翻译期末论文

有关英汉翻译论文范文一：生态学视域下的英汉翻译一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学，其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科学研究。

而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟，社会科学的研究者们发现了生态学与人文社会科学的相容性，认为人文社会领域和自然一样，事物与事物、事物与环境间都发生着联系，没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象，故而认为生态学研究的理论、方法同样适用于社会科学研究。

生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。

20世纪50年代以来，人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关联问题，研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向，人们对文本的认识，已无法将文本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。

对于成功的翻译者来说，他不仅要作为两种语言的专家，还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。

对于英汉翻译的研究者来说，他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。

生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、互相促进。

在英汉翻译领域，一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展，而且内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。

其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断旋螺式发展的，而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。

用生态学视角看待英汉翻译，为的是建立一种整体性思维。

有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性，整体性不是部分的简单累加，也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体，它有着超越部分之和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。

”对翻译及其研究工作来说，把握“整体性”是关键。

翻译活动涵盖原文本和译文本，涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方，包括语言和文化2个层面，同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。

梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活动的要素的动态平衡发展，有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。

大学英语期末作文翻译Title: The Importance of College English Final Exam。

As the semester comes to an end, college students across the country are preparing for their final exams in various subjects, including the dreaded college English final exam. Many students may wonder why this particular exam is so important, and why it is given so much weight in their overall grade. In this essay, we will explore the importance of the college English final exam and why it is crucial for students to take it seriously.First and foremost, the college English final exam is important because it assesses the students' overall understanding and proficiency in the English language. English is a universal language, and having a strong command of it is essential for success in both academic and professional settings. The final exam provides an opportunity for students to demonstrate their ability to comprehend and analyze complex texts, as well as to expresstheir thoughts and ideas coherently and effectively. By doing well on the exam, students can prove that they have the language skills necessary to excel in their future endeavors.Furthermore, the college English final exam serves as a comprehensive review of the material covered throughout the semester. It tests students on their knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing skills, allof which are fundamental components of the English language. By studying for the exam, students are able to revisit and reinforce the concepts and skills they have learned in class, which can help solidify their understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, the exam provides an opportunity for students to identify any areas of weakness and to seek help or additional practice in those areas.In addition to assessing language proficiency and serving as a review of course material, the college English final exam also plays a significant role in determining students' grades. The exam is often weighted heavily, and a good performance can have a positive impact on a student'soverall grade in the course. Conversely, a poor performance can lower a student's grade, potentially affecting their GPA and academic standing. As such, it is crucial for students to dedicate time and effort to prepare for the exam in order to achieve the best possible outcome.Moreover, the college English final exam is an opportunity for students to showcase their academic growth and development. Throughout the semester, students have been exposed to a variety of texts, writing assignments, and language exercises that have helped them expand their knowledge and skills in English. The final exam allows students to demonstrate how they have grown as learners and how they have applied what they have learned in a meaningful way. It is a chance for students to take pridein their accomplishments and to show their teachers and peers how far they have come.In conclusion, the college English final exam is a crucial component of the academic experience for college students. It assesses language proficiency, serves as a comprehensive review of course material, determinesstudents' grades, and allows students to showcase their academic growth and development. As such, it is essential for students to take the exam seriously and to prepare for it diligently. By doing so, students can demonstrate their mastery of the English language and set themselves up for success in their future academic and professional pursuits.。

