’s claims, and its ranking fell from second in 2021-22 (tied with Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to 18th in 2022-23 (tied with the University of Notre Dame).Recently the mood has begun to change, however, especially among graduate schools. In 2022, of the 15 highest-ranked law schools, only the University of Chicago submitted data. Some undergraduate schools have already opted out this year (Rhode Island School of Design, Colorado College, Stillman College), but none are as prestigious as Columbia.In May US News announced changes to its ranking methodology. It is moving away from metrics that rely on reputation and towards student outcomes. One way or another, the rankings—and universities more broadly—are in a state of constant change.12. What is true about the US News undergraduate rankings?A．It faked the information for the ratings. B．It filled an information gap at one time.C．It promoted the quality of higher education. D．It has been released every year for 40 years.13. If a college does not cooperate with US News, ______.A．it will be ordered to pay a fine B．it will be excluded from the listC．its ranking will suffer consequently D．its spot in the ranking won’t be affected 14. The underlined word “capped” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.A．limited B．increased C．inflated D．maintained15. It can be inferred from the passage that US News undergraduate rankings may focus more on______ in the future.A．scores given by former students B．donations from all walks of lifeC．evaluations from other colleges D．earnings for college graduatesIn China under imperial rule, National Day was a celebration of the Emperor’s birthday or his rise to the throne. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the formation of the People’s Republic of China. 16 The holiday is held annually in Hong Kong, Macau, and mainland China.The first seven days of October are referred to as the Golden Week. This is a time of travel and leisure that is celebrated differently in various parts of China. People in cities often travel to rural areas to relax and enjoy the quiet surroundings. People from urban areas also travel to other cities throughout China to take part in celebrations. 17 Each year, a large National Day celebration is held in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square.Beijing’s National Day festivals are filled with military performan ces, food vendors, live music, and various other activities. In Beijing and other cities, musical and dance concerts are held to celebrate National Day. Crafts, painting, and a range of other activities can be enjoyed by people of various ages.18 This fireworks show is approved by the Chinese government and some of the highest quality rockets and explosives are used to fill the sky with sparkling colors of gold and red.In addition to patriotic celebrations, National Day in China is also a time for people to enjoy being with their families. Family members of all ages will often use this as an opportunity to travel to a central location to reconnect after months of working. 19Although National Day is entered around patriotism and China’s history, Nation al Day is also a time of shopping. 20 So people should put a bit of money to the side and use this as an opportunity to purchase some of the things that have been on their wish lists for a while.Dorothy Casterline was an American researcher, writer and poet. It took decades for her contributions to deaf culture to be ______. In 1965, the deaf linguist worked with two others to______ the first dictionary of American Sign Language. Their Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles ______ ASL as a distinct language with its own syntax (句法), and organized signs by hand movement rather than ______ order. The book was met with ______ among linguists, who saw ASL as ______ a gestural branch of English, and it wasn’t until the 1980s that Casterline was ______ with helping create deaf cultural identity. “We were ______ think of ASL as a picture language,” she said. ”Seeing these ________ symbols for the first time can be discou raging.“Born in Honolulu to Japanese-American parents, Casterline lost her hearing in her teens ______ illness. She studied English at Gallaudet University, a school for the deaf, and graduated with honors in 1958. She then joined the school’s English fac ulty the first person of color on ______ and became a researcher at the linguistics lab, transcribing thousands of hours of interviews to compile the ASL dictionary. The work became a ______, and she toiled “late into the night and on weekends, sometimes w ith her newborn son in one arm,” said The New York Times.After the book was done, Casterline left academia to raise her children. Last year, Gallaudet awarded her an honorary doctorate in recognition of work that ______ “a renaissance in the history of th e deaf community,” said . She remained ______ of the book, saying she wrote it “to show that deaf people can be studied as linguistic and cultural communities, and not only as______.”21.A．restored B．remembered C．received D．recognized22.A．translate B．purchase C．develop D．consult23.A．presented B．labelled C．transformed D．defined24.A．direct B．spatial C．random D．alphabetical25.A．approval B．skepticism C．laughter D．success26.A．absolutely B．completely C．merely D．barely27.A．credited B．burdened C．rewarded D．charged28.A．led to B．conditioned to C．bound to D．appointed to 29.A．interesting B．unique C．impressive D．strange30.A．in B．with C．from D．of31.A．duty B．staff C．board D．business32.A．passion B．torture C．dream D．routine33.A．passed B．shot C．halted D．sparked34.A．sure B．optimistic C．conscious D．proud35.A．examples B．victims C．wastes D．