国际商法(合同法)解析
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国际商法案例分析合同法(一)案例一、我某进出口公司向美国一厂商发出要约.出售芝麻制品一批,限对方在5 月底以前答复有效,5 月10 日我公司接该厂商电传,称“你5 月8日电悉,报价太高无法接受,请考虑降低价格”。
半月后芝麻制品的市价明显上涨。
5 月26 日.该商再次发来电传:“你5 月8 日电接受,我方将开出信用证”.对此,我公司也已悉芝麻制品行市看好,以高价卖给他人。
1.我公司是否违约?为什么?2.假设双方成立合同后,我方运去的芝麻质量与合同严重不符.根据美国法对方能否解除合同?为什么?依中国法结果又如何?案例二、甲国制糖公司向乙国农贸公司发出电报,要求立即给自己发出100吨甘蔗,价钱FOB每吨2500元,货到后付款。
农贸公司收到电报后,立即回电说:按你方意见办。
农场发货后,甘蔗运抵制糖公司,该公司以双方未签订书面合同为由拒收。
试问该公司的理由是否成立?案例三、2003年5月1日,甲地某商场向乙地某纺织厂发出传真,请求该厂在一个月内提供两万米纯毛布料,价格每米100元,由供方送货到需方。
5月2日,纺织厂收到传真。
5月8日,纺织厂发回传真,提出每米价格120元。
5月12日商场收到传真后,回电:同意,请按时送货。
电报于5月15日到达纺织厂。
试问:(按英美法、大陆法、公约、中国法进行分析)1、甲地某商场与乙地某纺织厂间的合同是否成立?试述本案中要约和承诺各是什么?2、合同如果成立,成立时间和地点是什么?3、假设纺织厂于5月8日发出传真后欲撤回要约,应符合什么条件?如果欲撤销要约,又应符合什么条件?4、假设商场于5月12日欲撤回承诺,应当符合什么条件?5、假设5月15日电报送达后,发现市场上有对该商品的投诉,要撤销订货可以吗?案例四、我某出口公司于2月1日向美商就某农产品报价,在发盘中除列明各项必要条件外,还表示“packing in sound bags”.在发盘有效期内,2月21日美商复电称:“telex first acepted packing in new bags”.我方收到复电后,即着手备货。
第六章合同法第一节合同法引论第二节合同的概念英美法系合同是法律为之提供救济的诺言。
英美法受传统的对价制度的影响,认为合同的本质是交易,是关于交易的协议;当诺言有了对价时,诺言与对价称为交易的对象,诺言才有了被强制执行的效力,此时诺言才成为合同。
因此,赠与性协议不是合同。
大陆法系合同的本质是合意,或称协议,即合同各方意思的一致。
现代商法的倾向在商事领域,合同与协议并没有本质的区别,当事人意思表示一致,即可使合同成立,而不管其中的诺言有无对价。
我国合同法本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
第三节对价和原因对价(consideration)对价是使诺言对诺言人产生拘束力的,与诺言互为交易对象的东西。
这意味着:①对价的作用在于使诺言对诺言人产生约束力;②对价与诺言互为交易对象:诺言人为了得到对价而许诺,受诺人为了得到诺言而提供对价;③所有作为诺言的交易对象的东西均可成为对价,可以是诺言,也可以是一种行为或不行为。
亦可称之为“诺言的回报”,或“诺言的代价”。
如果对价由诺言构成,称为“待履行的对价”(executoryconsideration);如果对价由行为构成,称为“已履行的对价”(executedconsideration)。
对价的作用在法律上,对价使诺言对诺言人产生拘束力,使诺言发生强制执行的效力(enforceable)。
诺言人不兑现诺言,受诺人可以起诉,但无对价的诺言如果已经兑现,诺言人不得反悔。
充分的(sufficient)或完好的(good)对价构成包括:①对价须发生于诺言的同时或之后;对价先于诺言的,称为过去的对价(pastconsideration),过去的对价不能得到强制执行,因此英美法系不承认无因管理为债的发生原因。
②对价须是诺言的诱因,对价是诺言的交易对象,诺言人为得到对价才作出承诺;③诺言须是对价的诱因,对价必须是对价的提供者,为了得到诺言包含的利益而提供;④对价须是某种有价值的东西;⑤对价与诺言在价值上不一定相称;⑥空洞的诺言(illusoryconsideration)不能构成对价;即一项诺言包含的条件使该诺言的履行,完全取决于诺言人的选择。
0Questions and Case Problems1. At 9 a.m., Menniu airs an ad on the radio station: “Anyone who runs from Shengle to Daqingshan before 12 today will get RMB 1000 from Menniu”. Upon hearing the ad, Chen immediately goes to Shengle and began to run. About one hour later, when he was about halfway to Daqingshan, Menniu places an employee on the road who tells Chen “Menniu revokes”. Chen completes the running to Daqingshan at about half past eleven. Is there a contract between Chen and Menniu? Can Chen recover anything?2. Dong began working for Grant, Inc., in 1959. Dong agreed to work at a lower pay rate in exchange for a promise that Grant would employ him “for life”. In 1975, Oliver Really, Inc, took over the management of Grant. Oliver’s president assured former Grant employees that existing employment contracts would be honored. During that year, Dong explained the terms of his agreement to an Oliver supervisor. The supervisor stated that he would look into the matter but never