英语新词：口红效应 lipstick effect

在美国，每当经济不景气的时候，口红的销量就会明显上升。

这是为什么呢?原来，在经济不景气的情况下，人们仍然会有强烈的消费欲望，但是实际经济能力又无法承担珠宝首饰、衣服等高价消费品，于是人们便会转而购买相对比较廉价的商品。

口红作为一种“廉价的非必要之物”成为女性消费者的首选商品，于是就有了一个有趣的经济现象lipstick effect，即“口红效应”。

The lipstick effect is the theory that when facing an economic crisis consumers will be more willing to buy less costly luxury goods. Instead of buying expensive fur coats, women will buy expensive lipstick.口红效应指的是在经济危机时消费者更愿意购买相对廉价的奢侈品这样一个理论。

女性消费者在经济危机时选择购买的不是价格不菲的皮草服装，而是高档口红。

The underlying assumption is that consumers will buy luxury goods even if there is a crisis. When consumer trust in the economy is dwindling, consumers will buy goods that have less impact on their available funds. Obviously men will not be buying lipstick, but could be tempted by expensive beer or smaller, less costly gadgets.口红效应揭示的是这样一种思维：就算在经济不景气的情况下，人们仍然有购买奢侈品的愿望。

口红危机作文五百字英文回答：The "lipstick effect" is an economic theory that suggests that during economic downturns, sales of inexpensive luxury goods, such as lipstick, increase. This is because consumers are still looking for ways to treat themselves, even when they are cutting back on larger purchases.There are a few possible explanations for this phenomenon. One is that lipstick is a relatively inexpensive way to indulge in a bit of luxury. A newlipstick can make someone feel good about themselves, even if they are not able to afford a new car or a vacation. Another possibility is that lipstick is seen as a "safe" luxury purchase. It is not as extravagant as a new dress or a piece of jewelry, so it is less likely to be judged by others.Whatever the reason, the "lipstick effect" is a real phenomenon that has been observed during economic downturns throughout history. It is a reminder that even in the toughest of times, people still find ways to treat themselves.中文回答：“口红效应”是指经济低迷时期，口红等低价奢侈品的销量会上升的经济学理论。

口红危机作文1000字满分英文回答：The Lipstick Effect: A Psychological Phenomenon.The lipstick effect is a psychological phenomenon that describes the tendency for consumers to buy more affordable luxuries, such as lipstick, during economic downturns as a way to boost their mood or indulge in a small treat. This effect is often attributed to the desire for comfort and familiarity during times of uncertainty.The lipstick effect has been observed during previous economic crises, such as the Great Depression and the 2008 financial crisis. During these periods, sales of lipstick and other small indulgences actually increased, even as overall consumer spending declined.Psychologists believe that there are several reasons why the lipstick effect occurs. One reason is that lipstickis a relatively affordable treat that can provide a momentary boost of confidence or pleasure. Additionally, lipstick is often seen as a symbol of femininity and glamour, which may make it more appealing during times when people are feeling uncertain or stressed.The lipstick effect is also supported by the fact that many people turn to small indulgences as a way to reward themselves or cope with difficult times. Lipstick, as a relatively inexpensive luxury, can provide a sense of self-care and indulgence without breaking the bank.中文回答：口红效应，一种心理现象。

哈佛大学研究：口红能给女人自信、让考试加分（双语）A new study just confirmed that makeup does in fact make you feel smarter and can lead to better grades too.一项最新研究证实，化妆确实能够让人感觉更聪明、并在考试中取得更好的分数。

Researchers from Harvard Medical School and the University of Chieti, Italy put the ’lipstick effect’ to the test and discovered that female students who wear makeup cognitively benefit from the psychological phenomenon in which wearing cosmetics can make an individual feel a sense of overall enhancement in self-esteem, attitude, and personality.来自哈佛医学院和意大利基埃蒂大学的研究人员们对“口红效应”进行了研究，发现化妆的女学生可以从一种心理现象中受益——即化妆可以使个人在自尊、态度和性格方面得到整体提高。

The effect of makeup even proved to be a better predictor for higher grades than mood boosters like listening to positive music.化妆还被证明可以让人在测试中拿到更高分数，甚至比听一些积极的音乐来提振自己心情更加有效。

