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权利法案中英文版The Rights Bill 英文原文：The Rights Bill, officially known as the Bill of Rights, is a crucial piece of legislation in many countries around the world, including the United States. Its purpose is to protect and guarantee certain fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. The Bill of Rights forms an essential part of the constitution and ensures that the government respects and upholds the rights of its citizens.The Rights Bill is a cornerstone of democratic societies and embodies the principles of equality, justice, and liberty. It includes provisions that safeguard citizens' freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to bear arms. These rights are considered fundamental and are deemed necessary for the functioning of a free and fair society.One of the most significant aspects of the Rights Bill is its protection of individual rights against government abuse of power. It establishes rules and limitations on governmental actions, preventing encroachments on civil liberties. The Bill ensures that the government cannot unlawfully search or seize property without probable cause, guarantees the right to a fair trial, and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.Moreover, the Rights Bill grants citizens the right to privacy and protects them from unreasonable searches and surveillance. It underscores the importance of personal autonomy and establishes clear boundaries regarding government intrusion into people's private lives.The Rights Bill also addresses issues of due process and protects individuals from arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property. It ensures that all citizens are entitled to fair and impartial treatment by the legal system. Additionally, it guarantees the right to legal representation, the right to confront accusers, and the right to remain silent during police interrogations.In addition to protecting individual rights, the Rights Bill also includes provisions regarding the rights of minority groups. It prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. This ensures equal treatment and opportunities for all individuals within society.The Rights Bill is not without controversy. Some argue that certain rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights may conflict with the greater good or national security. There are ongoing debates regarding the interpretation and application of these rights in specific situations. Balancing individual freedoms with collective interests remains a challenge for lawmakers and the judiciary.In conclusion, the Rights Bill plays a vital role in safeguarding the rights and freedoms of individuals in democratic societies. Its provisions protect citizens from government encroachment, ensure due process, and promote equality. The Bill of Rights symbolizes the commitment to a fair and just society, where every individual is entitled to basic human rights and liberties.。
The United States Bill of Rights. The Ten Original Amendments to the Constitution of the United StatesPassed by Congress September 25, 1789Ratified December 15, 1791“The United States Bill of Rights” is a publication of The Pennsylvania State University’s ElectronicClassic’s Series, Jim Manis, Senior Faculty Editor.The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity University.This publication of “The United States Bill of Rights” is a publication of the Pennsylvania State University. This Portable Document file is furnished free and without any charge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State University nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the Pennsylvania State University assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way.“The United States Bill of Rights” the Pennsylvania State University, Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA 18201-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them.Copyright © 1998 The Pennsylvania State UniversityThe Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity University.I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the free-dom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe-tition the Government for a redress of griev-ances.II A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.III No soldier shall, in time of peace be quar-tered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shallThe United States Bill of Rights.The Ten Original Amendments to the Constitution of the United States Passed by Congress September 25, 1789Ratified December 15, 1791issue, but upon probble cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describ-ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same of-fense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compen-sation.VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been com-mitted, which district shall have been previ-ously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit-nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.The Bill of RightsVIII Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and un-usual punishments inflicted.IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States re-spectively, or to the people.The Bill of Rights。
