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外文原文：Plc Introduction Programmable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called Plc programmablelogic.controller .(ProgrammableLogicController) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgement, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented Plc General Motors Corporation. Plc and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the Plc has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgement functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition :programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes.Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features. First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;Second programming visual, simple;Third, adaptability good;Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface1. Subject content and application scopeThis national standard specifies the technical requirements and quality requirements for the lift traction machines with rated speed less than 25m/s.This national standard is applicable to traction machines designed for passenger lift, sickbed lift and freight lift. It's inapplicable to the traction machines designed for dumbwaiter lift and all kinds of lifts with rated speed not less than 2.5m/s. The other traction machines designed for all kinds of lifts with rated speed not less than 2.5m/s can make reference from this national standard for enforcement.2. Normative referencesGB 3768 Determination of sound power levels of noise - Simple methodGB 7025 Major parameter of lift, version and dimension of car, shaft and machine roomGB 7588 Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of LiftsGB 10058 Specifications for liftsGB 10085 Basic parameters of single enveloping worm gearGB 10089 Cylindrical worm, worm wheel accuracyGB 12974 General Technical Specifications for AC Lift MotorGB 11368 Cleanliness of gear assemblyGB 191 Packaging - Pictorial markings for handling of goods3.TerminologyRated speed of traction machineIt's the linear speed of the pitch diameter of traction wheel, corresponding to the rated speed of car.Rated load of traction machineWhen the traction ratio is 1:1 and the balance coefficient is 0.40, it means the rated load of the car in the tangential traction of the traction wheel.National Standard of the People’s Republic of ChinaGBT 10058-1997Specifications for LiftsForewordThe national standard is the amendment to the original Specifications for Lifts GB 10058-88, main content of which are as the following:1) In chapter “ whole performance”, the regulations of classification are canceled, which include acceleration and redarded speed of vertical vibration, acceleration and redarded speed of horizontal vibration, as well as indicators of noise and leveling accuracy.2) For improving operation efficiency of the lifts, the requirements to open time and close time of passenger lifts are added in the national standard.3) In chapter “reliability”, the regulation of classification of reliability indicator is canceled; examining requests to control cabinet which is considered as commodity component are added in the national standard.4) In Appendix A, specific regulations are made to technical documents kept in manufacturer after sale of lifts.The standard will replace GB 10058-88 since the effective date.Appendix A is a standard appendix.The standard is proposed by Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China.The standard is under the jurisdiction of China Lift Standardization Technical Committee.This standard is drafted by Institute of Construction Mechanization of China Academy of Building Research, Beijing Schindler Elevator Co., Ltd in China, Tianjin Otis Elevator Co., Ltd in China, and Guangzhou Elevator Industry Co., Ltd.The standard is mainly prepared by Kerong Peng, Guozhen Zhang, Xiaohui Xi and Xizhi Yang.The standard was firstly issued in 1988 and firstly revised in 1997.1 ScopeThe standard formulates technical specifications of passenger lifts and freight lifts, inspection provisions, indication marks, package, transportation and storage.The standard is applicable to power-actuated traction-type or compulsory-type passenger lifts and freight lifts whose rated speed is not higher than 2.5m/s;The standard is inapplicable to hydraulic lifts and dumbwaiter lifts.2 Normative ReferencesThe articles included in the following standards become the articles of the national standard by quotation. The listed editions are efficient while the standard is published. All standards will be revised, so all parties who use the following standards should consider the latest edition as possible.GB 2828-87 In-batch Check Counting Sampling Process and Sample Table(suitable for continuous batch)GB 7588-1995 Safety Code for Manufacturing and Installation