砥砺前行,考研英语80+你也可以!_毙考题

50.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。

50.Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.51.在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。

51. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward)with greater strides in 1980’ s.52.我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。

52.We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).53.这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。

53.The result is much (far) better than we expected.54.在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。

54. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery(restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).55.我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。

55. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.56.没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。

56. It is impossible to accomplish(carry out, fulfill,materialize)the socialistmodernization of our country(our socialist modernization)without the leadership of the Party.48.这门课我们越学越喜欢。

考研英语（阅读）-试卷80(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________解析：2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________解析：Neuroscientists have long understood that the brain can rewire itself in response to experience—a phenomenon known as neuroplasticity. But until recently, they didn"t know what causes gray matter to become plastic, to begin changing. Breakthrough research by a team at MIT"s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory has documented one type of environmental feedback that triggers plasticity: success. Equally important and somewhat surprising: Its opposite, failure, has no impact. Earl Miller, the lead researcher on the study, says understanding the link to environmental feedback is crucial to improving how people teach and motivate because it"s a big part of how we learn. But we absorb more from success than from failure, according to the study. Miller"s researchers gave monkeys a simple learning task: They presented one of two pictures. If it was Picture A, the monkeys were supposed to look to the left; if Picture B, to the right. When the monkeys looked in the correct direction, they were rewarded with a drop of juice. All the while the team recorded brain function. "Neurons(cells specialized to conduct nerve impulses)in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, where the brain tracks success and failure, sharpened their tuning after success," says Miller. What"s more, those changes lingered for several seconds, making brain activity more efficient the next time the monkey did the task. Thereafter, each success was processed more efficiently. That is, the monkey had learned. "But after failure," Miller points out, "there was little change in brain activity." In other words, the brain didn"t store any information about what went wrong and use it the next time. The monkey just tried, tried again. Miller says this means that on a neurological level, success is actually a lot more informative than failure. If you get a reward, the brain remembers what it did right. But with failure(unless there is a clear negative consequence, like the shock a child feels when she sticks something in an electrical outlet), the brain isn"t sure what to store, so it doesn"t change at all. Does this research confirm the management tenet of focusing on your—and your team"s—strengths and successes? Miller cautions against making too tidy a connection between his findings and an environment like the workplace, but he offers this suggestion: "Maybe the lesson is to know that the brain will learn from success, and you don"t need to dwell on that. You need to pay more attention to failures and challenge why you fail."（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true of Earl Miller"s research?（分数：2.00）A.It discovers neuroplasticity.B.It is the first study of this kind.C.It studies one environmental feedback.D.It attests to one cause of neuroplasticity. √解析：解析：是非细节题。

ui2013年考研英语（一）真题.................................................................................................. 5Section I Use of English5 Section II Reading Comprehension. (7)Part A (7)Part B (16)Part C (19)Section III Writing (20)Part A (21)Part B (21)2013考研英语（一）答案 (22)Section I Use of English (22)Section II Reading Comprehension (25)Section III Writing (33)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (35)Section I Use of English (35)Section II Reading Comprehension (36)Part A (36)Part B (45)Part C (47)Section III Writing (48)Part A (48)Part B (48)2012考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (54)作文 (67)2011考研英语(一)试题 (71)Section I Use of English (71)Section II Reading Comprehension (72)Part A (72)Part B (81)Part C (83)Section ⅢWriting (84)Part A (84)Part B (84)2011考研英语（一）答案 (86)Section I Use of English (86)Section II Reading Comprehension (88)Section III Writing (95)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (97)Section I Use of English (97)Section II Reading Comprehension (98)Part A (98)Part B (105)Part C (106)Section ⅢWriting (107)Part A (107)Part B (107)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (109)Section I Use of English (109)Section I I Reading comprehension (110)Part A (110)Part B (117)Part C (118)Section ⅢWriting (119)Part A (119)Part B (119)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (121)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (121)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (121)Section III: Writing (30 points) (121)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (123)Section I Use of English (123)Section II Reading Comprehension (124)Part A (124)Part B (131)Part C (132)Section III Writing (133)Part A (133)Part B (133)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (135)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (135)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (135)Section III: Writing (30 points) (135)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (137)Section I Use of English (137)Section II Reading Comprehension (141)Part A (141)Part B (148)Part C (150)Section III Writing (151)Part A (151)Part B (151)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (153)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (153)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (153)Section III: Writing (30 points) (153)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (155)Section I Use of English (155)Section II Reading Comprehension (159)Part A (159)Part B (166)Section III Writing (169)Part A (169)Part B (169)2006年考研英语（一）答案 (171)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (171)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (171)Section III: Writing (30 points) (171)2005年考研英语（一）试题 (173)Section I Use of English (173)Section II Reading Comprehension (177)Part A (177)Part B (184)Part C (186)Section III Writing (187)Part A (187)Part B (187)2005年考研英语真题答案 (189)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (189)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (189)Section III: Writing (30 points) (189)2004年考研英语（一）试题 (191)Section II Use of English (191)Section III Reading Comprehension (195)Part A (195)Part B (202)Section IV Writing (203)2004年考研英语（一）答案 (205)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (205)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (205)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (205)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (206)2003年考研英语（一）试题 (207)Section II Use of English (207)Section III Reading Comprehension (211)Part A (211)Part B (218)Section IV Writing (219)2003年考研英语（一）答案 (221)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (221)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (221)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (221)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (222)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (223)Section I Listening Comprehension (223)Part B (224)Part C (224)Section II Use of English (227)Section III Reading Comprehension (231)Part A (231)Part B (239)Section IV Writing (240)2002年考研英语（一）答案 (242)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (242)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (242)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (242)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (243)2001年考研英语（一）试题 (244)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (244)Part A (244)Part B (247)Section II Cloze Test (252)Section III Reading Comprehension (256)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (264)Section V Writing (265)2001年考研英语（一）答案 (267)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (267)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (267)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (267)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (267)Section V: Writing (20 points) (268)2000年考研英语（一）试题 (269)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (269)Part A (269)Part B (271)Part C (273)Section II Cloze Test (278)Section III Reading Comprehension (280)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (288)Section V Writing (289)2000年考研英语（一）答案 (291)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (291)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (291)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (291)Section V: Writing (15 points) (292)2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicantwould___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compani es can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading tolives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional socialscientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system bechanged: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as apercentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some。

