competence和ability
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a b i l i t y-c a p a b i l i t y-c a p a c i t y等近义词辨析关于ability/capability/capacity/competence/faculty等近义词辨析下文提及的10个单词其实是我们在学习英语的不同阶段都会相继碰到的,比较而言,dexterity、facility、faculty和proficiency这4个词在口语中可能用得少一些,但在报章、书籍中却并不少见。
鉴于“能力”和“技能”有挣脱不了的关系,本文也把skill(技能)算在里面,却把technique(技巧)排除在分析之列,有兴趣的请自行比较分析,特此说明。
1、ability:是指人(或其它智慧型生命体)运用脑力或体力完成特定任务的能力(侧重于能还是不能)。
因为任何能力都是需要知识、技能和智慧的,因而ability是更加广义上的“能力”定义,或者说它是各种能力的“总称”,这从它的反义词disability(残疾,丧失某种能力)就可以略知一二。
2、capability:是指实现特定目标或任务所必须具备的技能或资质(不局限于人,更侧重能把事情做好或达到目的,多数情况下指机器、工具、武器等“非人”力量所具备的能力)。
也就是说它表示的意思更接近于汉语中的“实力”(因为储备而构成的“克敌制胜”的能力),因为“实力”摆在那里,故此能把事情做成功,如军事实力、核打击能力、排污能力、抗压能力等等。
3、capacity:侧重容纳能力或吞吐能力。
如某个广场能容纳多少人,某个港口和车站能容纳多大的吞吐量,某个工厂的日产能有多大等等。
1. ability(能力)指智力或体力上的能力,主要指人。
这种能力可能是先天的,也可能是通过学习或锻炼等方法而获得的。
A pilot has the ability to fly his plane through a storm. 飞行员有驾驶飞机穿过暴风雨的本领。
最新考研英语高频同义词汇精选讲义1.abandon,give up,desert,quit,forsake,renounce,resign,abdicate[辨析]这组词均表示“放弃”或“抛弃”之意,但各有其不同含义。
give up最为普通,可代替本组内其它词。
abandon强调“完全、永远地遗弃”,尤其指遗弃以前感兴趣或负有责任的人或物。
例如:She abandoned her child.她遗弃了自己的孩子。
desert强调“违背誓言、命令、责任、义务等”。
例如:The soldier deserted his country and helped the enemy.那个士兵叛国助敌。
quit强调“突然或不意地弃去”,常指“停止”。
例如:She quitted her job,她放弃了自己的工作。
forsake指“遗弃某人以前所爱的人或物”,强调“断绝情感上的依恋”,还含有“革除恶习”之意。
例如:She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her.她恳求丈夫不要抛弃她。
He had to forsake his car to pay his debt.他只得割爱自己的小汽车以偿还债务。
You must forsake your bad habit of smoking.你必须革除吸烟恶习。
renounce放弃,尤指通过正式声明放弃。
例如:Galileo arrived in Rome more dead than alive.His.trial lasted six months.Finally he was compelled to renounce his belief.伽利略回到罗马时已奄奄一息了,对他的审判持续了六个月之久,最后他被迫宣布放弃自己的信仰。
He renounced his claim to the property.他宣布正式放弃财产所有权。
外语教学研究中的知识、能力与运用能力摘要:清晰具体的语言能力目标是语言教学和评价的基础,而界定语言知识、语言能力及其相关概念则是制定能力目标的前提。
通过对Chomsky,Hymes,Canale和Swain,Widdowson,Ellis,Bachman 以及Skehan等数位西方语言学者关于知识、能力、运用能力和能力表现的论述,我们可以进一步深入理解这些概念的主要涵义及其演变,并从语言教学的角度认识它们之间的异同。
作者综合各家对于知识、能力、运用能力以及行为表现的相关看法,提出了一个外语语言运用能力形成过程的模式,旨在帮助设计教学活动、确定教学评价的内容和选择恰当的评价学生语言能力的方式。
关键词:外语教学;知识—能力;运用能力;能力表现教育部颁布的《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称《课程标准》)提出英语教学的目标是“培养学生综合运用语言的能力”。
究竟何为语言运用能力,它与语言能力、交际语言能力之间的关系是什么?国外外语教学界对此论述颇多。
但是,因为英语中knowledge, competence, ability, performance 等四个词都有“能力”的意思,在阅读文献时容易将这些概念混淆。
究竟这些词语的确切概念是什么,它们之间的关系如何阐释?为了更明确地理解这些概念,以便更好地理解《课程标准》提出的目标,笔者提出以下两个需要研究的问题。
1.国外语言教学界如何界定这些概念并论述它们之间的关系?2.如何理解知识、能力到运用能力形成的过程?一、国外语言教学界的讨论从词典的定义来看,美国《韦伯斯特词典》(2003),对于competence有如下解释:competence...【is】the knowledge that enables a person to speak and understand a language.[1]《朗文语言教学及应用语言学辞典》(Richards等,1998,中译本)关于competence的解释是:语言能力,(转换生成语法中)指一个人语言语法的内化知识,指人能够理解并说出句子,包括从来没有听过的句子。
雅思阅读中的同义词替换汇总1abandon, desert, forsake, leave, give up 动词,均有“放弃”之意abandon〓强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等,这可能是被迫的,也可能是自愿的。
desert〓着重指违背法律责任和义务,或自己的信仰与誓言的行为,多含非难的意味。
forsake〓侧重断绝感情上的依恋,自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。
也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
leave〓普通用词,指舍弃某事或某一职业,或终止同一某人的关系,但不涉及动机与果。
give up〓普通用语,侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
2ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence, faculty, gift, aptitude ,名词,均有“能力”之意ability〓普通用词,指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
capacity〓侧重指人的潜在能力,通常不指体力,多指才智,尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability〓多用于人,指胜任某项具体工作的能力,也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。
常与of或for连用。
genius〓语气最强,指天赋的高度才能与智力。
talent〓着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能,但语意比genius弱。
competence〓正式用词,侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平,达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
faculty〓指特殊的才能或智力。
gift〓着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领,常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
aptitude〓多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力,常暗示接受能力强,能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
3able, capable, competent,形容词,均有“有能力的”之意able〓最常用词,多用于褒义,着重指多方面的,经常性的,或潜在性的能力。
有时也指高超、非凡的能力。
capable〓语气弱于able,指有能力、有潜力或有条件做某事,常与of连用。
capacity 翻译汉语翻译n. 容量, 能力, 才能, 资格【计】容量【化】能力; 容量; (生产)规模; 扬量; 电容【医】容量, 能量, 能力【经】生产, 能量, 生产能力相关词组:in the capacity of词型变化:名词复数:capacities词意辨析:ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence, faculty, gift, aptitude这些名词均可表示人的“能力,才能”之意。
ability: 普通用词,指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力,通常不指体力,多指才智,尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人,指胜任某项具体工作的能力,也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。
常与of或for连用。
genius: 语气最强,指天赋的高度才能与智力。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和培养的突出天赋才能,但语意比genius 弱。
competence: 正式用词,侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平,达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领,常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力,常暗示接受能力强,能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
英语解释:名词 capacity:1.ability to perform or produce2.the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment同义词:capability3.the amount that can be contained同义词:content4.the maximum production possible5.a specified function6.(computer science) the amount of information (in bytes) that can be stored on a disk drive7.an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored同义词:capacitance, electrical capacity8.the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior同义词:mental ability9.tolerance for alcohol例句:1.In prospect of increase in demand, we should operate atfull capacity.预计需求会有很大增长,我们应该开足马力生产。
1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的,一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的,程度大的/substantial3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost4.proportion/ percentage 比例5.be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及,卷入,参与6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于考虑到,尽管6.induce [v] 引入,引导,引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳>< deduce /deductive推断7.fortune/ destiny/ chances8.deplete 开采完,耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission (尾气)排放/ exploitplex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的,复杂的10.capacity能力,容量/ competence (竞争)能力/ ability 能力(笼统的)11.确保,保障:Secure-security/ ensure (insure)/ guarantee 押金12.solely/ merely/ only13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样,品种/ a great rang 系列of14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人15.believe/ assume (responsibility)/ suppose16.