F4-chapter 9

在MYCIN系统框架基础上建立的肺功能专家系统PUFF系统曾在旧金山 太平洋医疗中心使用过相当长的一段时间，开创了医学专家系统临床应 用的先例。
1982年，匹兹堡大学的Miller等人开发了Internist-I内科计算机辅助诊 断系统
1991年，哈佛医学院Barnett等人开发的“DXPLAIN”软件包含有2200 种疾病和5000种症状
21
医学决策支持系统与大多数其它领域专家系 统一样，一般由五部份组成：
医学知识库。是医学决策支持系统的基础，用于存放各种专家 诊断知识，包括医学事实和可行的操作与诊断规则等。
全局数据库。用于存放病人的初始数据、中间推理数据和诊断 结果甚至一些对结果的诊断处理等。
推理机。推理机根据全局数据库的当前内容，从知识库中选择 可匹配的规则，并通过执行规则来修改数据库中的内容，再通 过不断地推理导出问题的结论。
临床医生的知识更新无法与急剧增长的医学知识同步。当医学领域发现 新病例、新成果时，计算机支持系统可以低成本、高效率和方便快捷地 传播给广大医生。
对大批量的常规决策工作，自动化决策效率更高（如大量的常规实验室 检测和数据分析等）。
现代医院信息系统产生出的大量数据的深挖掘。 对医学院学生，成熟的专业的医学支持系统可能是他们学习专业知识和
4
主要内容
人工智能 医学决策支持系统的研究状况及发展趋势 医学决策支持系统概述 医学知识库 医学决策支持方法 MYCIN系统简介
5
医生对疾病的诊断还处于一种传统的经验阶段
医学生—助理医生—主治医生—主任医生—医学专家
浩如烟海的医学数据库
医学数据库---知识库？
人工智能与知识工程的发展为医学诊断和治疗过程注 入了新的活力
多数情况下，临床医生在拥有足够的知识和充分的病人资 料情况下可以作出正确的判断，不需要计算机协助，但在 下列情况下，医学决策支持系统就会显示其强大功能和作 用。

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

第14页，共30页。
案例一
PEP BOOK3 Unit Two ( Pa从rt B教: L师et’的s角tal度k) 出发，“使学生…” “发
展学生的…” “训练学生的…” “培养
Teaching aims: 1. Aims on the knowledge
学生的…”，目标主体均为教师
(1) To enable the children to grasp the usage of the single and plural forms
5) By lesson planning, teachers also become aware of the teaching aids that are needed.
6) Lesson planning is a good practice and a sign of
professionalism. 7) Lesson planning will enable the teacher to improve
The time and date of the lesson;
The time duration of the lesson
第12页，共30页。
5.2 Teaching Aims
1. to learn the use of comparative form of adjectives
Able to use a number of comparative adjectives to compare things or people
Micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson. Teachers may have different ways of writing their own lesson plans.