文章标题Learning to Excel in Postgraduate English: A Reflection on "Breaking Through 80"In the journey of academic pursuit, the aspiration to excel in English, especially for those aiming for postgraduate studies, holds a pivotal position. The questfor mastery in this language is not only about scoring high but also about honing one's communication skills, critical thinking, and comprehension abilities. "Breaking Through 80" stands as a beacon, guiding students on this path of linguistic excellence.Upon completing this comprehensive study guide, I found myself not only equipped with a robust vocabulary and grammatical know-how but also with a deeper understandingof the nuances of English language usage. The book's structured approach, blending theory with practice, madethe learning process engaging and effective. The variety of exercises, ranging from fill-in-the-blanks to essay writing, allowed me to apply my knowledge in diverse contexts, strengthening my confidence in handling complex language tasks.What truly stood out for me was the focus on critical reading and writing skills. The strategies outlined in the book helped me to approach texts with a more analytical eye, enhancing my ability to extract key information, make inferences, and construct coherent arguments. This was especially valuable in preparing for the comprehension and analysis sections of the postgraduate English exam.Moreover, the book emphasized the importance of regular practice and continuous review. The advice on setting up a study plan and monitoring progress was invaluable inkeeping me motivated and on track. The sense of accomplishment that came with ticking off each milestone in my study plan was a powerful incentive to keep going.Beyond the nuts and bolts of language learning, "Breaking Through 80" also instilled in me a sense of cultural awareness. Through its exploration of different genres and styles of writing, it opened my eyes to the rich tapestry of English literature and culture. This broadened my perspective, making me more attuned to the subtleties of language use in different contexts.In conclusion, "Breaking Through 80" has been a transformative experience for me. It has not only equipped me with the linguistic tools necessary for academic success but has also nurtured a deeper appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the English language. The journey ahead may still be challenging, but with this book as my guide, I am confident that I will continue to make strides in my linguistic journey.**学习考研英语突破80观后感**在学术追求的道路上，对于准备攻读研究生的学生来说，追求卓越的英语水平占据了至关重要的地位。

一. 1980考研英语翻译真题及答案Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)1.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。

1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。

2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。

3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。

4. The result is much (far) better than we expected.5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。

5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。

6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。

一.1980考研英语翻译真题及答案Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)1.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。

1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。

2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。

3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。

4. The result is much (far) better than we expected.5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。

5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。

6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。

1980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of Prepositions在所给的介词中选择一个适当的填入空白：（本大题共5分，每题12分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）to, at, instead of, from, of, with, on, among, between, because of, about, for into, with regard to, over 1. The findings are far ________ satisfactory .2. We shall divide the work ________ us research workers.3. The rainy season in that country varies ________ 3 - 4 months.4. They have never heard ________ such an invention.5. We must pay attention ________ the latest development of the situation.6. The newly-installed control computer will soon be put ________ use.7. The news which I am going to tell you ________ is rather serious.8. The engineer seemed to know what the sign stood ________.9.The machine tool went out of control ________ mishandling.10. Don ’t be satisfied ________ what you have achieved.Section II Verb Tenses用所给动词的适当时态语态填入空白：（本大题共10分，第7题2分，其余各题均1分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分） 11. Those who ’d like to visit the exhibition ________ (sign) your names here. 12. A great number of small power stations ________ (set up) in their county sinceliberation. 13. He asked me whether my brother ________ (fly) to Beijing.14. He fell asleep immediately last night; he must ________ (be) very tired.15. “Have you moved into the new flat?”“Not yet. The rooms ________ (paint).”16. The director recommended that she ________ (study) more English beforegoing abroad.17. The teacher told them since light ________ (travel) faster than sound, lightning________ (appear) to go before thunder.18. How long ________ they ________ (dig) the ditch?19. He refused to tell us whether he ________ (undertake) the job.Section III Verb Forms用所给动词的适当形式（不定式、分词、动名词）填入空白：（本大题共15分，每题112分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）20. Matter is the name ________ (give) to everything which has weight andoccupies space.21. I shall never forget ________ (meet) the late Premier Zhou during hisinspection of our factory.22. I wonder if he could get it ________ (do) before tomorrow.23. Night ________ (fall), we hurried home.24. A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ________ (make) to do sowith the help of a reflecting device.25. We were busy ________ (get) things ready for the trial production when hephoned us.26. Some molecules are large enough ________ (see) under the electronicmicroscope.27. The floor does not look so bad when ________ (sweep) clean.28. ________ (fail) several times, they need some encouragement.29. ________ (catch) in the rain, he was wet to the skin.Section IV Structure and Vocabulary选择填空：（本大题共15分，每题1分）在每题下面的[A], [B], [C], [D]四个答案中，将你认为最合适的答案画个“〇”。