of Lifts (eqv EN 81-1: 1985)In this code, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Section 7.2.1 (partial), Section 8.17.1, Section 9.1.2b), Section 9.9.6.2 (partial), Section 12.6 (partial), Section 13.1.1.3, Section 15.2.3.2 (partial), Section 16.2a)6) (partial), Appendix C, Appendix E, Appendix G, Appendix M and Appendix ZA are recommendatory; the rest are obligatory.This code is the revised version of GB 7588-1995 Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of Lifts (equivalent to EN81-1: 1985) on the base of EN81-1: 1998 Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of Lifts issued by European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This revised version is equivalent to EN81-1:1998 in the fields of technical contents and article numbering.Compared with EN81-1:1985, EN81-1:1998 changed huge parts of contents. The new version increases plenty of new technical contents and new calculation method. Besides a few parts are changed according to the Chinse lift situations, this revised version is basically compliant to the contents of EN81-1:1998.In the revised version, the following major technical contents are changed:1. GB 7588-1995 version has a concise and definite application scope, so this revised version reserve the application scope of GB 7588-1995. For the purpose of presenting the definiteness, the revised version adds sickbed lift, deletes the application scope of EN81－1:1998.2. This revised version makes the following changes from the quoted terms and conditions of EN81-1:1998.(1) If the international standards or overseas advanced standards listed in "Quoted Codes" of EN81-1:1998 have already equivalently adopted as Chinese national standards (GB) or industry standard, then this quoted terms and conditions are directly named as the corresponding Chinese code number.(2) The code name that is not included in the Quoted Codes and make no mention in EN81-1:1998 has some content involved in the Chinese code, so it is also listed in the Quoted Codes of this code. For instance, in Clause :16.2a)6), the original text "use CENELEC symbols" is listed in Chinese national standard GB/T 4728, GraphicalSymbols for Electrical Diagrams. And Clause 9.1.2c) is listed in the Chinese national standard GB 8903, Wire Ropes for Lifts.(3) The foreign code name listed in EN81-1:1998 but not inverted into Chinese national standards, we directly refer the foreign code name. For instance, ENl2015 Electromagnetic Compatibility - Product Family Standard for Lifts, Escalators and Passenger Conveyors - Emission, EN12016 Electromagnetic Compatibility - Product Family Standard for Lifts, Escalators and Passenger Conveyors– Immunity.3. In order to coordinate with other Chinese lift standards, the nomenclatures that are the same as those listed in the Terminology of Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks of EN81-1:1998 and GB/T 7024 are not included any more, and only exclusive nomenclatures are reserved. In addition, "overhaul trapdoor" and "shaft emergency door" are added.4. According to the national situation of China, partial contents of EN81-1:1998 have been amended or adjusted.(1) Added: for instance, Clause 5.1.2 adds "excluding sightseeing lifts"; and Clause 7.1 and Clause 8.6.3 add "this interstice shall not be greater than 8mm for freight lifts"; Clause 5.6.1 adds "in exceptional cases, in order to meet the position requirement to install lift parts in the foundation pit, the interstice shall be as small as possible". (2) Deleted: for instance, Clause 9.8.2.1 deletes " instant-type safety tong with buffer function" and other relevant contents; Clause 10.3.4 deletes " energy-storage buffer with buffering restoration" and other relevant contents.(3) Adjusted contents: Clause 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 adjusts the available car area; Clause 9.8.2.1 adjusts the velocity interval of instant-type and inching-type safety tong; D2j) of Appendix D adjusts "rated speed" into "overhaul speed"; F5.3.1 adjusts the testing contents of "energy-storage buffer with buffering function" into the testing method of "linear energy-storage buffer".The safety criterions stated in this code and all the requirements of the appendices offer a uniform technical base and safety requirements for constructing, installing and examining the passenger lifts and freight lifts. Pre-delivery inspection, periodic inspection as well as momentous retrofit or post-accident inspection shall not exceed the scope of this code.Appendix A, B, C, D, F, H, J, K, L and N are standard appendixes; Appendix C, E, G, M, ZA are suggestive appendices.This code takes effects from January 1, 2004 and substitute GB 7588-1995 in themeanwhile. From the execution date, the transition period of this code is 1 year; upon expiration of transition, GB 