英语翻译毕业论文English Translation of Graduation Thesis (700 words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This study aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior. Through a literature review and data analysis, the study found that social media has a significant influence on consumer decision-making, product preference, and purchasing behavior. In addition, social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, have become important channels for consumers to obtain product information and make purchasing decisions. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for marketers to understand and utilize social media to enhance consumer engagement and improve business performance.Keywords: social media, consumer behavior, decision-making, product preference, purchasing behaviorIntroduction:Social media has revolutionized the way people interact with the world. It has become an essential tool for communication, entertainment, and information sharing. According to statistics, the number of social media users worldwide has reached billions, making it an important platform for companies to reach their target audience. Understanding the impact of social media on consumer behavior is crucial for businesses to develop effective marketingstrategies.Literature Review:Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of social media on consumer behavior. Some studies have found that social media has a significant impact on consumer decision-making. For example, Lam et al. (2016) found that social media plays an important role in shaping consumer attitudes and perceptions towards a brand. Consumers tend to trust information obtained from social media platforms more than traditional advertising methods. This trust leads to increased brand loyalty and purchase intention.On the other hand, social media has also been found to influence product preference. Consumers often rely on social media recommendations and reviews to make purchase decisions. Lin et al. (2017) found that positive reviews and high ratings on social media platforms significantly increase consumers' willingness to purchase a product. This indicates that companies should actively engage with consumers on social media and encourage positive reviews to enhance product preference.Furthermore, social media has a direct impact on consumers' purchasing behavior. Research by Smith (2018) revealed that social media platforms have become important channels for consumers to obtain product information and make purchasing decisions. Consumers often scroll through their social media feeds and come across product advertisements or recommendations. These social media interactions directly influence their purchasing behavior, leading to increased sales for businesses.Methodology:To investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior, this study conducted a survey involving 300 participants. The survey consisted of questions related to consumer decision-making, product preference, and purchasing behavior. The data collected was analyzed using statistical methods to identify correlations and trends.Results and Discussion:The data analysis showed a strong correlation between social media usage and consumer behavior. A majority of the participants indicated that they regularly used social media platforms to gather product information and make purchasing decisions. Additionally, positive reviews and recommendations from social media influencers were found to significantly influence consumer purchasing behavior.Conclusion:This study concludes that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior. Companies should leverage social media platforms to engage with consumers, build brand loyalty, and enhance product preference. Strategies such as influencer marketing and encouraging positive reviews can effectively drive sales and improve business performance.。

关于英汉翻译论文翻译的过程不仅涉及语言的转换,还涉及不同特征的文化的转换。

汉英两个民族连同它们的语言在思维方式、价值标准、审美取向、哲学传统、民族心理等方面都存在巨大差异。

下面是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文，供大家参考。

关于英汉翻译论文范文一：英汉文化差异及翻译策略【摘要】语言和文化密不可分，它是文化的载体，是文化的最直接的最重要的外在表现形式。

然而，语言是一种抽象的概念，我们如何通过它来了解不同国家文化的异同呢?本论文用对比的方法，对英汉基本颜色的语义及象征意义进行比较，并剖析其产生差异的原因，让大家更深入的了解英美民族与汉民族文化，从而帮助来自不同文化背景的人们更好地进行沟通交流。