授权,委托:authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔+ ment =right (权利)17.purchase/ buy18. ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理,道德的+ s =[n ]19. modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]20. insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing21.constrain拘泥,限制/ restrict 限制/ limit22. circumstance 环境(社会)/ surroundings/ environment 环境(环保)背景background 后台/ settings后台,布景/ context 上下文(文章中)23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的><fragrant 香的24.移民:immigrant (进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant25.兴旺,繁荣;prosperous/ thriving/ booming(人口,行业)/flourishing26.神圣的:divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred27.有毒的:poisonous/ toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的)28.致命的:deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal29.类似于:look like/ resemble30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的31.网恋:virtual love/ cyber love32.网友:on-line /net/ cyber friend上网(聊天)chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命,旋转/ involve-involution 卷入,涉及34. indicator/ predictor 表示诠释,预测35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray36. therapist /expert/ specialist37. 优点,长处,美德:advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length38. commonest/ frequent39. 未开发的,初级的:rudimentary/ underdeveloped40. 退化:degenerate/ -tion [n] ->generate 生产,制造/ degrade ->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化,每况愈下41. 分类:category-categorize/ class-classify42. consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率43.clash 冲突(民族,种族)/crash 飞机坠毁44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace45.alternative=> 选择性,代替性,辅助性46.孤立:isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝,排外,孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘,隔热(体)47.缺点,不足之处:defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback48.创新的,发明的,新颖的,创新的:inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) =>[n]/creative/revolutionaryl 易错拼写:environment/ convenient49.neutral 中立的,中性的/negative 否定,消极,阴性的/positive 肯定,积极,阳性的50.ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的,暧昧的/obscuremunicate 沟通,传达,通报52.accommodate 1供...食宿,2=adapt to 适应,调整,3=hold 容纳,4使…停靠mitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献2 责任,义务54.contribute to 导致~ result in /account for (占据)导致54.缺乏的,不足的:inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)55.强调:emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on明显的:apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/ bviously=>evidently56.对…怀疑:(be) /skeptical/skeptical /dubious/ suspicious (about/of)57.缺点,缺陷:drawback/ fault/ defect/ imperfection/ failing/ weakness/ shortcoming/ flaw58.臭命昭著的:notorious->notoriety/ flagrant/ smelly/ odorous59.,组织:association/ structure /organization60.超过:exceed/ surpass61.岩浆:molten rock/ lava/ magma62.语言:linguist ~学家/ lingual和~有关的/ bilingual/ 双语63.多种多样的:diversity/ variety/ breed/ speciesbreed:[n]品种,[v]繁殖,培养,引起,造成64.dialect 方言 accent 腔调65.开始的,初步的:begin/ launch/ initial (-ly) [v] 首字母,开始的/ initiate开始,发动->initiative 原创性= origin66.贫穷:poor/ in poverty/ impoverished(被剥夺财产的)67.