7588-1995 is to repeal.This code is brought forwards by China Machinery Industry Federation.This code is governed by China Elevator Standardization Technical Committee.This code is drafted by the Institute of Building Mechanization of China Academy of Building Research.Drafting organization members: China Schindler Elevators Co., Ltd., Tianjin OTIS Elevators Co., Ltd., Shanghai Mitsubishi Elevators Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Hitachi Elevators Co., Ltd., Suzhou Schindler Elevators Co., Ltd., Shenyang Toshiba Elevators Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Xizi OTIS Elevators Co., Ltd., Kone Elevators Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Guangri Elevator Industry Co., Ltd., ThyssenKrupp Elevator Co., Ltd., Shanghai Toshiba Elevator Co., Ltd., Shanghai Yungtay Engineering Co., Ltd. , Guangzhou OTIS Elevators Co., Ltd., Huasheng Fujitec Elevator Co., Ltd., Suzhou Suzhou Jiangnan Elevator (Group) Co., Ltd..Main drafters: Gu Xi, Kong Hong, Zhang Guangjian, Wan Zhongpei, Ye Danyang, Zhu Jian, Xu Wengang, Jin Laisheng, Ma Lingyun, Huang Qijun, Yang Xizhi, Yan Jianzhong, Wang Weifeng, Lin Manqing, Chen Luya中文译文：PLC简介可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（ProgrammableLogicController），目的是用来取代继电器。
我爱我的专业机电一体化作文英文回答：I love my major in Mechatronics. It combines mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science, which allows me to have a comprehensive understanding of how machines work and how to control them. Mechatronics is a fascinating field that offers a wide range of career opportunities.One of the reasons why I love Mechatronics is because it allows me to work on interdisciplinary projects. For example, I recently worked on a project where we developed a robotic arm that could perform precise movements. This project required knowledge of mechanical design, electrical circuitry, and programming. It was a great learning experience as I had the chance to apply my skills in different areas and see how they all come together to create a functional system.Another reason why I love Mechatronics is thepracticality of the field. Mechatronics engineers are in high demand in industries such as manufacturing, automotive, and aerospace. These industries rely on automation and robotics to improve efficiency and productivity. Being able to design and develop automated systems is not only intellectually stimulating but also has a real impact on society. For example, imagine a self-driving car that can navigate through traffic and reduce accidents. Mechatronics plays a crucial role in making this a reality.Furthermore, Mechatronics offers a lot of room for creativity and innovation. As a mechatronics engineer, I have the opportunity to come up with new ideas andsolutions to problems. For instance, I recently worked on a project where we developed a smart home system that could automatically adjust the temperature, lighting, andsecurity based on the occupants' preferences and habits. It was exciting to think outside the box and come up with a solution that could improve the quality of life for people.中文回答：我热爱我的专业机电一体化。
包含16、17、18、22、23、27单元As the arbiter of quality via the deviation from drawing procedure, quality planning has the database to evaluate performance of the various shop and support functions.作为产品设计与制造偏差的评判者，质量规划部门可以通过数据库对产品的各个加工工序及制造情况进行评估Annealing is a generic term denoting a heat treatment that consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate 退火：热处理的一个通用术语，指的是加热到一定温度并保温，然后以合适的速度冷却Apart from the smoothenss of operation thus obtained, a great improvement is usually found in the surface finish on the work and the tool can make heavier cuts without detriment and will last considerably longer without regrinding除了能使机床运行平稳之外，液压驱动在机床上还有许多其他优越之处。
例如，可以改善工件表面的光洁度；可以在不损坏刀具的前提下增大刀具上的作用载荷；可以进行长时间的切削加工，而无需再次刃磨刀具等A robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for used in industrial automation applications机器人是一种自动控制，可编程，多功能的，由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵的机器装置，可固定或移动的方式应用于工业自动化中And, whether you know it or not, many papers are rejected by journal editors because of a faulty Discussion, even though the data of the peper might be both valid and interesting.不知你是否知道，尽管许多论文中的数据正确而有根据，且能够引起人们的兴趣，但讨论部分写得不好也会使其遭到期刊编辑的拒绝Because robots can perform certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.因为机器人可以比人更快更准确地完成某些基本任务，所以广泛地用于制造业By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.通过将反馈信号与程序设定值相对比，闭环控制器能引导机器人向准确的位置运动并实现期望的状态。