这对从事跨文化交际及不同语言翻译的工作者也有所裨益。

由于地域，习俗，政治，宗教和价值观的不同，不同的颜色词往往代表着不同的含义。

【关键词】英汉文化;文化差异;翻译策略1 英汉颜色差异的表现1.1 历史传统的差异在英国人心目中白色是上帝、天使、幸福、纯洁的象征。

“西方人举行婚礼时，新娘要穿白色的婚纱，这源自于英国国家的宗教故事magi和draids在基督复活时穿着白色的衣服。

因此白色在西方国家被广泛地用在婚礼上。

而白色在中国则是丧色。

自古以来亲人死后家属要穿白色孝服，办“白事”，胸襟上别着白色的小花，以此来表达对死去亲人的哀悼和敬意。

红色在中华民族的传统心里中是一种喜庆色，它象征着吉祥、如意，使人联想到幸福与健康。

过新年时贴上红对联、举行婚礼时新娘都要穿上红色喜服，墙上、门上、窗上都贴上红喜字，客人送的礼金或长辈给的红包，都要用红纸包着，以示喜庆。

但在以英语为母语的英美民族眼中，红色则意味着流血、恐怖和危险，甚至会使人联想到淫荡、低级趣味。

如现代西方城市有很多red light district/红灯区，英语的scarlet有“鲜红的、淫荡的、罪名昭彰”之意。

由此可见，因历史传统的不同，英汉两民族对待颜色的态度也大相径庭。

翻译专业毕业论文Translation Major Graduation Thesis (700 words)Title: The Impact of Technology on Translation Industry Abstract:With the rapid development of technology, the translation industry has undergone significant changes. This paper analyzes the impact of technology on the translation industry from the aspects of translation tools, machine translation, and online translation platforms. Through the analysis of relevant research materials, it is found that although technology has brought convenience and efficiency to the translation industry, it cannot replace human translation. The translator's expertise and linguistic acumen are still irreplaceable in accurately conveying the meaning and context of the source language. Therefore, translators should embrace technological advancements while continuously improving their own translation skills to adapt to the changing environment of the industry.Introduction:The translation industry plays a crucial role in promoting international communication and cultural exchange. With the rapid development of technology, translation tools, machine translation, and online translation platforms have emerged, which has greatly impacted the translation industry. This paper aims to analyze the impact of technology on the industry and explore how translators can adapt to these changes.1. Impact of Translation Tools:Translation tools, such as computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, have become an indispensable part of translation work. These tools can automatically extract text segments for translation, provide suggestions, and accurately count words and characters, greatly improving translation efficiency. Translators can also use translation memory tools to store and retrieve translated segments, which can significantly reduce repetitive work and maintain translation consistency. However, it is worth noting that the use of translation tools requires translators to have a certain level of computer literacy. Moreover, these tools cannot fully grasp the nuances and context of the source language, which still requires human intervention.2. Impact of Machine Translation:Machine translation (MT) technology has made significant progress in recent years. With the help of artificial intelligence (AI), machine translation engines can translate texts in seconds, making it a popular choice for quick and simple translations. However, the translation quality of machine translation is still far from satisfactory. It often produces translations that are grammatically incorrect or lack context. Therefore, machine translation is more suitable for informational purposes rather than for professional translation. Translators should be cautious when utilizing machine translation and make necessary revisions to ensure the accuracy and naturalness of the translation.3. Impact of Online Translation Platforms:Online translation platforms, such as Google Translate, have made translation accessible to a wider audience. Users can simply input text and receive a translation instantly. While these platformsprovide convenience to users in need of instant translations, the quality of translations varies. As professional translators, we should utilize these platforms as a reference or a starting point for our work, rather than relying solely on them. The professional judgment and linguistic knowledge of translators are still essential in producing high-quality translations.Conclusion:Technology has undoubtedly brought convenience and efficiency to the translation industry. Translation tools, machine translation, and online translation platforms have changed the way translators work and interact with clients. However, it is important for translators to recognize that technology cannot replace human translation. The translator's expertise and linguistic acumen are still crucial for accurately conveying the meaning and context of the source language. Therefore, translators should embrace technological advancements while continuously improving their skills to adapt to the changing environment of the industry.。

翻译概论期末考查小论文说明：可以选择以下4个选题中的任一个，也可以自己另选有关翻译理论方面的话题。

1. 翻译原则：选择一位翻译名家的翻译原则，阐述其内涵，并结合当下的翻译市场要求说明该原则的指导性意义和时代局限性。

（如“信、达、雅”、“化境”、或国外的Alexander Tytler的翻译三原则、Newmark的交际翻译与语义翻译，Nida的功能对等等等，具体不限）2. 翻译过程：对翻译过程中的诸多因素进行列举和分析，并从译者的角度来判断哪些因素应该是译者着重考虑的对象并如何对其翻译策略产生相应的影响。

3. 翻译的目的：结合中国历史上的几次翻译高潮，阐述社会形势与翻译市场变化和翻译目的的联系。

4. 翻译的归化与异化：结合目前全球文化交流的趋势，分析归化异化策略对跨语言跨文化交流的利弊，并指明中国文化如何通过翻译的途径实现较为强势的输出。

例1,真是天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福(红楼梦第六回)。

“Truly,…Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight,‟……”(杨宪益)“I know …the weather and human life are both unpredictable‟.”(Hawkes)例2,万两黄金容易得,知心一个也难求.(红楼梦第五十七回)Ten thousand tales of gold are easier come by than an understanding heart.(杨宪益)Easier a golden hoard to win than find one understanding heart.(Hawkes)作为译者,杨宪益的目的是想尽可能多地把中国文化介绍给英美读者,是以想多了解中国文化的英美读者为对象的,因而基本上遵循了以源语文化为归宿的原则,即采用了异化的方法;霍克斯的翻译目的非常明显,是为了取悦译文读者,是为一般的英美读者翻译的,因此他遵循了以目的语文化为归宿的原则,即采用了归化的方法。

如何在多元文化语境下认识翻译与研究翻译当今，世界经济快速发展，世界化进程不断加速，面对经济一体化的强势势头，“维护文化多样性”的问题被更加严峻地提了出来。

而在多元文化语境下，翻译对不同文化间的相互了解、互为尊重、互为补充的重要作用显而易见，本文主要探讨在当今时代，翻译所应具有的精神和所肩负的使命；同时也将对如何进一步深化翻译研究进行讨论。

