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Alliteration 等修辞手法1. Phonetic stylistic devices (红色为重点)头韵 Alliteration 半谐音 AssonanceConsonance 尾韵Rhyme 诗行的尾韵拟声 OnomatopoeiaExamples:, Bye, Bye, Balanced Budget (Alliteration), The rain is Spain stays mainly in the plain. (Assonance), When I lent I was a friend, when I asked I was unkind. (Consonance) , Wit once bought is worth twice taught. (Rhyme), She banged the door after her. (Onomatopoeia)2. Lexical stylistic devices明喻暗喻 Simile Metaphor转喻提喻 Metonymy Synecdoche拟人夸张 Personification Hyperbole低调陈述委婉 Understatement Euphemism反语隽语 Irony Paradox矛盾修饰类比 Oxymoron AnalogyAllegory 讽喻 Antonomasia 换称 Apostrophe 呼语仿拟 ParodyAllusion 用典双关 Pun一语双序 Zeugma 拈连 Syllepsis移就 Transferred EpithetExamples:1) The old man’s hand trembled like a leaf. (simile)2) He is as sly as a fox. (simile)3) Be careful of that thief; he is a slippery customer. (metaphor)4) The parks are the lungs of our city. (metaphor)5) He drank a cup. (metonymy) (代替杯中酒)6) He was steeped in Shakespeare. (metonymy) (代替他的作品)7) Two heads are better than one. (synecdoche) (部分代替整体)8) The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touchedby merry mood. (personification)9) I sat for a while, frozen with horror. (hyperbole)10) I was not a little surprised at the news. (understatement)11) The teachers say my son is slow. (euphemism)12) He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need. (irony)13) The Child is father of the Man. (paradox)14) More haste, less speed. (paradox)15) bitter-sweet memories (oxymoron)16) It’s with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own.(analogy)17) No rose without a thorn. (allegory)18) All that glisters is not gold. (allegory)19) Uncle Sam (美国) (Antonomasia )20) Romeo (情郎 ) (Antonomasia)21) England! awake! awake! awake! (Apostrophe)22) Quality breeds success. (仿Familiarity breeds contempt.) (Parody)23) “You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?” (来自“TheMerchant of Venice by Shakespeare”) (A llusion )24) a surprised silence (Transferred Epithet )25) We spent an anxious night. (Transferred Epithet ) 26) On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. (pun) 27) But acannon-ball took off his legs,So he laid down his arms. (Pun )28) She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan-chair. (Syllepsis) (两个短语都能搭配) 29) He lost the game and his temper. (Syllepsis ) (两个短语都能搭配)30) weeping eyes and hearts (Zeugma ) (只有一个是合理的搭配)31) The woman opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. (Zeugma ) (只有一个是合理的搭配)3. Syntactical stylistic devicesReverse 序换 Anadiplosis 蝉联 Regression 回环 Epigram 警句反复 Anaphora 首语反复 RepetitionEpiphora 尾语反复平行结构 ParallelismAntithesis 平行对照 Rhetorical Question 设问 Climax 渐进突降 Anti-climaxExamples:, Like son, like father. (Reverse)来自Like father, like son., With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my way. (Anadiplosis ), It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends. (Regression ), It is a wise father that knows his own child. (Epigram ), We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (Repetition), Give me the splendid silent sun with all his beams dazzling,Give me juicy autumnal fruit ripe and red from the orchard.Give me a field where the unmowed grass grows,Give me an arbour, give me the trellised grape… (Anaphora), “It’s their wealth and security that makes everything possible; makes you art possible, makesliterature, science, even religion possible.” (Epiphora), Their sun-burned faces were dark, and their sun-whipped eyes were light. (Parallelism), Speech is silver; silence is golden. (Antithesis ), Can a man be too cruel to his mother’s enemy? (RhetoricalQuestion ), I am sorry, I am so very sorry. I am so extremely sorry. (climax) , I lost my bag and with it, my wallet, my ID card, and my dirty socks. (Anti-climax)。
Stylistics and RhetoricBy: Shanshan XuIntroduction:1. What is stylistics?Stylistics studies how language is used in a certain context and how language expresses a certain subject.• 2. Charles Bally proposed two language effects: natural effect （自然效果）and evocative effect（联系效果）.Eg:•I’m sorry to trouble you, but could I ask you to close the door for me?•Would you mind closing the door?•I could do without the draught from that door.•Shut the door, will you?•Door!•Were you born in a barn?•I know a little boy who never leaves the door open.•丈夫支出账单中的一页•招聘女打字员的广告费……(支出金额)•提前一个星期预付给女打字员的薪水……(支出金额)•购买送给女打字员的花束……(支出金额)•同她共进的一顿晚餐……(支出金额)•给夫人买衣服……(一大笔开支)•给岳母买衣服……(一大笔开支)•招聘中年女打字员的广告费……(支出金额)•德军剩下来的东西•战争结束了。
他回到了从德军手里夺回的故乡，他匆匆忙忙地在路灯昏黄的街上走着。
一个女人捉住他的手，用吃醉了酒似的口气和他讲：“到哪儿去？是不是上我那里？”•他笑笑，说：“不。
不上你那儿—我找我的情妇。
”他回看了女人一下。
他们两个人走到路灯下。
英语修辞简述（Rhetoric）英语修辞(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech1. Simile(明喻)拉丁语similis (like)1.three parts : subject (主体) reference（喻体）indicator of resemblance（比喻词）? My love is like a red red rose.2。
主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)What is simile? E.g. ? The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.The structure:The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier本体, 比喻词, 喻体Compare the followingsentences:Jim looks like his brother Billy.My car runs as fast as the train.A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. ? Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.-- (The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparisonbetween two unlike things across domains (跨领域).Like and as型Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out .婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）;flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric” means “speaking”in such European languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but they are important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer to rhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance;Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes onthe similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.) (Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he must be very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.) (Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound ofdifferent words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics,lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said:Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情);rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective （使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language;rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation;lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences; whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written or colloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。
Stylistics summarystylisticsThe scope of chapter 1What is stylistics? Stylistics is a subject that teaches us how touse language and how to apply different styles of language.Stylistics specifically refers to the stylistic feature, refer to apply to the concept of modern linguistics and its skills, learning a language style used in a discipline, including general stylistics and literary stylistics.What is language, different people's definition of language, the development of time, the definition of language is constantly changing and improving. Language is essentially a social activity.Philosophic view holds that language system is the function and activity of language in society.Words are compared to languages. The word code usually refers to a series of symbols, symbolizing the transmission of information. Thesmall amount of information is the process of translating a series of words into a voice and allowing the receiver to receive the information.The use of speech in speech. Language is constantly used in human social activities, and in the speech is determined by three bad circumstances: the normative, the size and the type of the activity.Language variations and functions: the use of language is influenced by the use of the occasion, and different languages must be used indifferent contexts. Different scenes, different people, different times, different places, different media, different social situations use different languages.Language in this ancient, script and spoken English, have a conceptof function and functional points (a service for expression of speaker, a service) for writing the real world.Style is the key to distinguishing between different language habits. Each person has their own language style. For example, "the salsa style." A style is a person's language habit and a group language.The study of style: the study of stylistics is called style, and the study of stylistics is very early in the west. And stylistics as an independent language specification we need to have a full understanding to him, stylistic study of learning style tend to be more standardized, theoretical, make a linguistic description of the more strict specification.The learning of stylistics is the essence of modern science. It hasto do with literature; She is the continuation and development of rhetoric; He approaches critical literature with a new image andprovides a point of support for it.The second chapter is necessary to study the stylisticsThe study of stylistics helps us to develop a correct sense oflanguage.Language is not a unifying phenomenon. He is a broad collection.Only in different situations can people communicate properly withdifferent correct languages. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate a good sense of language that makes it easier for us to communicate.The study of stylistics makes it easier to understand and appreciate the work of literature.In critical literature, there are three stages: the descriptive stage, the interpretation stage and the evaluation stage. In literary creation, the author will continue to make the choice and judgment of language, including the choice of words and sentence structure. When we interrupt the regular use of a new language structure, we call it "variation." This is called "repetition" when we overuse a structure. This departure from the reader's mind is a psychological one.In addition to the prospect,Some authors also for some special effect, a large number of imitation, some of great lethality is because they are significant difference between the novel and drama opened the way you talk, use a lot of dialect makes the language more vivid, close to life.Study of stylistics helps us gains in terms of translation, the role of language in different function in a different language series, each kind of display is the same rule of language features, the translation is not enough to simply express the original meaning of a sentence. The translation must conformto the meaning of the language, which should be combined with the structure of the sentence and the analysis of the style, which makes the translation of the language more perfect. In translation, it isnecessary to put our energy in the same height, the same level, as the sentence.Chapter 3: variations of languageIncludes the dialect variant and the language domain variantDifferent characteristics of speech in different bad circumstances make the language different. The learning of language features has evolved, and modern linguistics has been divided into a series of divisions.Dialect variants are divided according to the user's differences; The language domain variant is determined by the use of bad situations.Dialects can be divided into individual dialects, time dialects, regional