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第6课The Miao Dragon Boat Festival (II)The Miao Dragon Boat Festival is different from / differs from the Hans’ / that of the Hans / the Han celebration. Apart from / Besides / In addition to a different date of celebration from that of the Hans’ (which takes place / happens / is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month) , it generally does not include a dragon boat race, but (it) chiefly (includes) visits to friends and relatives in other villages instead. The dragon boat begins its voyage along the river early in the morning / in the early morning, and is received by friends and relatives wherever / at any place where it stops / arrives.When it approaches / comes near a village, an iron blaster is set off to announce its arrival / inform friends and relatives (of its arrival). Villagers on the bank respond with firecrackers / set off firecrackers in response and come to meet it. The hosts present two cups of rice wine to each oarsman / present each oarsman with two cups of rice wine and then tie / fasten gifts—ducks, geese, and colored silks—(on) to the head of the dragon. Gifts for close relatives, like / such as sons-in-law or cousins, are pigs or goats.At about 4 p.m. the boat stops alongside the river bank. The people on the boat eat, with their fingers / without using bowls and chopsticks, meat and glutinous rice balls (which are) placed on the sides of the boat. Women and children on the bank come to “beg”the boatmen for food. Legend had it that if one ate food from a dragon boat, he would be free from disaster and have all his wishes fulfilled, / eating food from a dragon boat would protect one from disaster and fulfill all one’s wishes, which / and that later became a tradition / traditional custom.On the banks of the river are also held / there are also the Miaos’traditional horse races, bullfights and drum dances. Girls in holiday clothes / holiday attire / holiday array / their holiday best dance to (the accompaniment of) (log) drums / (log) drum beats. Young men and women sing antiphonally all through the festival nights; they get to know each other / get acquainted with each other thereby, and often get married / become man and wife later.第7课大本钟大本钟是伦敦最有名的地标之一，也是世界上最大的四钟面时钟之一。
英汉翻译教程——上海外语教育出版社1、John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
2、He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell.(前置)要吃核果，必先敲壳。
（要享受果实，必先劳动。
）3、They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed inseventy-two hours.（后置）他们打得勇敢，七十二小时内就粉碎了敌人的入侵。
（后置）We worked fast and well, so that we overfulfilled our production plan. (后置)我们工作得又快又好，超额完成了生产计划。
（后置）4、He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.他是绝不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last (man) to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
5、He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certainreputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。
我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。
6、He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了进行罪恶勾当的工具。
《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥”（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
”这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。
用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。
（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。
根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。
根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，“翻译”这个中性术语是指将一种语言（“原语”）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（“目的语”）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。
美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。
在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：“将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。
”（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。
但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。
季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。
前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。
第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.( Columbia Encyclopedia )2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
（孙致礼2003：6 ）二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize ―faithfulness‖! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance.(译事三难，信，达，雅。
求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉）①Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.----那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．④For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.古往今来多少离合悲欢, 谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！⑤Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)①From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the village. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往．②He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market.――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归．3.Qian Zhongshu①Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give ita soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。
英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。
The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似--—spiritual conformity。
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。
强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅：宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流.4．直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿； chain reaction连锁反应；gentlemen's agreement君子协定； one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气； go to one’s external rest——-安息； the long sleep——-长眠；see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂； blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿：直译不等于死译（dead translation）:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。
英语翻译基础教程总主编：冯庆华主编：冯庆华陈科芳1 “意思”的译法甲：这是一点小意思，请务必收下。
乙：你这个人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套。
甲：哎，只是意思意思，乙：啊，真是不好意思。