一、国内外翻译发展现状1、翻译发展过程中的两次转向在翻译研究的历程中，主要先后经历了“语言学转向”和“文学转向”。

这两次转向为我们全面理解翻译、认识翻译提供了新的视角与可能性。

同时，这两次转向也为我们更为深刻地理解“语言”与“文化”这两个概念、从而更好地把握这两者之间的关系提供了全新的角度。

这两次转向让我们更加清晰地认识到预言师文化的重要组成部分，语言是文化的载体，语言并不是一种操作性的被动工具，而是具有能动的创造作用。

正是在这个意义上，我们把语言的多样性和文化的多样性是作为人类共同的遗产。

2、国内翻译研究发展中的几种倾向回顾中国三十多年的翻译研究发展史，主要存在着几种引人深思的翻译倾向：1）重技轻道这一倾向主要体现在两方面：一是从翻译研究问世的成果来看，对翻译技巧的探讨占很大比重，而对翻译的形而上的研究则很少。

二是表现在翻译研究的观念层面上。

由于对翻译技巧的重视，导致了翻译研究的实用主义态度，这样局限了翻译理论的范围，把理论的功能简单化了。

2）重语言轻文化这一现象特别表现在20世纪的70年代后期和80年代，原因有多方面。

就翻译的具体操作层面上，语言转化是翻译活动最直接的一种行为。

长期以来把翻译活动当作纯粹语言转化活动的简单主义翻译观对人们的翻译研究有着观念上的影响，在研究中重视语言层面的转化成了一种必然。

这一倾向还与我们在借鉴西方翻译过程中所受的影响直接相关。

3）重微观轻宏观这一倾向突出地表现在两个研究领域：翻译研究史领域记忆翻译批评领域。

这种“见树不见林”的研究方法遮蔽了人们对翻译的文化特质的认识。

翻译期末课程报告范文随着全球化的发展，翻译作为沟通不同文化之间的重要工具愈加重要。

本学期，我参加了翻译课程，并在课程期末完成了一份翻译报告。

在此，我将分享我的报告成果以及在这一学期中所学到的知识和经验。

我的翻译报告选取了一篇英文科技文章。

通过翻译这篇文章，我旨在提高我的翻译能力，并提供一个清晰、准确和流畅的中文翻译版本。

在这个过程中，我与原文进行了多次对比和分析，并参考了一些相关的词典和语法参考书。

在好几次修改之后，我完成了一份满意的翻译报告。

在这篇翻译报告中，我首先进行了词汇和术语的翻译。

科技文章通常包含大量专业术语和专有名词，因此准确翻译这些内容对于保持原文的专业性非常重要。

我通过各种途径，例如在线术语库和学术文献，来查找相应的译文。

同时，为了确保译文的准确性，我在翻译过程中使用了更加规范和实际的译文。

例如，对于一些没有确切对应的术语，我选择描述其定义和功能，而不是直接翻译成通俗的词汇。

其次，我注意到语法和句子结构在翻译过程中的重要性。

英汉两种语言在语法和句子结构上存在显著的差异，因此在翻译的时候，需要对句子进行重新构造和调整，以保持语义的连贯性和准确性。

在我的翻译报告中，我努力遵循了中文句子的习惯结构，尽量使译文更加通顺自然。

此外，我还注意到修辞和逻辑在翻译中的重要性。

根据原文的风格和逻辑关系，我进行了相应的调整和转换，以确保译文传达的信息与原文保持一致。

除了词汇和语法，我还注意到在翻译过程中的文化因素。

文化在翻译中扮演着重要的角色，因为不同的文化对于语言的使用和表达方式有着不同的理解。

在我的翻译报告中，我力求尊重原文的文化特点，并且在合适的地方添加了适当的文化背景信息，使得译文更具丰富性和可理解性。

通过完成这份翻译报告，我对于翻译的过程和技巧有了更深入的理解。

翻译不仅仅是简单地将一种语言转译成另一种语言，更是在不同文化之间进行信息交流和沟通的一种艺术。

在这个过程中，我学会了如何处理复杂的句子结构、专业术语和文化差异。

关于英语翻译方向的论文范文(2)英语翻译的论文篇3浅谈职业教育商务英语翻译人才的培养模式0 前言目前对商务英语的培养我们主要是以相关的课程辅导为主，比如说“商务英语翻译”主要阐述的是一些国家的基本的商务模式，以及语言习惯问题，主要是提高人才的商务能力和翻译能力，保障商务英语专业人才能够正确传达客户之间的交流信息，保障双方的利益。