杰出:eminence (-t)/ prominence (-t)/unusual68.gene/ genetic defect ~缺陷/ anatomy解剖/ conceive构思,怀孕/ deliver分娩69.辅助性:alternative 补充性/ therapist70.演绎,推理:deduce->deductive / inferential >< induce 引导,引入,归纳-> induction 归纳71.令人困惑的:bewildering/ puzzling/ perplexing72.apply:紧靠,涂,将…应用于,适用,专心致力于,献身于73.subsidize辅助/ subsidy 补助,补贴/ subsidiary74.a factor in sth/ depend on sth75.be preferred by/ choice76.attitude to/ how77.the present century/ modern society78.broad/ great79.in term of 按照,在…方面,关于/with regard to, in spite of 不顾,尽管80. small-scale 小范围/ marginal 边缘处的81. physical/ medical82.negotiation/ agreement 谈判,洽谈/ 商定,协议83.evolve/ develop84.apartment/ accommodation 公寓/ 住房85.virtual (love)/ simulate 模拟的(网恋)/ 模拟86.catastrophe/ disaster 大灾难/ 灾难,不幸87.innovate/ invent 革新,创新/ 发明,创造sculpture/ craft 雕刻,雕塑/ 工艺88.exorbitant/ expensive 过度的,极高的/ 费用大的,昂贵的89. be participant in/ take part in /participate inbour [美,澳]/work91.attend to/ take care of92.dual employment/ dual-worker 双职工(家庭)93.indicate/ predict 指示,表明,象征/ 预料,预言A major contributor to/ be central to 来源,起点/ 是…的主要,中心原因94.expert/ therapist 专家,能手;知识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家95.lead to/ be associated with 相联系(带来…的好处)96.balanced/ equitable 平等的97.handicap/ d雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换:同义词/词组替换,句型替换,语法替换,将从这三方面根据学生在叶毅斌老师的雅思阅读课堂中所做的笔记进行分类整理。
考研同义近形词归纳一.名词中同义词、近形词部分归纳•1.表示“能力”意思的词语:Ability, capability, competency(n. 能力(等于competence);资格), faculty(n. 科,系;能力;全体教员), capacity, gift, talent2.表示“目的、目标”意思的词语:Aim, purpose, aim, intent, intention, goal, end•3.表示“关系、联系”意思的词语:Ties, bonds, links, connection, association(n. 协会,联盟,社团;联合;联想), relations, combination, relationship, interrelations(n. 相互关系), relevance(n. 关联;适当;中肯)4.表示“差别”意思的词语:Difference, distinction(n. 区别;差别;特性;荣誉、勋章), differentiation5.表示“资本、资金”意思的词语:Capital(n. 首都,省会;资金;大写字母;资本家adj. 首都的;重要的;大写的), fund, money, relief n. 救济;减轻,解除;安慰6.表示“个人”意思的词语:Person, people, folks, individuals, man, human being7.表示“意义、含义”意思的词语:Meaning, significance n. 意义;重要性;意思, implication n. 含义;暗示;牵连,卷入, connotation n. 内涵;含蓄;暗示,隐含意义;储蓄的东西(词、语等)•8.表示“部分、成分”意思的词语:Part, element, ingredient n. 原料;要素;组成部分adj. 构成组成部分的, component adj. 组成的,构成的n. 成分;组件;[电子] 元件, factor, segment vi. 分割n. 段;部分vt. 分割9.表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语:Inequality, bias, prejudice, discrimination10.表示“对手、支持者”意思的词语:Opponent, rivals, proponent n. 支持者;建议者;提出认证遗嘱者, advocates11.表示“商品”意思的词语:Commodity, goods12.表示“将来”意思的词语:Future, prospect13.表示“理由”意思的词语:Reason, ground, cause•14.表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语:Offspring, descendant, posterity n. 子孙,后裔;后代, children15.表示“补充”意思的词语:Complement, supplement,append vt. 附加;贴上;盖章n. 设置数据文件的搜索路径16.表示与“树木”有关的词语:Bush, shrub n. 灌木;灌木丛, jungle17.表示“边界”意思的词语:Boundary, border, frontier, verge vi. 濒临,接近;处在边缘n. 边缘18.表示“错误”意思的词语:Blunder, error, mistake, fault19.表示“基础”意思的词语:Basis, foundation, ground20.表示“会议”意思的词语:Assembly n. 装配;集会,集合, conference, congress, seminar n. 讨论会,研讨班, session, summit, symposium n. 讨论会,座谈会;专题论文集;酒宴,宴会, meeting, gathering, party21.表示“区域”意思的词语:Area, district n. 区域;地方;行政区, region, vicinity n. 邻近,附近;近处, zone 22.表示“成就”意思的词语:Accomplishment n. 成就;完成;技艺,技能, attainment n. 