In line with our predictions, we found a significant effect ofmake-up on a multiple-choice test performance, with scores being significantly higher compared to those obtained after listening to positive music,’ the researchers wrote in an academic paper published in Cogent Psychology.在刊载在期刊《Cogent Psychology》上的一篇学术论文中，研究者们写道：“就跟我们预期的一样，我们发现化妆对于多选测试有很大的影响，相比于那些听完音乐再参加测试的人来说，化妆的人分数要远远高于他们。

关于口红效应的英文阅读理解The "lipstick effect" is a theory that suggests during tough economic times, consumers will be more willing to buy less expensive luxury goods, such as lipstick, as a means of making themselves feel better. This term was first coined during the Great Depression in the 1930s when it was observed that despite the overall decline in consumer spending, the sales of cosmetics, particularly lipstick, remained strong.The lipstick effect is often attributed to the ideathat consumers may not be able to afford big-ticket luxury items during an economic downturn, but they still want to treat themselves to something that feels luxurious. Lipstick, being a relatively affordable luxury item, becomes a popular choice for consumers looking to indulgein a small, feel-good purchase.From a psychological perspective, the lipstick effect can be seen as a form of retail therapy. In times ofeconomic uncertainty, people may turn to small indulgences like lipstick to boost their mood and alleviate stress.This phenomenon reflects the human desire for comfort and self-care, even in challenging financial circumstances.Furthermore, the lipstick effect has implications for the beauty industry and consumer behavior. Companies may capitalize on this phenomenon by offering a range of affordable luxury beauty products during economic downturns, recognizing that consumers may still be willing to make discretionary purchases in this category.In conclusion, the lipstick effect refers to the tendency for consumers to purchase small luxury items like lipstick during tough economic times as a way to feel better. This phenomenon highlights the complex interplay between consumer psychology, economic conditions, andretail trends.。

●所谓“口红效应”是指一种有趣的经济现象，在美国，每当在经济不景气时，口红的销量反而会直线上升。

人们认为口红是一种比较廉价的消费品，在经济不景气的情况下，人们仍然会有强烈的消费欲望，所以会转而购买比较廉价的商品。

口红作为一种“廉价的非必要之物”，可以对消费者起到一种“安慰”的作用，尤其是当柔软润泽的口红接触嘴唇的那一刻。

另一方面，经济的衰退会让一些低收入者，改变他们攒钱买房、买车、出国旅游等计划，反而能腾出一些“小闲钱”，去买一些“廉价的非必要之物”。

●所谓溢出效应，是指一个组织在进行某项活动时，不仅会产生活动所预期的效果，而且会对组织之外的人或社会产生的影响。

这是书上的定义，简而言之，就是某项活动要有外部收益，而且是活动的主体得不到的收益。

上面说到的交通，学校是放假的行为主体，放假了，老师同学都高兴，这是它的可预期的内部收益；由此，家长不需要再在城里开着车七拐八绕地送孩子上学，交通畅通了，这就是外部收益，是溢出来的，所以和学校无关的人也分享到了交通改善的好处。

●“集聚效应”是指各种产业和经济活动在空间上集中产生的经济效果以及吸引经济活动向一定地区靠近的向心力,是导致城市形成和不断扩大的基本因素。

●经济学中的规模效应是根据边际成本递减推导出来的，就是说企业的成本包括固定成本和变动成本，混合成本则可以分解为这两种成本，在生产规模扩大后，变动成本同比例增加而固定成本不增加，所以单位产品成本就会下降，企业的销售利润率就会上升。

规模效应因此又称规模经济，即因规模增大带来的经济效益提高，但是规模过大可能产生信息传递速度慢且造成信息失真、管理官僚化等弊端，反而产生“规模不经济”。

●辐射效应是指射线同物质的相互作用。

所有的射线，不管它是带电的或是不带电的，也不管是粒子还是电磁波，它们都能与物质发生相互作用，当它们穿过物质时，或者是被物质部分地或全部地吸收，或者是从一定厚度的物质中穿透出去。

经济辐射效应是指以城市为经济发展的基点，通过其较强的经济、文化、科技、教育、人才等资源优势，带动周围乡村经济、文化、教育、科技的发展。