1998年英语一考研作文 Fake Promise

1998考研英语作文In 1998, I decided to take the postgraduate entrance exam. It was a tough decision, but I knew it was the right path for me. The exam was challenging, and I spent countless hours studying and preparing. I was determined to succeed, and I pushed myself to the limit.The day of the exam arrived, and I felt a mix of nerves and excitement. The test was grueling, and there were moments when I doubted myself. But I persevered, and I gave it my all. When the results came out, I was overjoyed to see that I had passed. It was a moment of triumph and validation for all the hard work I had put in.Going to graduate school was a whole new experience for me. The workload was intense, and the pressure was high. But I was determined to excel, and I threw myself into my studies. I made new friends and learned from some of the best professors in the field. It was a time of growth and self-discovery, and I cherished every moment of it.After two years of hard work, I finally completed my master's degree. It was a bittersweet moment, as I said goodbye to the friends and mentors who had helped me along the way. But I was also filled with a sense of accomplishment and pride. I had proven to myself that I was capable of achieving my goals, and I was ready to take on whatever challenges lay ahead.Looking back on 1998, I realize that it was a year of transformation and growth. The decision to take the postgraduate entrance exam set me on a path that would shape my future in ways I could have never imagined. It was a year of hard work, perseverance, and ultimately, success. And for that, I will always be grateful.。

1998年英语一作文解析English:In the 1998 English Language exam, the composition topic was "On Success". To tackle this topic, one could begin by defining what success means to them personally, whether it's achieving a specific goal, acquiring wealth, or finding happiness. Then, it's crucial to delve into the factors that contribute to success, such as hard work, determination, and sometimes luck. One could discuss the importance of setting clear goals and the role of education in achieving success. Additionally, it's essential to mention the challenges and obstacles one might face on the path to success, such as failure, criticism, or self-doubt. Overcoming these challenges often requires resilience and a positive mindset. To conclude, one could reflect on the significance of success in life and how it varies from person to person, emphasizing the importance of pursuing one's own definition of success rather than conforming to societal expectations.Translated content:在1998年的英语一考试中，作文题目是“关于成功”。

The article “1998年考研英语阅读第一篇” takes us back to the year when the first English reading test for postgraduate admissions in China was issued. The test was challenging, and many candidates struggled to understand the passages. In this article, we will examine the difficulty level of the test, the factors that contributed to it, and the impact it had on postgraduate admissions.The first paragraph will introduce the article's subject, giving some necessary background information. The next paragraph will describe the test's difficulty level, explaining the reasons why so many candidates found it challenging. The third paragraph will examine the impact the test had on postgraduate admissions, how it affected universities' enrolment policies and students' choices of majors. The fourth paragraph will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the test's difficulty level, how it encourages students to improve their English skills but also hinders their academic progress. The last paragraph will conclude the article, summarizing the main points and providing some final thoughts on the topic.In 1998, China introduced the English reading test for postgraduate admissions. This test aimed to assess students' English proficiency and their ability to read academic articles in English. The first test's difficulty level was higher than expected, leading to a nationwide outcry among candidates who regarded it as unfair and discriminatory.One reason why the test was so difficult was its vocabulary. The passages contained many uncommon words and idioms that confounded many candidates, even those who had excellent English skills. Another reason was the complexity of the sentences. Many sentences were long, convoluted, and hard to follow, making it challenging for candidates to extract the essential meaning from the text.The impact of the test was significant. Some universities adjusted their enrolment policies to ensure that candidates with good English scores had a better chance of admission. Others lowered the English proficiency requirements or removed the reading test altogether. The test's difficulty level also influenced students' choices of majors, as many decided to study subjects that did not require advanced English skills.Although the test's difficulty level was controversial, it had some advantages. It incentivized students to improve their English skills, encouraging them to read more challenging texts and seek guidance from tutors. However, it also hindered their academic progress, as many struggled to keep up with their homework and coursework due to their limited English proficiency.In conclusion, the 1998 English reading test was an important landmark in China's educational history, setting the bar high for postgraduate admissions and inspiring many students to improve their English skills. However, its difficulty level also raised concerns about its fairness and effectiveness, leading to changes in admission policies and students' academic choices.。

1998考研英语阅读在1998年的考研英语阅读部分，考生们面临了前所未有的挑战。

那一年的阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，从科技发展到社会问题，从文学评论到历史回顾，这些内容不仅考验了考生的词汇量和语法知识，还考察了他们的阅读理解能力和批判性思维。

文章的第一部分讨论了互联网的兴起及其对社会的影响。

随着网络技术的飞速发展，信息的传播变得更加迅速和广泛，这无疑为人们提供了前所未有的便利。

然而，这也带来了一系列问题，比如隐私保护、网络安全以及信息过载等。

考生需要理解这些复杂的概念，并能够分析它们对社会的潜在影响。

紧接着，第二篇文章转向了环境保护的话题。

随着工业化进程的加快，环境污染问题日益严重。

文章详细描述了各种污染源，包括工业排放、汽车尾气和农业化学品的滥用。

同时，作者也提出了一些可能的解决方案，比如发展可再生能源、提高能源效率和推广环保技术。

考生需要仔细阅读这些内容，并能够识别出文章中的关键信息。

第三篇文章则聚焦于文学领域，探讨了现代主义文学的特点和影响。

文章分析了几位著名现代主义作家的作品，包括弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯和T.S.艾略特。