got back to Dong. After twenty-four years of service, Dong was fired by the new owners. Dong sued Oliver for breach of a unilateral contract. Discuss whether a unilateral contract exists.3. Zheng contacts Zhai and offers: “When you finish cleaning my apartment, I’ll pay you 100 yuan.” Zhai responds: “I accept your offer.” Is there a contract? Bilateral or unilateral? Is the distinction important?4. Lao Chen is a friend of Wang, the owner of a grocery store. Everyday at lunch Chen goes to the store and looks at the fruit. After examining the fruit and talking to Wang, Chen buys one or two kilos of the fruit. One afternoon, Lao Chen goes into the store, looks at the fruit, picks up a 10-yuan-bag of apples and, seeing that Wang is busy, waves the apples at Wang without sayinga word and walks out. Is there a contract? If so, classify it as disused in this chapter.5. Elderly Josephine Wideman moved in with her daughter and son-in-law so that they could care for her. Until that time, each of Wideman’s children had periodically lived with her in her own home. While Wideman lived with her daughter, other members of Wideman’s family would care for her while the daughter was at work. Wideman always paid her family members for these services, and the evidence supported the proposition that Wideman intended that everyone who cared for her should be paid. The daughter was never paid. When Wideman died, her daughter sued for the reasonable value of her services and rent. Discuss on what theory the daughter can sue to state a claim against her mother’s estate.6. Mo is confined to his bed, he calls a friend who lives across the street and offers to sell her his watch for $100. If his friend wishes to accept she is to put a red piece of paper in her front window. The next morning, she places a red piece of paper in her front window. Is the contract formed? Bilateral or unilateral? Explain.7. Lao Meng, an 85-year-old man, collapsed at the Great Wall. Xiao Wang and his girl friend, who did not know Meng, were also at the Great Wall and immediately put Meng on their car, got on the expressway and to him to Beijing Hospital where he was admitted and remained for one week,. Lao Meng never regained consciousness after his collapse. After he died, Wand sued Lao Meng’s estate for the expenses of the car trip and Beijing Hospital sued for the expenses of the hospital stay. Are there contracts? Can Wang and Beijing Hospital recover?8. Wang is the executive Beijing agent for Tech Software Co. His pay is based on commissions only. Wang has difficulty selling Tech’s software since it was developed in Taiwan-usingnon-simplified Chinese. He spends his own time to change it to simplified Chinese, and quickly increases the sale. With Wang’s permission, Tech incorporates these changes into all of it software and sells a lot outside of Beijing. Wang sues in