dialects, social dialects, and standard dialects. Social dialects can be subdivided into socioeconomic status variations, ethnic variations, gender variations, age variations.The language domain includes: the range of discourse, the way of discourse, the concept of the tone of the discourse.Most of our work has to do with our work, which is to use different languages for our different jobs. Discourse means the tools that language users use when communicating. The tone ofthe speech is about the relationship between the individual and the speaker/writer, listener/reader. A series of actions spoken by language speakers for speech purposes are called functional language.The presence of a variation in the language domain helps us get alot of information about a person, such as who we can judge from aperson's accent.The language domain and the dialect are interdependent. Language variants are of great social significanceThe purpose of language description in literature. In this relationship, it is to prove the theoretical analysis. At the level, language can be divided into: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics/handwriting.The grammar level can be divided into grammar and syntax; Grammar is the key of linguistics. In the study of lexical learning, the choice of special terms, the analysis of linguistic level.Stylistic feature mainly appear in semantics, grammar and vocabulary phonetics graphology, in the first level in stylistic feature, semantic features are: the segmental features (onomatopoeia, phonetic symbols, sound assimilation, alliteration/half harmonics), super sound characteristics (melody). A feature (rereading, rhythm, intonation,pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/sound).The second level of stylistic features: grammatical featuresshould be considered in terms of words. The types of sentences are: statements, questions, imperative sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences,sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences Clause/sentence types are: independent, non-independent, non-finite, and sentence elements.Phrases (nouns, pronouns, numerals, non-qualifier and noun structure (noun pre/post phrases); Verb phrase (verb, prepositional verb), passive and abbreviative.The word types have (roots, prefixes, suffixes) the high frequency compound words, composite words, mixtures, temporary words, conversions and pun.The general tendency is to notice six "no matter" and connotation, denotation, jargon, new words, and slang. Notice the combination of words.Stylistics third level: the semantic unit, linguistic connection [word cohesion should pay attention to the turning point ofwords/phrases, grammar structure of ellipsis, substitution, refers to each other on the (refers to, refer to below), vocabulary reuse three aspects], segmentation, discourse/textual patterns, rhetoric (metaphor meaning [metaphor, metonymy], ridiculous words and deeds cheat)/rhetoric/escape situation, semantic role.Note the four steps, the actual description and the analysis of the linguistic description.Chapter v the comparison of formal language of formal languageThe interpersonal function of language, the function that surrounds language, the interpersonal function that speaks language. Further theformal degree of language, functional language and formal degree. There are five levels of classification: informal, formal, z...The formal and phonetic characteristics of the language: the formal and informal language of the language depends on our words, the relationship to phonology, syntax rules, semantics.To establish a similar characteristic, the formal and informal language of the language depends on the vocabulary, phonology morphology, syntactic semantics. The article finally explains the difference between the content of the intervention and the informal language.Chapter 6 comparisons of spoken and written languagesProminent differences: different listening/readers, different linguistic, and different preparation statesThe difference of stylistics: speaking and writing are different in grammar, and different in terms of vocabulary, but also inphonetics/handwriting. After telling the difference between the two, there are plenty of examples to compare thetwo.The more subtle difference between the way of discourse: the difference in lifestyle, the way in which it is written,It includes: style, tone, rangeChapter 7 English conversationThe text tells the necessity of learning how to speak, the necessity of learning the conversation.Learning content of the session: economy, politics, theinternational situation, culture, education, science, sports, entertainment, news, family, children, the friendship, the weather, andso on.Adapt to the way the session is copied. The text lists many examplesof informal conversationsGeneral characteristics of English conversation:In terms of language levels of stylistic feature: grammatical features, preference for short and loose sentence, often adapt toelliptical sentence and incomplete sentences, often adapt to questions, using a simple noun and verb phrase structure; Vocabularycharacteristics, like to use short words and inaccurate expression, high frequency of acronyms, idioms, and a lot of phrasal verbs, use exaggerated words and slang. In phonetic features, the frequent use of some basic metrical features, the rhythmic variation in the tones, andtheemergence of the sublinguistic effects of freedom; A series of viewson semantic characteristics,Rough synonyms, even using illogical languages.Summary: the conversation sometimes relies heavily on the bad background knowledge of the time.Other session types include: discussion, telephone conversation, etc.。