这些作家的作品常常以非线性叙事、内心独白和象征手法为特点，反映了现代社会的复杂性和人性的多面性。

考生需要对这些文学作品有一定的了解，并且能够理解文章中对这些作品的分析和评价。

最后，第四篇文章回顾了20世纪的历史，特别是两次世界大战对世界格局的影响。

文章详细描述了战争的起因、过程和后果，以及它们如何塑造了今天的国际关系。

考生需要对20世纪的历史有一定的了解，并且能够从文章中提取出关键的历史事件和它们的意义。

总的来说，1998年的考研英语阅读部分要求考生具备广泛的知识面和深厚的语言功底。

这些文章不仅提供了丰富的信息，也激发了考生对不同领域问题的思考。

通过这些阅读材料，考生不仅能够提高自己的英语水平，还能够拓宽自己的视野，为未来的学术和职业生涯打下坚实的基础。

Directions:A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:1 ．Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2 ．Give your comments.【王江涛版】The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon in which a variety of promises have been arising from people in all walks of life. Regretfully, quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense, just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to laying eggs which are round without any angles and corners and yet have shells, egg whites and yolks.Odd and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country. Some administration departments promise to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; somemanufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; some commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services. Can you find anything new and substantial other than their assumed obligations in these so called “promises”? I presume your answer will be negative. As a matter of fact, their intentions in making such commitments are nothing but to put on a civilized disguise to please or deceive the public.I dare say that corruption and cheat are causing damage to society both materially and morally. But the hen and her like should know that dishonest behaviors help no one to survive the intense competition of a market economy system. They should remember the old saying,“Honesty is the best policy”. (220 words)【自创版】As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a hen commits herself to laying eggs which are round without any angels and corners, yet have shells, egg yolks and whites. The caption indicates that nowadays more promises can be seen or heard in various fields, but most of them are duties of these companies instead of advantages that can be showing off to the public.The purpose of the cartoonist is to attract our attention to the issue of honesty. Some administration departments promise to perform their task effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; some manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; some commercial enterprisesswear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services. Could you find anything new and substantial instead of their assumed obligations in these so called “promises”? I presume your answer will be negative. Odd and funny as they sound, what they do is to put on a civilized disguise to deceive or please the public. However, they should also know that dishonest behavior helps no one survive in these competitive world.All in all, I dare say that cheat and corruption cause damage to our society both materially and morally. The hen and her like may subject to both moral punishment and law punishment due to their dishonest behavior. They should remember the old saying, “H onesty is the best policy.”。

1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortageavoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially trueit comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to bereeducated no matter he does.[A] how [B]where[C]what[D]when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently popularwith all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be sothriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’A ability for survivingBareCnaturally selected and passed on to succeedingDgenerations.12.Neither rain nor snow keepsA the postman from delivering our letters whichBwe so muchClook forward to receive.D13.If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash , though it would be muchAtrouble for both sides.B C D14.Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance, those states are notClikely to count forvery muchDin international political terms.15.The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with allof theirC uncontrollable practices.D16.The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroups of men working onCthesame problem in far-scatteredDlaboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toA the European races, andBsome may evenhave aC freshness and vitality that can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18.TheA more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more thanBample destroyingC every city in the world several times over.D19.The universe works in a way so far removeA from what common sense wouldBallow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.D20.The integration of independent states could best beA brought about by firstBcreating a centralorganization with authoritiesC over technicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught aof him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look [D]sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to your greater knowledge in front of the director, for itmay offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show offmay be small, but over a number of years the investment 24.The returns in the shortwill be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires with the properties of trees and plants, and thehabit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B]discrimination [C]curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her longeffort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to my debt in return forcertain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C]write off [D]clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great .[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post noresponsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his to a certain book or articlethat has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbidsthem.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of every businessoperation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, the $160 billion thePresident is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport willat the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from theirfamilies.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken, thetrends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite .[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longeraccording to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not their prospectof promotion.[A] spur [B]further [C]induce[D] reinforce40.In what to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergencyfunding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population.45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 bygreat poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49.[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that .[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to .[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as .[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering”has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is .[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth .[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because .[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science”in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term ‘anti-science’can lump together too many, quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means .[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to .[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is .[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and thepattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s .[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that .[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means .[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that .[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that .[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining .[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70.The passage is mainly about .[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then。