members语法填空The once-isolated village of Xiazhuang, 36 (locate) in the mountainous Wushan county of Chongqing today attracts a steady stream of visitors 37 are keen to take in the area’s breathtaking natural beauty and sample the local specialties.The village’s 38 (transform) began in 1997, when residents rallied under the leadership of Mao Xianglin, Party secretary of Xiazhuang, 39 (build) an 8-kilometer road 40 (pass) the surrounding sheer cliffs that made access to the outside world extremely difficult.The project took seven years and six people died 41 building the road, but 42 its completion a new world of possibilities opened up.The village didn’t waste its newfound access and built more infrastructure to make life 43 (easy) for residents and attract curious visitors from outside.In 2021, the village achieved 44 significant milestone, generating 1 million yuan ($137,000) in revenue from citrus sales. Mao Xianglin is proud of the change. He said that it was his dream to lift his community out of poverty and pave the way for prosperity, and that dream 45 (become) a reality.46. 假如你是主席李华，暑假在伦敦学习，得知当地博物馆要举办中国瓷器展(an exhibition of Chinese ceramics)。

UNIT31.Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution? The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.2. Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of Europe?The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.3. The following were the main Reformation leaders exceptMartin Luther King4. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism exceptsalvation through the church.5. Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism?separation of state and church.6. Lord Baltimore's feudal plan failed becausethe English king did not like the plan.7. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic exceptWilliam Penn.8. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly fromJohn Locke.9. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism?Catholics.10. "No taxation without representation" was the rallying cry of “the people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution.UNIT41. Which of the following statements was NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over, the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined.2. According to the author, the Articles of Confederation failed because of the following reasons. Which is not true?Some new states wanted to be free from the Union.3. Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention?Rhode Island.4. Which of the following statements was NOT correct? When the Constitution was written,t here was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.5. Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes? The legislative.6.Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?The president can make laws.7. The Bill of Rights consists of10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791.8. Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?The freedom of searching a person's home by police.9. The following were NOT written into the Constitution in 1787 exceptthe powers of the president.10. The New Deal was started byFranklin Roosevelt.UNIT 51. The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill in Pawtucket, in the state of Rhode Island.2. The “American system” of mass production was first used in United States.firearms industry3. The United States had the first standard paper currency in 1863.4. In which year was the United States rated NO.1 in terms of production capacity in the world? 19455. Which of the following is NOT considered as part of the service industry?Steelmaking6. The United States was rated forth in the world in terms of land area and the size of population.7. The United States produces as much as half of the world’ssoybeans and corn.8. Which of the following is generally considered as an important institutional factor that contributed to the success of American business and industry?Laissez-faire9. Who has extolled the virtues of farmers?Thomas Jefferson10. The latest technology that farmers have adopted iscomputersUNIT61. Which of the following was NOT a Protestant denomination?The Catholics2. Which of the following is unconstitutional in the United States?Public money is provided to support religious schools.3. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the three basic religious beliefs?Islamic4. Which of the following is true?Liberal Protestants and Jews join non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right for women,5. Which of the following continues to have an all-male clergy?The Catholic Church6. Which of the following features is NOT distinctively American?There has been very much concentration on doctrine or religious argument in the US.7. In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except for finding a job in society.8. Which of the following statement is NOT correct according to the author?Protestant Church is an established church by law in the US.UNIT 71. Which of the following was a writer of the post-Revolutionary period?Washington Irving2. Which of the following is considered an American masterpiece?Moby Dick3. Which of the following was written by Henry David Thoreau?Walden4. Whitman’s poetry has the following characteristics exceptfragmented haunting images5. Mark Twain’s work are characterized by the following exceptegotism6. Three of the following are characteristics of Emily Dickinson’s poems. Which one is NOT? Her poems are very long and powerful.7. Henry James was mainly interested in writing about American living in Europe.8. Sherwood Anderson is NOT included in the group of naturalists.9. Three of the following authors are Noble Prize winners. Which one is NOT?F.Scott Fitzgerald.10. John Steinbeck does NOT belong to the ‘Lost Generation’.11. Lig ht in August was NOT written by Hemingway.12. Which of the following is NOT an African-American author?Alan Ginsberg13. The following author were women writers who wrote novels in the 19th and early 20th century with the exception ofWilla Cather14. The following writers represent new American voices exceptT.S.Eliot15. Among the following Native American writers, whose publications are regarded as sparking the beginning of the Native American Renaissance?Scott Momaday’sUNIT 81.Which of the following subjects are NOT offered to elementary school students?Politics and business education.2. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by _______.boards of education3. In the United States school systems, which of the following divisions is true?Elementary school, secondary school.4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in American higher education?Research institutions5. Three of the following factors have contributed to the flourishing of large universities in America, which is the exception?Large universities offer scholarships to all students.6. The most important reason for students wanting to get into more desirable institutions because they find it easy for them to get jobs after having graduated from one of them7. In order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the following requirements except that _______.they pass the college entrance examinations8. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthy benefactors. Which is the exception?The State University of New York9. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources of income except _______. Investment10. To get a bachelor's degree, an undergraduate student is required to do the following except taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophyUNIT 91. Black American sang the anthem of the civil rights movement, ______affirming their commitment to fight racial prejudice.We Shall Overcome!2. The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan.3. The reason why many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960s was thatthey resented traditional white male values in US society4. In addition to such tactics as sit-ins, young students also added ______to educate people about war in Vietnam.Teach-in5. According to the author, three civil rights groups provided the leadership, the tactics, and the people to fight against Southern segregation. Which is the exception?The students for a democratic society6. A historic moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28, 1963 when ______delivered his “I Have a Dream”Martin Luther King, Jr.7. In January 1965, President Johnson declared “_______”to eliminate poverty “by opening to everyone the opportunity to live in decency and dignity.”War on poverty8. Unlike Martin Luther King, _______the chief spokesperson of Black Muslins advocated violence in self defense and black pride.Malcolm X9.During the early stages of the civil rights movement, the major integration strategy initiated by the Congress of Racial Equality was known as _____to integrate interstate buses and bus station in the South.Freedom rides10. Due to his firm belief in nonviolent peaceful protest in the spirit of India’s leader Gandhi, _______was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1964.Martin Luther King,Jr.11. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal in life was called____the Hippies12. In the 1960s, feminism was reborn. Many women were dissatisfied with their lives, and in 1963, with the publication of _______by _________, they found a voice.The Feminine Mystique, Betty FriedanUNIT 101. Which of the following statement is NOT true about blacks after the 1960s?Blacks felt that they could be fully integrated into the mainstream of American life.2. the main factor contributing to the widening income gap between blacks and whites in the 1970s was _____black had low position and low pay in the workplace hierarchy3. Which of the following is NOT the reason for the higher arrest rates among minority groups? The aggressive nature of these groups.4. Which of the following does NOT belong to the white-collar crime?Robbery5. Which of the following statement is NOT true?The Northern states did not have racial discrimination.6. Accoding to the text, which of the following is NOT a dysfunction caused by drug abuse? Drug abuse is a major cause of unemployment.7. If white-collar crimes were included in the Crime Index, the profile of a typical criminal in the United States would be the following EXCEPTliving near city centers8. Which of the following used human beings as guinea pigs to test drugs like LSD?The CIAUNIT111. When did the word stereotype come into use in English?Early 17th century2. Which organization in the United States demonstrated strongly against any laws that might restrict gun ownership?The NRA (national Rifle Association)3. Which of the following websites are meant to cater to young tastes?Facebook4. Who was the author of the popular play The Melting Pot which was associated with life in America since the late 18th century?Israel Zangwill5. What was the major historical event that resulted in the separation of the Protestants from the Roman Catholic Church?The 16th-century Reformation6. Which of the following expressions represents the core value of the mainstream society in the USA?Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.7. Which of the following was President Franklin D.Roosevelt’s main concern?Social justice8. According to the author, the mosaic metaphor for American image has one fatal flaw. What is it?American is not open to change .9.The internet has several characteristics that reflect life in the USA today. Which one is NOT? People can freely download MP3 music10. Which of the following institution is responsible for the making of the Internet?The US military11. Free use of the Internet in the US responds to the basic American values, except that _____it doesn’t help create material wealth.12. Which of the following helps theorize the concept of Fraternity? Karl Marx。