达到;成就;学识, achievement, success23.表示“要点、摘要”意思的词语:abstract n. 摘要;抽象;抽象的概念adj. 抽象的;深奥的vt. 摘要;提取;使……抽象化digest vt. 消化;吸收;融会贯通, outline, summary24.表示“程度”意思的词语:to the degree, to some extent25.表示“生气”意思的词语:Anger, fury n. 狂怒;暴怒;激怒者, indignation , n. 愤慨;愤怒;义愤resentment, resent [ri'zent] vt. 怨恨;愤恨;厌恶hate, hatred26.表示“ 痛苦,悲伤”意思的词语:pain, sadness, unhappiness, misery n. 痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困, anguish n. 痛苦;苦恼vt. 使极度痛苦27.表示“标准”意思的词语:standard, criteria n. 标准,条件(criterion的复数)28.字形相似的词:welfare(福利), warfare(战争), farewell(告别)29.字形相似的词:attitude(态度), altitude(海拔,高度), magnitude(数量), multitude(多数), aptitude (天资,天赋), latitude(纬度, 地区), gratitude(感谢)30.字形相似的词:convention(习俗,传统), conversion(变化,转换),conviction(坚定的信念或看法), conservation(保存,保持), conversation(交谈)31.字形相似和近义词:vocation, job, work, profession, occupation, field, career, /vacation, holiday, travel, journey, voyage, trip, excursion32.近义词:pace(步伐), speed(速度,速率), rate(速度,百分比),ratio(比例,比率), rhythm (韵律,节奏)33.近义词:process(进程,过程), procedure(步骤,手续),course(时间的经过)二.常用的动词同义词归纳1.表示“导致”意思的词语:Lead to, bring about, give rise to, give birth to, contribute to, cause…to, result in, engender, render, prompt, cause, make, result from(起因于)2.表示“面对、偶遇”意思的词语:Confront, be confronted with, face, be faced with, meet with, encounter.3.表示“集中于”意思的词语:Center on, focus on, concentrate on4.表示“对付、处理”意思的词语:Deal with, cope with, handle, tackle, manipulate, vt. 操纵;操作;巧妙地处理5.表示“消失”意思的词语:Disappear, vanish, fade, perish vi. 死亡;毁灭;腐烂;枯萎•6.表示“减少、增加”意思的词语:Diminish, lessen, decrease, drop, reduce, fall, /accumulate vi. 累积;积聚, increase, rise, soar, rocket vi. 飞驰,飞快地移动;迅速增加7.表示“依靠、依赖”意思的词语:Rely on(upon), depend on(upon), count on (upon), rest on(upon)8.表示“变化”意思的词语:Change, turn, vary/range, alter, transform, shift, convert. vi. 转变,变换;皈依;改变信仰9.表示“指控”意思的词语:Charge with, accuse of, sue for, condemn, denounce, prosecute vi. 起诉;告发;作检察官10.表示“克服、战胜”意思的词语:Overcome, conquer, defeat,11.表示“获得、得到”意思的词语:Achieve, obtain, get, accomplish, earn, attain, secure adj. 安全的;无虑的;有把握的;稳当的vt. 保护;弄到;招致;缚住, acquire, gain12.表示“抓住”意思的词语:Catch, seize, capture, catch hold of, grab13.表示“限制”意思的词语:Limit, confine, restrict. vt. 限制;约束;限定14.表示“强迫”意思的词语:compel, constrain, force, oblige vt. 迫使;强制;赐,施恩惠;责成15.表示“责怪”意思的词语:blame, condemn, reproach n. 责备;耻辱, scold。
一、ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence,faculty, gift, aptitude 这些名词均可表示人的“能力,才能”之意。
1.ability :普通用词,指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
2.capacity :侧重指人的潜在能力,通常不指体力,多指才智,尤指接受与领悟能力。
3.capability :多用于人,指胜任某项具体工作的能力,也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。
常与of或for连用。
4.genius :语气最强,指天赋的高度才能与智力。
5.talent :着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能,但语意比genius弱。
petence :正式用词,侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平,达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
7.faculty :指特殊的才能或智力。
8.gift :着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领,常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
9.aptitude :多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力,常暗示接受能力强,能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
二、able, capable, competent 这些形容词均含有“有能力的,能干的”之意1.able :最常用词,多用于褒义,着重指多方面的,经常性的,或潜在性的能力。