然而由于长期受传统的培养模式的影响，商务英语人才的培养并没有那么容易。

基于这种情况，研究出一套好的商务英语翻译人才培养的方案是很重要的。

1 商务英语人才在培养过程中常见的一些问题以及解决方法就目前而言主要有下列一些问题：人才在培养的过程中教学知识太过于宽泛，缺乏职业的明确性，没有很强的职业观念。

另一类问题就是在教学的过程中太过于书面化缺少实践的锻炼，同时在人才的考核方面也存在很多缺陷，例如考核的标准太过于单一缺少综合性的体现。

这些都是目前所存在的一些问题，针对这些问题我们提出了一些相对应的措施：首先是加强职业观念的培养，要能够做到专业与职业对口，其次就是要加强实践的力度，可以把一些基本的工作任务分配给学生作为教学的主要内容。

最后就是在人才的考核过程中，我们要实现考核的多样化，提高考核的标准，让能力优先者能够有一个好的平台发挥自己的能力。

1.1 人才培养模式的构建人才的培养最终是服务社会的，所以说在人才培养模式的构建过程中我们需要时刻关注社会的动态与走向，以便培养出来的人才能够更好地服务于社会。

人才培养模式的构建需要我们教师通过多年的教学经验和方法的总结才能构建出来的，长时间地比较各种方法，最后留下高效有用的学习方法。

人才培养模式的构建是需要教育者一起来共同努力的。

在培养的过程中我们要以学生为中心，主要是围绕学生展开一系列的教学活动，力求学生能够在短时间内能够学到大量有用的知识。

以职业能力的培养为主导思想，定义专业的能力标准。

教学主要是以实践任务为主，旨在提高人才的职业能力。

研究生课程论文学年学期：2011-2012学年第一学期论文题目：隐喻及隐喻的英汉翻译课程：《翻译理论与实践》任课教师：姓名：班级：翻译硕士英语笔译学号：Discussion on Metaphor and Related English-Chinese Translation Abstract: According to the translation theory of Newmark, an English translator, metaphor can be divided into five types-“dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”, which will be subject to the analysis in this text in terms of their features. Meanwhile, on the basis of the translation theories learned, there are many kinds of methods for translation of metaphor. And this text also deals with the following approaches to translation of metaphor-literal translation, free translation, domestication and alienation. In addition, metaphor also serves as a way of thinking of people in western world and there are some traps in the translation of metaphor. So, it is not an easy task to carry out the translation of metaphor properly.Key words: metaphor; literal translation; free translation; domestication; alienation; trap1. PrefaceMetaphor is a common kind of rhetorical device in English. To bring the metaphor into the translation study can facilitate our interpretation of the original text and achieve the balance of various manners of recognition of the world and ourselves between two different kinds of languages and cultures so as to draw on others’ merits widely.2. Classification of MetaphorIn his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark divides metaphor into five types, namely “dead”, “cliché”, “stock”, “recent” and “origina1”.(1) DeadThe “dead” metaphor means the metaphor related with the ordinary words describing time, space, human body, natural environment and human activities with the vehicle almost not realized by people. In English, words like “space, field, top, bottom, arm, circle, drop, fall, rise” usually carry meanings of metaphor in order to ensure the explicit and clear expression of concepts and ideas. For instance, in the field of human knowledge, at the bottom of the mountain, the rise and fall off the Roman Empire, etc.(2) Cliché“Cliché” refers to many common metaphor methods that have lost their former influence. For example, one says the first one comparing woman as flower can be called genius and the second on who uses such comparison is called also-ran. This type of metaphor, cliché-some though, has its application value. For instance, “So, let us in the next five years, start a newLong March together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goa1”.(3) Stock“Stock” refers to a kind of metaphor that has long been accepted, which has become an inherent part of language and will not lose its influence as a result of overuse. And the cultural metaphor represents an important part of the stock metaphor. For instance, “Judas’kiss (metaphor for insidious deeds –honey words and dastardly heart)” and “cat’s paw (metaphor for person serving as tool for others)”.(4) Recent“Recent” means the new terms that emerge recently. For instance, Levinski (metaphor for illicit love), Water gate scandal (metaphor for political scandal) and “9·I1”(metaphor for terrorist incidents)etc.(5) Original“Original” means a kind of metaphor used first by the writer. This kind of metaphor is not always available but product of writers’ inspiration.比如有些”坐冷板凳”的词,在作者的笔下却闪烁出灵感的光芒,这就是独创隐喻的魅力所在.Therefore, whenever you come across a sentence with correct grammatical structure but without any meaning, you must check the factors leading to the superficial meaninglessness carefully to explore the probable meaning of metaphor.3. Discussion on Translation Methods of MetaphorIn discussing the translation of metaphor, Newmark has raised seven methods:(1) Reproducing the same image in the TL); (2) Replace the image in the SL with a standard TL image; (3)The translation of metaphor by simile; (4) Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense; (5) Conversion of metaphor to sense; (6) Deletion; (7) Same metaphor combined with sense. With reference to other methods and combining the conclusion of some of the above methods, this text will discuss the following four methods.