quasi-contract for a portion of the increased sales profits outside of Beijing. Result?9. Ben writes Xue and inquires how much Xue is asking for a specific forty-acre tract of land Xue owns. In a letter received by Ben, Xue states, “I will not take less than %60,000 for the forty-acre tract as specified.”Ben immediately sends Xue a telegram stating, “I accept your offer for $60,000.” Discuss whether Ben can hold Xue to a contract for the sale of the land. 10. As a bank officer, you have responsibility for purchasing word processing equipment. On May 6th, the ABC Manufacturing Corp. sends you a letter offering to sell your bank some word processing equipments at a price of $10,000. The letter states that the offer is to remain open until May 20. On May 12, you write ABC a letter stating, “Offer appears a little high; I am sure you can do better. I will need presidential approval for the $10,000 offer. I have authority to purchase word processing equipment for $8,500 and will buy your products at that price. ” ABC receives the letter on May 16. On May 15, the president of your bank approves the $10,000 purchase. On the same date, ABC sends you a letter revoking its offer. The letter of revocation is received at your bank at 11∶15 A.M. on May 19. On May 19 at11∶00 A.M., you send ABC the following telegram: “Accept your offer for $10,000.” Because of a delay by the telegraph company, this massage is not delivered until May 21.(a) Discuss the legal effects of ABC’s revocation sent on May 15.(b) Discuss fully the legal effects of your response sent on May 12.(c) Does your bank have a contract since the telegram was not delivered until, May 21?11. On May 1, Dragon Realty Company offered to sell Lot 1 to Tongzhou, Inc. for ¥1,000,000. The offer was made by e-mail and stated that the offer would expire on May 15. Tongzhou decided to purchase the property and sent a registered letter to Dragon on May 10, accepting the offer. Due to unexplained delays in the postal service the letter was not received by Dragon until May 22. Dragon wishes to sell Lot 1 to another buyer, who is offering ¥1,200,000 for the tract of land. Has a contract resulted between Tongzhou and Dragon?12. A plaintiff is attempting to recover death benefits under a life insurance policy. The policy contained a provision that allowed the policy owner to terminate the policy and receive its so-called cash value. All that the company required was a written request received at the home office. The owner of the policy died after having sent a letter requesting the cash value of the policy (which was much less than the face value). The letter was received after the policy owner died. The representative of the deceased owner contented that the estate was entitled to the death benefits of the life insurance policy. What was the result?13. James sent invitations to a number of potential