有时也指高超、非凡的能力。
2.capable :语气弱于able,指有能力、有潜力或有条件做某事,常与of连用。
petent :强调具有能胜任某项工作的足够技能或其它所需的条件。
三、abandon, desert, forsake, leave, give up 这些动词或词组均含“抛弃、放弃”之意1.abandon :强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等,这可能是被迫的,也可能是自愿的。
2.desert :着重指违背法律责任和义务,或自己的信仰与誓言的行为,多含非难的意味。
3.forsake :侧重断绝感情上的依恋,自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。
词汇3500精讲1.ability = able + ity 能力able adj. be able to do sth-ity n →抽象的名词Have ability to do sthdis- →awaydisable be disable to do sthdisability nhave disability to do sthdisable man 残疾人ability, competence, capacitycapacity →胜任工作能力= capac(范围) + ityspacecompetence = com+ pet + ence n = skill2.accept = ac + cept(接收)deceive v. – deception v.receive = re + veive v.cept- = ceiveaccept 主观的receive 客观的3.accord = ac + cordaccord with …与…和睦according to …根据according to my opinion4.achievement 成就achieve 完成finish, complete, achieve, accomplish finish school = leave schoolfinish a book 看完一本书complete = com + pletecomplete a book 写完一本书complete a projectachieve 思想上的achieve success accomplish = ac + complish(complete) v. accomplishment = achievementaccomplished adj. 熟练的5.act v. – action n -- active adj.act on ..All the soldiers act on the rules.What you did act on the feelings of hers. act … with …….和…起反应act to …对待action and reaction 作用与反作用take active part in …积极参加ag= act (g-ct)action n. / activityaction –行动active – activity 正式activity –活动非正式6.add 增加ac, ar, ag --- addadd … to/into …把…加到…add salt into soup*** add up to … = total to 总计The number of students in NOS added up to 600.写作:Add v. – additionIn addition, 另外To begin with, … in addition, last but not least, Firstly, …secondly,…at last ,…7.address = ad + dress spyaddress 声称v.address n 地址they addressed that …8.admit = ad + mit(met/meet)meet 遇见,满足meet the need of …admit 承认+ doingadmit 容纳The hall can admit 3000 peopleMr Hu admitted stealing 3000 million dollars from the bank.9.adult = ad + ult(old) 成人adulthood 成人期adulterate adj. 通奸的scarlet 红字10.advantage = ad + vantage(ventage)advantage n 优势– disadvantagemerit 精华-- demerittake advantage of …利用(权势) 抽象make use of …利用(东西) 具体11.advice = ad + vice(voice) n 建议advise (s-c) v.appease = ap + pease(peace) v 平息advise sb to do sthsuggest one’s doing sthI advised MR HU to give up smoking.I suggested MR HU’s giving up smoking.advise that … (should) + v…suggest that … (should) + v…12.affect = af + fect(do) v.affect, effecteffect n 影响cause and effect 因果affection n. 爱= love13.afraidbe afraid of …be afraid to do sth 不敢做某事afraid, frightened, terrified, scared frightened (fist – fight—frighten) terrified = terr + ify(ified)territory 领土Mediterranean = medi + terra + nean terroristterrorismscar = sc + arscary 物scared 人be scared at snake 14.against = ag(act) + ain + st prep persist in doing 固执resist 反抗insist on doingassist 帮助assist sb with sthassistance n assistant n 助手15.at the age of …at the age of 1616.agree = ag(act) + ree(ru)scrutiny = sc + ru + tinyagreement nagree with …sb 同意某人的意见agree to …sth 同意某项计划agree on …在某方面达成共识*sth agree with sb 某事适合某人This kind of beer agreed with me. 17.help, assist, aidfinancial aid18.airportair- / spir-/aero/ astro/ --天空,空气expire = ex + pire expiration date inspire = in + spire inspiration respire = re + spireperspire = per + spire perspirationaeronautic = aero + naut(水手) + icastronaut = astro + naut n19.alive = a + live adj. 