ACCAInstructor: GabrielleChapter 10PartnershipsChapter Guide•Demonstrate a knowledge of the legislation governing the partnership, both limited and unlimited.•Discuss how partnerships are established.•Explain the authority of partners in relation to partnership activity.•Analyse the liability of various partners for partnership debts.•Explain the way in which various partnerships can be brought to an end.PartnershipsStandard partnershipLimitedpartnershipLimited liabilitypartnershipPA 1907RestrictionsPA 1890 Formation/terminationRules for partners LLP Act 2000 Key featuresOverviewChapter 10 Partnerships1.Demonstrate a knowledge of the legislationgoverning the partnership, both limited and unlimited.•1.1 Unlimited•Standard partnerships are those governed by the Partnership Act 1890 (PA 1890). This is defined by the act as being: •‘the relationship that subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view to profit’.• The importance of this definition is that any trading relationship that fits this description will be treated by the courts as a partnership, irrespective of the way it is classified by its owners. As such it is clear that the standard partnership is not a separate legal entity and its partners therefore have full personal liability for the debts of the partnership.Chapter 10 Partnerships1.Demonstrate a knowledge of the legislationgoverning the partnership, both limited and unlimited.•1.2 limited•1.2.1An increasingly rare business form is the Limited Partnership as defined by the Limited Partnership Act 1907 (LPA 1907).•This Act allowed for the creation of a trading entity that allowed some of its partners to limit their liability in the event of a liquidation, subject to the following restrictions:•(a) The partnership must be registered with the Companies Registry•(b) One or more of the partners must retain full, unlimited liability•(c) Partners with limited liability may not take part in theChapter 10 Partnerships1.Demonstrate a knowledge of the legislationgoverning the partnership, both limited and unlimited.• 1.2.2 The Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000 (LLPA 2000) allowed the formation of a new type of legal trading entity, the Limited Liability Partnership. Despite the name, LLP's have much more in common with companies than standard partnerships.•The key features of an LLP include:•(a) Must be registered with the Registrar of Companies, with formation documentssigned•by at least two members•(b) The name of the partnership must end with LLP•(c) Partners are known as members, of which there must be at least two (no upper limit applies)•(d) The partnership must file annual returns and accounts, where applicable an audit is also required•(e) The LLP is a separate legal entity with all of the associated features this entails (see Chapter 11)•(f) Members’are agents of the LLP, and can bind in the same way as partners in a standard partnership2.1Partnership agreement These partnerships may be governed by a private partnership agreement drawn up between the partners themselves . Any aspect of the partnership not covered by such an agreement , will be governed by the PA 1890. Some of the main rights accruing to partners per the PA 1890 are :a)To share equally in the capital and profits of the business b)To be indemnified by the firm for any liabilitiesc)To take part in the management of the businessd)To have access to the firm’s bookse)To prevent admission of a new partner or a change in partnership natureChapter 10 Partnerships2.Discuss how partnerships are establishedChapter 10 Partnerships2.Discuss how partnerships are established•2.2Partnership property•Property can either be the property of an individual partner, or owned by the partnership as a whole, and in this case is known as partnership property. It’s important to distinguish the nature of ownership for the following reasons:•(a) Partnership property must be used exclusively for partnership business•(b) Partnership property is used to pay partners debts upon dissolution•(c) The increase in value of property passes to the owner, either the partnership or the individual depending on the nature of its ownershipChapter 10 Partnerships3.Explain the authority of partners in relation topartnership activity.•As discussed in Chapter 9 partners are deemed to be agents of the firm, and as such have implied actual authority to bind the firm in ordinary trading transactions. However the partnership agreement can be used to expressly widen or restrict these powers.• Where a partner acts outside of the scope of their authority the partnership is only bound under the circumstances of apparent authority. Should however the third party be aware of a4.1Duties1.6 The relationship between the partners is a fiduciary one of ‘utmost good faith’. In addition to these general fiduciary duties there are specific statutory duties:(a) The duty to disclose – all partners must render true accounts and full information in matters relating to the partnership(b) The duty to account – partners must account for all benefits obtained from any transaction related to the partnership(c) The duty not to compete – a partner who competes against the partnership without consent will be liable for all such profits made Chapter 10 Partners4. Analyse the liability of various partners for partnership debfor partnership debts..4.2 liabilityAs well as personal liability for the trading debts of the firm the partners may also be liable for torts committed by other partners. In such cases the partners are said to be joint and severally liable allowing the claimant to sue either the partner responsible or the firm. Where an individual is sued they may claim contributions from the other partners in line with the profit sharing agreementfor partnership debts.A partner’s liability usually extends to the periods for which were actually a partner of the firm. As such partners who join or leave would expect not to be liable for torts committed in the periods before they joined or left.In such circumstances however where it can be proved that an individual was being held out as a partner at the time of the tort, liability will be extended to them. It is important therefore new/retiring partners advertise widely using the London Gazette and partnership documents the effective date of their appointment/retirement.4. Analyse the liability of various partners for partnership debts.a)Expiry of a fixed period for which the partnership was formedb)Completion of the express purpose for which the partnership was formedc)Activity of the partnership becomes illegald)Partner gives notice to leave (subject to PA 1890)e)Death or bankruptcy of a partner (subject to PA 1890)5. Explain the way in which various partnershipscan be brought to an endRequiredWhich of the following is not a characteristic of a partnership?• Partners can by mutual agreement withdraw capital if they wish.•A partnership must be governed by a written partnership agreement.• Partners jointly own partnership property.• Partners are agents of the partnership.RequiredWhich of the following rules does not apply to partnerships under the Partnership Act 1890?A.No partner is entitled to remuneration such as salary for acting in the partnership business.B.The partnership agreement may be varied with the consent of all the partners.C.Partners share profits in the ratio of the amounts of capital that they originally contributed to the firm.D.No interest is paid on capital.Chapter 10 PartnershipsLecture Example 3Which of the following statements relating to limited liability partnerships is correct?A They are limited to a maximum of 20 membersB They must have a minimum of two membersC They must have at least one unlimited memberChapter 10 PartnershipsLecture Example 4Which TWO statements are correct in relation to designated members in limited liability partnerships (LLPs)?(1) They must not take part in the day-to-day operation of the business(2) They are responsible for filing the LLP’s accounts(3) They are fully liable for partnership debts(4) They have limited liabilityA 1and4B 2and4C 2and3D 1and3Chapter 10 PartnershipsLecture Example 5•Which TWO statements are correct in relation to designated members in limited liability partnerships (LLPs)?•(1) They must not take part in the day-to-day operation of the business•(2) They are responsible for filing the LLP’s accounts•(3) They are fully liable for partnership debts•(4) They have limited liability•A1and4•B2and4•C2and3•Clare , Dan and Eve formed a partnership 10 years ago ,although Clare was a sleeping partner and never had anything to do with running the business . Last year Dan retired from the partnership . Eve has subsequently entered into two large contracts . The first one was with a longstanding customer , Greg , who had dealt with the partnership for some five years . The second contract was with a new customer , Hugh . Both believed that Dan was still a partner in the business . Bothcontracts have gone badly wrong , leaving the partnership owing £50,000 to both Greg and Hugh . Unfortunately the business assets will only cover the first £50,000 of the debt .•Required :•(a ) State the liability of Clare as a sleeping partner . Chapter 10 PartnershipsLecture Example 5SectionTopic Summary 1Standardpartnership A standard partnership is an informal trading relationship as defined by the PA 1890. Partners of a standard partnership areagents of the firm and bind as such. The PA 1890 confersrights upon the partners in the absence of an expresspartnership agreement . Partners have three statutoryduties , to disclose , to account , and not to compete , inaddition to their general fiduciary duties .Section Topic Summary2Limited partnership Limited Partnerships, per the LPA1907, allow a partner tolimit their liability to their capital introduced subject toregistering the partnership, some unlimited partners beingretained, not involving themselves in management, notwithdrawing their capital.3LLP LLP’s are separate legal entities per the LLPA2000. Theyshare many of the disclosure requirements of companies,whilst allowing members to limit their liability and retainsome flexibility through a private partnership agreementbetween themselves.•Quick Quiz：•Name 3 types of partnership•Quick Quiz Answers：•Standard, limited partnership, limited liability p’ship。