(1) Literal TranslationLiteral translation is applicable to the metaphor with complete English-Chinese equivalence. It can retain the ethnic and cultural features of the metaphor in the original text and helpreaders using the target language have more understanding of the cultural characteristics of the original language. As a matter of fact, many cases of metaphor in English have been absorbed by the Chinese language. For example, “crocodile’s tears”, “Pandora’S box”, and “cold war”, etc. And literal translation should be adopted for some idioms consisting of metaphor and with completely equivalent meanings. For instance, “castle in the air”, “walls have ears”, and “to add oil to the flames”, etc. Besides, for some sentences containing metaphor, this method can also be used. For example, “Time is money” and “The world is a stage” etc.(2) Free TranslationFree translation, a concept opposite to literal translation, generally refers to that remove the form and reserve the content of the original text, which allows translators’ originality to some degree but with the basic information of the original text retained.Eg1. His theory has thousands of little rooms and long, windy corridors.Translation: 他的理论有过多的组成部分, 而且各部分间的关系也过于错综复杂.Eg Because of his one man style of operation, Henry Kissinger had become a kind of bottleneck in his own National Security Council system.Translation:由于亨利·基辛格惯于独断专行, 他已经成了国家安全事务委员会工作中的一块绊脚石.(3) Domestication TranslationThe domestication translation is targeted at the proper conformity of the translated text with the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language to properly satisfy the readers’ need for more localization.Eg2. They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man’s funeral because nobody had really liked man.Translation 1: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过假惺惺的哭了几声, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Translation 2: 在老头的葬礼上, 他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪, 因为在老人生前, 没人真的喜欢他.Eg3. Many Canadians have never read a news paper though some newspapers are free, because they do not know their ABC.Translation 1: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们目不识丁. Translation 2: 尽管有的报纸免费, 许多加拿大人从不看报, 因为他们不懂自己的ABC.Domestication method is applied to Translation 1 for Eg 2, which provides all convenient conditions for readers. So, on the basis of the standard “it does not look the translation when read”, it can be rated as better translation.However, from the perspective of cultural exchange, it is obvious that Translation 2 has better effect. The reason is: although the term “crocodile tears” is borrowed, its meaning has been known for Chinese readers, and not only can literal translation be accepted by Chinese readers, but it can reflect the national features of the original text properly, which can also be reproduced. Additionally, the substitution of the expression means of the target language for that of the original language, though conveying related meanings, cannot reflect the way of thinking of the user of the original text and help readers have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of their culture to achieve the goal of translation in real terms. Nevertheless, despite the equivalence conversion of Translation 2 for Eg3, it has failed to achieve its communication goal.(4) Alienation Translation异化翻译策略是以源语文化为归宿而进行的语际间篇章意义的相互转换.近年来, 在翻译界主张重视异化翻译的学者日益增多.从文化交流的角度看, 它是尊重各国文化的内在要求, 有助于在平等的基础上真实地反映外国文化.随着文化交流的不断深入, 异化翻译逐渐显示出其特有的魅力.隐喻的异化翻译策略可以分为两种情形:a. Direct AlienationThe meaning of some vases of metaphor can be reflected clearly through the context. So the direct alienation method can be adopted without the necessity to explore the corresponding expression in the translation painstakingly.Eg4.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.Translation: 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的, 可是不到几年, 就被彻底打败了.Eg5.Some personnel executives complained that many college graduates they had interviewed here had two star abilities with five2star ambitions.Translation: 一些人事经理抱怨, 在他们面试过的大学毕业生中, 不少人本事只有”二星级”, 心气儿倒有”五星级”.b. Alienation ExplanationThere are limited cases where the direct alienation method can be used in the translation of metaphor. On many occasions, brief elaboration must be made on the cultural information or cultural context contained in the text, only in which way can the goal of communication be attained.Eg6.The Warren Report has left many ques2tions unanswered.Translation: 沃伦报告(指美国肯尼迪总统被谋杀事件的调查报告) 留下许多未解之迷. Eg7.The man who waters his grass after a heavy rain is carrying coals to Newcastle. Translation:大雨后给草地浇水是多此一举.(注: 纽卡斯尔是英国的一个产煤中心.)Eg8.He was in the seventh heaven last night.Translation: 昨晚他欣喜若狂.