活着的(表语形容语)She is still alive.She is a living woman.living adj. 活着的(定语形容词)alive adj. 如果充当定语后置a living man = a man aliveman alive (口语)living, alive, lively, live, lifelively adj. 逼真的lovely adj. 可爱的live adj. 现场直播CCTV Livelive v. 居住live in …be living in / lives inlife n 不可数名词—生活可数名词–生命– lives20.allow = al + lowallow sb to do sth --- sb be allowed to do sthallow doing考点:All the children are allowed _______ in the pool by the teachers.A.swimmingB.to swimC.to be swimmingD.to swimming21.almost = al + most 几乎考点:almost, most, mostlyalmost 几乎most 最mostly 大部分I like Harbin most22.alone / lonelyalone 单独一个人lonely 心灵aloft 上面lofty 高尚的23.along = a + longgo along the street24.already = al + ready adj. 完成时I have already learned 3000 English words.25.also, too, either, as wellalso –肯否句中,too –肯句尾,either –否句尾as well—肯否句尾26.although / thoughalthough –句首—虽然,尽管句中—但是(but)Though –句首,句中—虽然,尽管句尾,--但是Adj, / adv/ n (不带冠词) + as/though + 主+ 谓Young as she is, Hard as he studies,Child as he is,27.among / between / within(位置)28.amount = a + mount(count)= 合计total to …add up to …amount to …29.anger v. 生气angle n. 角angel n. 天使The angel angers on the angle.triangle = tri + angle 三角quadrangle = quadr + angle 四边形squarebi- 二bicycle = bi + cyclebisect = bi + secttri- 三quadr 四辨析anger, ragerage 大怒v.anger v. – angry adj. – angrily rage v. – raged adj. – ragedly 30.animal nmammal n.mal- 坏,活体treat n/v. 对待maltreatnutrition n. malnutrition nutritious adj. malnutritious adj.31.answer v./nanswers the questionthe answer to the questionthe answer of the question Xthe door of the classroomthe key to the doorthe solution to the problemto 要解决of 所属32.anxiousanxious = anxi (anxy)+ ous短语:be anxious about sth = be worried about sthI am anxious about your health.be anxious to do sth 急于做某事= be eager to do sthI am anxious to get married to a gorgeous girl.33.appear= ap + pear(spear) v. disappear v.transparent adj.apparent adj. 不推理obvious adj. 不推理evident adj. = evid + ent 推理appear v. --- appearance 外表辨析appearance, surface, face surface = sur(super) + face 表面appearance 难以见到的面部34.area, district, section, zone area 一大片土地district 行政区Nangang District section = sect + ion 抽像的部分sector disc sectorzone 虚拟空间上的区M-zone35.argue 争论argument nargue with sb on/about sth for sth为了某事和某人争论关于某事I argue with him on the topic of the text for our success. 短语argue for 同意argue against 反对36.arm v. 装备arm with …The soldiers armed with high-technology weapons.equip v.equip with …实际生活中的37.arrive = ar + rive(river)arrive at 到达小地方arrive in 到达大地方reach spget to sphome, there, here 要把介词去掉get home, get there, get here.arrive home, arrive there, arrive here 38.article = art + icle(星体,物质) 文章obstacle = ob + st + acleart n 艺术artist = art + ist(人) n 艺术家artificial = art + fic(do) + ial adj. 手工的辨析:article, essay, composition, paper composition = com + pos(put) + tition 作文article 文章essay 散文paper 论文39.ask sb to do sth 要求某人做某事sb be askedsb be invited40.astonish v. = a + ston + ishastonished adj.amaze = a + maze(迷宫) v.amazed adj.astound v. = a + stound(big stone)astounded adj.stun v. 