1998 Section ⅣWriting一、审题谋篇本题为漫画加提纲式作文。

文章的主题应该落在讽刺虚假承诺上，即：承诺自己份内之事这一不良现象。

考生在审题时，从漫画和旁边的打油诗可以看出该文章的关键词为虚假承诺（false promise或empty promise）。

提纲有两点要求：写出漫画所要表达的信息；进行评论。

由此可见，这是一篇描写加议论的文章。

文章第一段可以从描写漫画入手。

漫画题材的写作，应着重抓住漫画本身所传达的信息，即漫画的寓意，对漫画本身不用拘泥于细节。

考生可以在段尾点明该漫画所要表达的信息：虚假承诺。

由于提纲的第二点要求比较泛，因此，考生可以根据各自的思路展开。

第二段可以针对主题进一步讨论，既可以列举社会上众多的虚假承诺的不良现象，也可以着重讨论虚假承诺的危害，亦或追寻虚假承诺的根源。

在第三段中考生可提出自己的观点，即，解决该问题的方法。

二、参考范文Whoever sees this cartoon can’t help laughing. How funny it is-A hen is holding a notice promising that her eggs would be round and surely would contain everything a normal egg contains. But at second thought, it is anything but funny because the picture reveals a prevalent phenomenon in our society: Many of these promises are meaningless since the promise provided is nothing but the normal responsibility of the promise maker.Odd and funny as they sound，such false promises are so prevalent that we cannot afford to ignore them. Manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and enthusiastic services; administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribery. As a matter of fact，these cannot be called promises at all since they are no more than their normal duties and obligations. It seems that we should be grateful to them because they just do what they are supposed to do.I dare say these empty promises are causing great damage to our society both materially and morally. But the hen and her likes should know that by dishonest words no one could survive the intense competition under market economy system. People engaged in providing all kinds of services should honestly inform their customers of the service that they can enjoy because mutual trust is the foundation of business. They should remember the old saying，"Honesty is the best policy."On the other hand, necessary laws and regulations should be adopted and enforced to ensure a trust worthy economic and social environment. Only in this way, can both parties, service providers and those served, enjoy a healthy atmosphere of mutual trust.三、范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段而不是两段。

考研英语虚假承诺作文范文Fake Promises in the Postgraduate Entrance Exam。

In recent years, the number of postgraduate entrance exam takers has been increasing rapidly. With the fierce competition, some institutions and individuals have made fake promises to attract students, which has caused a great deal of concern.Firstly, some institutions have made false advertisements to attract students. They claim to have a high pass rate and guarantee admission, but in fact, they cannot provide reliable data to support their claims. Some institutions even promise to refund tuition fees if students fail to pass the exam, but in reality, they have many conditions and restrictions that make it difficult for students to get their money back.Secondly, some individuals have made false promises to attract students. They claim to be experts in the field andguarantee a high score, but in fact, they have no qualifications or experience. Some of them even cheat students by providing fake exam questions and answers, which not only wastes students' time and money but also damages their future prospects.The reasons behind these fake promises are complex. Some institutions and individuals are driven by profit and fame, while others are simply ignorant of the rules and regulations of the postgraduate entrance exam. Whatever the reason, it is important for students to be aware of these fake promises and avoid falling into their traps.To avoid being deceived, students should do their own research and choose reputable institutions and individuals. They should also be cautious of any promises that seem too good to be true and ask for evidence to support them. In addition, students should be aware of the rules and regulations of the postgraduate entrance exam and avoid any illegal or unethical practices.In conclusion, fake promises in the postgraduateentrance exam are a serious issue that needs to be addressed. Students should be aware of these practices and take steps to protect themselves from being deceived. With the right attitude and approach, students can achieve their goals and succeed in the postgraduate entrance exam.。

1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestUntil recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionText 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is t hat big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bi d for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meeti ngs such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decl ine of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure a nd considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether bo th continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationThey were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.。

1998年第三篇阅读英语一考研（原创版）目录1.1998 年考研英语阅读理解第三篇概述2.文章主题：批评滥贴"反科学"标签3.文章结构：1) 引言：提出问题2) 主体：阐述反科学的观点以及例子3) 结论：呼吁停止滥用“反科学”标签4.文章细节：1) 提到的人物和组织：Gallileo、Catholic Church、William Blake、Isaac Newton、Paul R.Gross、University of Virginia、Norman Levitt、Rutgers University、Carl Sagan、Republicans2) 提到的科学问题：科学和宗教、信息过载、反科学思潮、科学和民主正文1998 年考研英语阅读理解第三篇概述本文是一篇批评滥贴"反科学"标签的文章。

文章通过阐述反科学的观点以及例子，呼吁停止滥用“反科学”标签。

文章主题：批评滥贴"反科学"标签近年来，社会上出现一股反科学思潮，人们开始滥用“反科学”标签。

在这篇文章中，作者对这一现象进行了批评。

文章结构：1) 引言：提出问题作者首先提出了一个问题：在当今信息过载的时代，我们是否应该对滥用“反科学”标签的现象进行反思？2) 主体：阐述反科学的观点以及例子接下来，作者阐述了反科学的观点，并列举了一些例子。

这些例子包括：- Gallileo：Gallileo 是文艺复兴时期的一位科学家，他因主张日心说而受到 Catholic Church 的迫害。

- William Blake：William Blake 是 18 世纪的一位诗人，他提出了“反科学”观点，认为科学会限制人类的想象力。

- Isaac Newton：Isaac Newton 是 17 世纪的一位科学家，他通过实验和观察总结出了万有引力定律。

然而，在当今信息过载的时代，人们开始对科学产生怀疑。