buyers to submit bids for some timber he wanted to sell. Two bids were received as a result, the higher one being that submitted by Eames. James changed his mind about selling the timber, however, and did not accept Eames’bid. Eames claimed that a contract for sale existed and sued James for breach. Did a contract exist? Discuss.14. On July 31, 1996, Lee Calan Imports (the defendant) advertised a 1964 V olvo Station Wagon for sale in the newspaper. The defendant had instructed the newspaper to advertise the price of the automobile at $1,795. Through an error of the newspaper, however, and without the fault of the defendant, the newspaper inserted a price of $1,095 for the automobile in the advertisement.Christopher (the plaintiff) visited the defendant’s place of business, examined the automobile, and stated that he wished to purchase it for $1095. One of the defendant’s sales agents refused to sell the car for the erroneous price listed in the advertisement. Christopher sued Lee for breach of contract, claiming the ad constituted an offer that had been accepted by Christopher. Discuss whether there is a contract.0Questions和案例问题1。
2、国际商事合同法案例讲解大全邹岿编第二章国际商事合同法第一节合同法概述第二节合同的成立1、吉卜逊诉曼彻斯特市议会案(Gibsonv.ManchesterCityCounci11979)1970年9月,保守党占多数议席的英国曼彻斯特市议会决定出让该议会房子,写信给原告吉卜逊称:“市议会有可能出让房子,价格约2725英镑,如你想买的话,请正式写份申请。
”原告按要求写好申请,并回了信。
正在此时,市议会重新选举,工党占了上风,决定不出让房子了。
原告遂要求法院强制执行。
法院认为市议会信中的“如你想买的话,请正式写份申请”属于要约邀请,原告的申请属于要约,市议会后来没有接受要约,所以没有意思表示一致,也就没有合同。
原告因此败诉。
2、林肯被刺国防部悬赏缉凶纠纷案林肯(AbrahamLincoln,1809-1865)是美国第16届总统。
林肯被暗杀后,有三个犯罪嫌疑人,其中两人被逮捕,剩下一人怎么也找不到。
为此,国防部悬赏25万美元查找这个嫌疑犯。
原来,这个人跑到意大利当兵去了。
隐姓埋名许多年之后,有一天,该人酒后吹牛,把当年暗杀林肯的事说了出来。
听到该话的意大利人大惊,就把消息通过意大利官方告知美国国防部。
由于长期没有音信,美国国防部已经撤回了这个悬赏。
但意大利方面并不知道。
后来,通风报信的人要求美国支付这25万美元的悬赏。
美国本土撤回的悬赏,在不知情的意大利人看来并未被撤回,后来起诉到法院。
最终双方达成妥协,美国国防部给了意大利报信人10万美元了结此案。
3、纽曼诉斯奇夫案(Newmanv.Schiff)1985一个名叫斯奇夫的人,自称反税收者,在美国哥伦比亚广播公司(CBSl凌晨3:00-4:00的一档夜间电视节目中,声称联邦政府并未要求美国公民申报所得税,并说:“如果有人能从联邦税法中查到公民必须申报所得税的规定,并马上打电话给本档夜间节目,我将付给他100000美元。
”哥伦比亚广播公司的早间新闻转播了夜间节目的这则报道。
国际商法合同法课件一、引言随着全球化进程的不断推进,国际商务活动日益频繁,国际商法合同法在各国经济交往中发挥着至关重要的作用。
本课件旨在对国际商法合同法的基本概念、合同成立的要素、合同的履行和违约等方面进行系统阐述,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用国际商法合同法。
二、国际商法合同法的基本概念1.国际商法合同法的定义国际商法合同法是指调整国际商务活动中合同关系的法律规范。
它包括国际公法、国际私法、各国国内法以及国际惯例等方面的规定。
2.国际商法合同法的特点(1)跨国性:国际商法合同法涉及不同国家的法律制度,具有跨国性质。
(2)复杂性:国际商法合同法需要考虑不同国家的法律冲突和协调问题,具有较高的复杂性。
(3)灵活性:国际商法合同法允许当事人根据实际情况选择适用法律,具有较大的灵活性。
三、国际商法合同的成立1.合同的当事人合同的当事人包括债权人和债务人。
在国际商法合同中,当事人可以是自然人、法人或其他组织。
2.合同的订立方式合同的订立方式包括口头形式、书面形式和默示形式。
在国际商务活动中,书面形式是最常见的合同订立方式。
3.合同的成立要件(1)当事人有合法的订立合同的能力。
(2)合同的内容合法、真实、完整。
(3)合同的形式符合法律规定的形式要求。
四、国际商法合同的履行和违约1.合同的履行合同的履行是指当事人按照合同约定的内容和方式,全面、适当地完成各自的权利和义务。
2.合同的违约合同的违约是指当事人未按照合同约定的内容和方式履行合同义务。
违约行为可以分为实际违约和预期违约。
3.违约责任当事人违约应当承担违约责任。
违约责任包括继续履行、采取补救措施、赔偿损失等形式。
五、国际商法合同法的适用范围和冲突规则1.适用范围国际商法合同法适用于国际商务活动中的合同关系,包括货物买卖、技术转让、服务贸易等领域的合同。
2.冲突规则在国际商法合同法中,冲突规则的解决主要依据国际私法的规定。
当事人可以选择适用某一国家的法律,也可以选择适用国际惯例。