Highly charged motoring 负重前行[2010.10.07] The EconomistElectric cars have come and gone over the years. Usually an oil crisis has given them a boost; this time it is a combination of oil prices, fears about energy security and climate change.Now the big car firms are pushing all-electric cars for the mass market. At the Paris Motor Show 人生中最幸福的就是身体健康this week they unveiled electric vehicles of all shapes and sizes. Some go on sale in the next few months.This represents a huge leap forward for the industry, but the showroom patter will be misleading, for two reasons. First, although electric cars are nippy, stylish and as easy to drive as conventional vehicles, electric motoring has some distinct disadvantages. Second, they are not really as green as their promoters claim.The idea of recharging an electric car at home for only a few dollars and never again having to visit a filling station is enticing. For most journeys, the limitations of battery capacity are irrelevant.As salesmen will be quick to point out, 99% of the time people do only short runs—the daily commute, trips to the shops and to pick up the children—all of which are well within the range of most electric cars.But that final 1% of journeys presumably includes the summer holiday when people pile into the car and head off for the coast. Hopping on the train laden with suitcases and children may not be an attractive alternative. And even the relatively short ranges that salesmen advertise may be optimistic. On a cold, wet night when lots of electrical systems are running and the vehicle is laden with passengers and luggage, a car may lose around a third of its supposed range.And what of electric cars’ environmental cred entials? Electric cars are being hugely subsidised by taxpayers—£5,000 ($7,940) in Britain and up to $7,500 in America—on the ground that they are zero-emission vehicles. Makers of electric cars claim that this is an efficient way to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Road transport accounts for a tenth of such emissions worldwide; the sorts of biofuels currently in use are not much greener than petrol; and next-generation biofuels are proving slow to come to the market.Although electric cars may not themselves produce greenhouse gases, generating the electricity they use does. How green they are depends on the fuel mix at the power plants in the country in which they are driven. An electric car in Britain today, for instance, produces around 20% less in CO2 emissions than a car with a petrol engine. Even if the generating mix gets greener, electric vehicles are so expensive to produce, that they will still be a relatively costly way of abating CO2 emissions.The only efficient way to cut greenhouse-gas emissions is to impose a carbon tax. If electric cars are a good way of reducing emissions, a carbon tax will enable them to flourish. Taxes, of course, are not as popular as subsidies. But subsidies are almost always a waste of public resources. At this par ticular time, throwing more taxpayers’ money at the car industry seems a daft thing to do.考研词汇combination[ˌkɑmbəˈneʃən] n.①结合，联合，合并；②化合（物）distinct[dɪˈstɪŋkt］a.①清楚的，明显的；②（from）截然不同的［真题例句］ The BBC “ain t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct (②) from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?［1996年阅读2］［例句精译］他们说英国广播公司“没有破产”，他们的意思是说它没有垮掉（垮掉与“一文不名”含义不同，“一文不名”指没有资金），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？irrelevant[ɪˈrɛləvənt］a.不相关的［真题例句］ But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.［2002年阅读2］［例句精译］但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。

1980年考研英语50.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。

50.Pleaseturnofftheswitch(switchoff)assoonasthewaterboils.51. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。

51.TheChinesepeoplewillforgeahead(marchon,marchonward,marchf orward)withgreaterstridesin1980’s.52. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。

52. WeallagreetothedecisioncomradeLihasmade(made).53. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。

53. Theresultismuch(far)betterthanweeGpected.54. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。

54.Duringthepastthreeyearsalot(ofwork)hasbeendoneintherecovery( restoration)ofournationaleconomy(inrecoveringournationaleconom y;inrestoringournationaleconomy).55. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。

55.WeuseEnglishasatoolinlearningWesternadvancedscienceandtech nology.56. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。

56.Itisimpossibletoaccomplish(carryout,fulfill,materialize)thesocialist modernizationofourcountry(oursocialistmodernization)withoutthele adershipoftheParty.1981年考研英语48.这门课我们越学越喜欢。