译文：A：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation .Please do take it . B：Oh， aren't you a bit too polite ? you should not do that .A: Well ,it just conveys my gratitude.B: Ah, thank you then ,though i really do not deserve it . 2 “说”（1）阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！《阿Q正传》译文：Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground ,spat ,and swore ,“hairy worm!”(2) “三个臭皮匠，合成个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有伟大的创造力。
《毛泽东选集》文: The old saying ,"three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind ,"simple means the masses have great creative power.（3）：也不知安居乐业，最早见于什么典籍，四个字一针见血的点名了生活中的一个因果关系。
译文：I can not say in what canon the words "secure in one's home and happy in one's work" first appeared ,but that expression cuts to the core of a primary determinant in human life.3 你们偶然看见一颗花生瑟缩的长在地上，不能立刻分辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触到它时你才能知道。
1. How to explain that I was not a proud owner seeking admiration for his vehicle, but a tourist who had broken down?【译文】真不知道怎么说好呢？我又不是一个得意的车主，专门让人家欣赏我的车子来着，而是个路途中有了难处的游客。
2. It is actually very, very old and was not always as beautiful as it is now. It is not certain how the Earth began. Probably it began as a huge globe of gas and dust. The globe became smaller and denser. … Today the outer layer or crust is cool and hard, …【译文】实际上，地球已经非常、非常古老了，它起初并不总像现在这样美丽。
关于地球的起源，尚无定论。
地球开始形成时，很可能是一个由气体和尘埃组成的巨大球体。
地球变得越来越小，越来越密，……今天，地球的外层或地壳已经冷却硬化，……3. Special equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours.【译文】在停电两小时以内的情况下，有专门设备能保证计算机正常工作。
4. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.【译文】那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是嫌恶，也不是她原先准备应付的任何一种感情。
英汉翻译教程——上海外语教育出版社1、John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
2、He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell.(前置)要吃核果，必先敲壳。
（要享受果实，必先劳动。
）3、They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed inseventy-two hours.（后置）他们打得勇敢，七十二小时内就粉碎了敌人的入侵。
（后置）We worked fast and well, so that we overfulfilled our production plan. (后置)我们工作得又快又好，超额完成了生产计划。
（后置）4、He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.他是绝不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last (man) to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
5、He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certainreputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。
我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。
6、He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了进行罪恶勾当的工具。
7、As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedicationfrom his employees.他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他中心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
8、Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
9、I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother isa better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。
我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of young man’s past wrong doing.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。
10、“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up thestep, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。
11、As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。
She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。
12、We took brief, restless naps, struggled to understand theintermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague,…我们短短地、不安地睡了几次，竭尽想听懂布拉格电台断断续续的广播······13、He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。
14、This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。
A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attractingincreasing attention.一种新型的飞机正在越来越引起人们的注意---这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。
He is a complicated man---moody ,mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是一个性格复杂的人---喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。
15、Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。
As for me, I did n’t agree from the very beginning.我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
16、Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。
17、Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比自己从失败中吸取教训更好。
18、The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too.这一下不仅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。
For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother,足足有十分钟之久，他既骂我，又骂我兄弟。
19、But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, hiscarelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。
20、Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。
21、He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few moremen他想给他们增加些援助，增加些武器，增派些人员。
.22、He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator他既精于飞行，有善于导航。
.23、Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of theday produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers.季节的每一更迭，气候的每一转变，乃至一天中的每一个小时都给这些山峦的奇幻色彩和形态带来变化，远近的主妇都把这些看作是准确的晴雨表。
24、But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事先在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。
25、I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。
25、Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half heartedhand-clapping greeted him.欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。
26、With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, wewere sore perplexed.他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。
27、I was admittedly shy.我是以腼腆胆怯著称的。
28、It was a bright September afternoon, and the streers of New Yorkwere brilliant with moving men.这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。
29、If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful periodfor the few.多数人兴高采烈之日，确实少数人伤心失意之时。
30、He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so brightand dark, so grave and gay.他坐在那注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。
31、She went, with her neat figure, and her sober womanly step, downthe dark street.她顺着黑暗的街道走去，显出（·······）利落匀称的身材，迈着（·······）端庄的女人的步子。
32、If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？33、The horse is a useful animal.马是有益的动物。
（省略表示类别的定冠词the）34、He went into the insecure building.(反面表达)他走进那所危楼。
（正面表达）他走进那所不安全的大楼。