世界人权宣言Universal Declaration of Human Rights1948年12月10日第217A(III)号决议通过1948年12月10日, 联合国大会采认世界人权宣言, 请求它的会员国公布该宣言, 并 "在无政治的考量下, 在各级学校及教育机构里, 传播、张贴、研读及解说其内容。
"On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text of which appears in the following pages. Following this historic act the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration and "to cause it to be disseminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories."序言PREAMBLE鉴於对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认, 乃是世界自由、正义及和平的基础,Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,鉴於对人权的忽视及侮蔑已发展为野蛮暴行, 这些暴行玷污了人类的良心, 而一个人人享有言论和信仰自由并免於恐惧和匮乏的世界的来临, 已被宣布为普通人民的最高愿望,Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the commonpeople,鉴於为使人类不致迫不得已铤而走险, 对暴政和压迫进行反抗, 有必要使人权受法治的保护,Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,鉴於有必要促进各国间友好关系的发展,Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,鉴於联合国国家的人民已在联合国宪章中重申他们对基本人权、人格尊严和价值以及男女平等权利的信心, 并决心促成较大自由中的社会进步和生活水平的改善,Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charterreaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,鉴於各会员国都已誓愿同联合国合作, 以促进对人权和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵行,Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,鉴於对这些权利和自由的普遍了解, 对於这个誓愿的充分实现, 有很大的重要性,Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,因此, 现在,Now, Therefore,大会THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY宣告proclaims这一世界人权宣言, 作为所有人民和所有国家努力实现的共同标准,以期每一个人和社会机构经常铭念本宣言, 努力通过教诲和教育, 促进对权利和自由的尊重, 并通过国家的和国际的渐进措施, 使这些权利和自由在各会员国本身人民及在其管辖下领土的人民中, 得到普遍和有效的承认和遵行。
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS公民权利和政治权利国际公约Preamble 序言The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person, Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights, Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights andfreedoms, Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant, Agree upon the following articles:本公约缔约各国，考虑到，按照联合国宪章所宣布的原则，对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础，确认这些权利是源于人身的固有尊严，确认，按照世界人权宣言，只有在创造了使人人可以享有其公民和政治权利，正如享有其经济、社会、文化权利一样的条件的情况下，才能实现自由人类享有公民及政治自由和免于恐惧和匮乏的自由的理想，考虑到各国根据联合国宪章负有义务促进对人的权利和自由的普遍尊重和遵行，认识到个人对其他个人和对他所属的社会负有义务，应为促进和遵行本公约所承认的权利而努力，兹同意下述各条：PART I 第一部分 Article 1 第一条1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. Byvirtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.一、所有人民都有自决权。
case_国际⼈权法_伊斯特拉诉乌拉圭酷刑和不⼈道待遇案伊斯特拉诉乌拉圭——酷刑和不⼈道待遇案Estrella v.Uruguay[案例⽂书]判决书[案例状态]已审结[涉案国家]乌拉圭阿根廷[审理机关]United Nations human rights commission（联合国⼈权委员会）[案情摘要]伊斯特拉是⼀位阿根廷钢琴家，住在乌拉圭。
1977年，他接到官⽅通知：作为庇隆主义者，他被认为是乌拉圭政府的反对者。
他和朋友在蒙得维地亚的家中被绑架，并遭受了酷刑，绑架者要求伊斯特拉承认他参加了⼀个在乌拉圭和阿根廷实施军事⾏动的计划。
1977年12⽉23⽇，伊斯特拉被转移到⼀个军营，1978年1⽉20⽇，他被带到另外的监狱，继续受到不⼈道的酷刑的对待。
伊斯特拉在监狱⼀直被关押到1980年2⽉13⽇，他出狱后向联合国⼈权委员会对乌拉圭提出了控诉。
⼈权委员会最后认为，乌拉圭违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第7条和第10（1）条。
因此，委员会要求乌拉圭为其违反公约⽽使伊斯特拉遭受的痛苦对伊斯特拉提供有效的救济，包括赔偿，并采取措施避免类似的事件再次发⽣。
[学理词]⼈权[法律点]联合国⼈权委员会是否可以受理违反⼈权的控诉？联合国⼈权委员会的决定是否有法律效⼒？[案件背景]⼀、庇隆主义简介庇隆1895年出⽣于阿根廷，1946年出任阿根廷总统。
他提出以“社会正义、政治主权、经济独⽴”为⼝号的庇隆主义。
1947年，庇隆将阿根廷正义党改称为庇隆主义党。
1974年庇隆去世。
⼆、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》相关内容第七条任何⼈均不得加以酷刑或施以残忍的、不⼈道的或侮辱性的待遇或刑罚。
特别是对任何⼈均不得未经其⾃由同意⽽施以医药或科学试验。
第⼗条1、所有被剥夺⾃由的⼈应给予⼈道及尊重其固有的⼈格尊严。
2、（甲）除特殊情况外，被控告的⼈应与被判罪的⼈隔离开，并应给予适合于未判罪者⾝份的分别待遇；（⼄）被控告的少年应与成年⼈分隔开，并应尽速予以判决。
人权法律法规人权是指每个人都享有的基本自由和尊严。
为了保护和促进人权，各国制定了一系列的人权法律法规。
本文将介绍一些国际、国内人权法律法规的重要内容和作用。
一、国际1. 《世界人权宣言》（Universal Declaration of Human Rights，UDHR）《世界人权宣言》是国际人权法律法规的重要基石，于1948年12月10日由联合国大会通过。
该宣言中确立了普世人权的基本原则，如人人生而自由、享有平等权利、不受歧视、言论、信仰和思想自由等。
它被公认为国际人权保护的核心文件。
2. 国际人权公约国际人权公约是指《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》（International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights）和《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》（International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights）。
这两个公约于1966年通过，旨在确保个人的公民权利和经济、社会、文化权利的保障。
3. 其他国际除了上述两个公约外，还有《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》（International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination）、《妇女权利公约》（Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women）等。
这些国际法律法规在保护和促进全球人权方面发挥着重要作用。
二、中国1. 《中华人民共和国宪法》我国宪法是最高法律法规，也是具有人权保护属性的重要文件。
其中第一章明确规定了公民的基本权利和义务，如人人生而自由、享有人格尊严、宗教信仰自由、言论、出版、集会、结社自由等。
2. 《中华人民共和国刑法》刑法是我国重要的法律法规之一，其中确保了人权的保护机制。