砸晕surprise < amaze < astonish < astound < stun 41.attach = at + tach(touch) v.be attach to …attach … to …attach label to parcel反义: detach = de + tach v. 分离detach … from …42.attack = at + tack(踢) 进攻辨析:Attack, charge, beset,attack 一般性的进攻charge v. 骑兵进攻be charged with 控告He is charged with stealing. chargingcharge 要价overcharge 要高价beset 围攻= be + set43.attempt = at + tempt(引诱) n/v attempt to do sth = try to do sth spare no effort to do sthspare no effort 不遗余力effort = ef + fort(力量)spare no expense 不惜一切代价expense = ex(out) + pense(spend) 44.attention = at + tention(张力) hypertension= hyper + tensionhypotension = hyper + tension短语:Pay attention to doing sthConcentrate = con + centr(center) + ateConcentrate on/upon sth高考:Much attention he should have paid to the study is paid ________ the gorgeous girl in class.A.to seeB.to seeingC.to seenD.seen45.attitudeattitude = at + titude(度)altitude = alti(高的) + tude (度,级)latitude = lati + tudelongitude = longi + tudemagnitude46.attract = at + tract(拉)tract 小册子abstract = abs + tract n 摘要adj. 抽象的extract = ex + tract n 摘录tract- 拉tractor = tract + orattract = at + tract v. 吸引attractive adj. 有吸引力的She is an attractive girl.magnetic personalitymagnetic = mag + net + ic47.author =au(audi) + th(live) + or audi-听/oral 说oral Englishthrive = th(live) + rive(river) v. writer / author48.average = a + ver + age adj. 平均的辨析:average, ordinary, common, usual, normal in an average lifein an ordinary life 平凡的in a common life 在共同的生活common 常见的common sense 常识as usualnormal = norm + al adj.normal temperatureHarbin Normal University49.avoid v. doingavoidable adj. 可避免的unavoidable adj. 不可避免的evitable adj.inevitable adj.avoid touching 不能碰50.Bank of CommunicationsBank of ChinaAgricultural Bank of China51.base 基础basic 基础的debase = de + base v.debase the quality of products baseball 棒球辨析:Primary, elementary, basic Primary adj. 初级的,原始化的Elementary adj. 基础的(抽象的) Primary schoolElementary schoolBilingual Primary School52.bear n.bear v. 忍受can’t bear sth = can’t stand sthI can’t bear you.abide = a + bide(bear)abide by …53.beat sbwin sth54.behavior nbehave v. 行为behave oneself 规矩点behave yourself55.belief n = be + liefbelief in Godbelieve = be + lievebelieve sb 相信某人的话believe in sb 信任某人faith n 信任have faith in sb 信任某人具有能力完成trust on sb 信赖confident = con + fid(信仰) + ent 信心have confidence in doing confidant = con + fid + ant n 知己。
competence和ability
在本单元的Communication Workshop中出现了表示“能力”的competence,它和ability都意为“能力”,那么它们有什么区别呢?请观察下列例句。
【语境展示】
1. Students will gain competence in a wide range of skills.
2. Doctors have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence.
3. The health center serves all patients, regardless of their aility to pay.
4. It takes hard work and natural ability to make it as a professional athlete.
【及时点拨】
ability为普通用词,指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence为正式用词,侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平,达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
【小试】用competence或ability填空。
1. 谁也不怀疑她能胜任教师工作。
No one doubts her _______ as a teacher.
2. 他把他的成功更多地归功于运气而不是能力。
He owes his success more to luck than to _______.
Key: 1. competence 2. ability。