(in the seventh heaven: ( not formal) in a state of great happiness or contentment, 意思是: 人能和上帝同居最高层,自然是非常愉快的.) Domestication and alienation are two kinds of translation strategies applied by the translator targeted at the differences in the two languages and corresponding cultures according to varied aspects such as aim of translation, type of text, intention of writers and readers of the target language to facilitate the guidance of the selection and application of specific translation methods and techniques. The two methods, sometimes, should be selected with reference to the regulations of the social culture as well as political and ideological aspects. Whichever strategy is used, it is required to focus on the need of readers and the society.Eg9. The students had been trained to compete continually against each other, so that the lesson turned into a kind of noisy grey dog race.Translation 1: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的拍卖会场.Translation 2: 学生们练就了持续相互竞争的本事,所以这堂课变成了一场嘈杂的灰狗比赛.In the above sentence, the term “grey hound race” created in the original language-English, is analogous to the scene of disorder and chaos in class like the scene of grey dog race. Anddomestication and alienation methods are used respectively in the two sentences. But it is quite difficult for Chinese readers to understand the alienation method for translation of metaphor due to lack of grey dog race in Chinese culture. By contrast, the Chinese readers can understand the scene of the auction, which can help readers catch the connotation of this metaphor. It follows that domestication and alienation cannot only be reflected on the level of language, but also in processing the cultural factors.4. Way of Thinking in Metaphor and Traps in TranslationMetaphor is not only a type of rhetorical device but also represents a way of thinking. In other words, metaphor exists in languages and people’s thinking and behavior as well as all aspects of our daily life. And from some expressions of basic concepts of people in western countries, we can further understand that metaphor serves as their way of thinking. Way of thinking related with love: Love is a physical force; love is war.与时间有关的思维:Time is money; time is life. Besides, as a matter of fact, many proverbs in English contain the way of thinking featured by metaphor. For instance: Time and tide wait for no man(时光和潮流不等人). This is a proverb encouraging people to value time, in which the translation has failed to reflect the metaphor contained. And in this proverb, “and” does not only serve as a parallelism structure linking “time” and “tide”, but constitutes a kind of metaphor, 即将time比作tide: tide (caused by the lunar gravity) waits for no man, so does time. Another example is: Truth and roses have thorns about them(真理和玫瑰一样,都带刺); Kings and bears worry their keeper(伴君如伴虎).Only through understanding and precise translation of the metaphor implicated in these proverbs can we get hang of the way of thinking of people in western world in a more impressive and thorough way. On the other hand, some cases of metaphor seem in harmony but actually at variance. That’s what is called “trap” according to Newmark’s theory. For instance, here are some idioms containing metaphor: To heat about the bush≠打草惊蛇(而是to talk about something without coming to the point”旁敲侧击”); to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen≠亡羊补牢(而是to take precautions too late to be effective”于事无补”); the last straw≠救命稻草(actually, “the last straw” originates from the English proverb “the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”“致命一击”). Thus, intranslating these idioms with traps of metaphor, one should avoid having superficial understanding and catching the meaning of words literally from the context, otherwise, it will lead to a miss as good as a mile.5. ConclusionIn discussing the metaphor and its translation, we do not only take metaphor as a kind of rhetorical device but also a way of thinking and a way of recognizing the objective world. And as a way of recognition, metaphor is featured with clear national characteristics as well as rich cultural connotations. Therefore, we should take flexible translation methods according to the features of texts, different contexts as well as readers’ acceptability. And generally, when involving metaphor, translation should be focused on the vehicle of the original text with the meaning of metaphor reproduces to achieve the unity of form and spirit.Reference【1】Newmark,P．A Textbook of Translation IM]．上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001．【2】Newmark,P．Approaches to Translation【M】．上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001．【3】胡曙中．英汉修辞比较研究fM1．上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993．【4】毛荣贵．新世纪大学英汉翻译教程fM1．上海:上海交通大学出版社,2002．。