外文原文：High Voltage Power Supplies for Electrostatic ApplicationsCliff Scapellati, Vice President of EngineeringAbstractHigh voltage power supplies are a key component in electrostatic applications. A variety of industrial and scientific applications of high voltage power supplies are presented for the scientist, engineer, specifier and user of electrostatics. Industrial processes, for example, require significant monitoring of operational conditions in order to maximize product output, improve quality, and reduce cost. New advances in power supply technology provide higher levels of monitoring and process control. Scientific experiments can also be influenced by power supply effects. output accuracy, stability, ripple and regulation are discussed.Contributing effects such as output accuracy, stability, ripple and regulation are discussed.I.IntroductionThe use of high voltage in scientific and industrial applications is commonplace. In particular, electrostatics can be utilized for a variety of effects. Broadly stated, electrostatics is the study of effects produced by electrical charges or fields. The applications of electrostatics can be used to generate motion of a material without physical contact, to separate materials down to the elemental level, to combine materials to form a homogeneous mixture and other practical and scientific uses. By definition, the ability of electrostatic effects to do work requires a difference in electrical potential between two or more materials. In most cases, the energy required to force a potential difference is derived from a high voltage source. This high voltage source can be a high voltage power supply. Today's high voltage power supplies are solid state, high frequency designs, which provide performance and control unattainable only a few years ago. Significant improvements in reliability, stability, control, size reductions, cost and safety have been achieved. By being made aware of these improvements, the user of high voltage power supplies for electrostatic applications can benefit. Additionally, unique requirements of high voltage power supplies should be understood as they can affect the equipment, experiments, process or product they are used in.II.Operational Principles of High Voltage Power SuppliesA simplified schematic diagram of a high voltage power supply is shown in Fig.1.The input voltage source may have a wide range of voltage characteristics. AC sources of 50Hz to 400Hz at <24V to 480V are common. DC sources ranging from 5V to 300V can also be found. It is critical for the user to understand the input voltage requirement as this will impact overall system use and design. Regulatory agencies such as Underwriters Laboratory, Canadian Standards Association, IEC and others are highly involved with any circuits connected to the power grid. In addition to powering the main inverter circuits of the power supply, the input voltage source is also used topower auxiliary control circuits and other ancillary power requirements.The input filter stage provides conditioning of the input voltage source. This conditioning is usually in the form of rectification and filtering in ac sources, and additional filtering in dc sources. Overload protection, EMI, EMC and monitoring circuits can also be found. The output of the input filter is typically a dc voltage source. This dc voltage provides the energy source for the inverter. The inverter stage converts the dc source to a high frequency ac signal. Many different inverter topologies exist for power supplies. The high voltage power supply has unique factors which may dictate the best inverter approach. The inverter generates a high frequency ac signal which is stepped up by the HV transformer. The reason for the high frequency generation is to provide high performance operation with reduced size of magnetics and ripple reduction storage capacitors. A problem is created when a transformer with a high step up ratio is coupled to a high frequency inverter. The high step up ratio reflects a parasitic capacitance across the primary of the high voltage transformer. This is reflected as a (Nsec:Npri)2 function. This large parasitic capacitor which appears across the primary of the transformer must be isolated from the inverter switching devices. If not, abnormally high pulse currents will be present in the inverter.Another parameter which is common to high voltage power supplies is a wide range of load operations. Due to the presence of high voltage, insulation breakdown iscommonplace. The inverter robustness and control loop characteristics must account for virtually any combination of open circuit, short circuit and operating load conditions. These concerns as well as reliability and cost, must be addressed in the High V oltage Power Supply Inverter topology.The high frequency output of the inverter is applied to the primary of the high voltage step-up transformer. Proper high voltage transformer design requires extensive theoretical and practical engineering. Understanding of magnetics design must be applied along with material and process controls. Much of the specific expertise involves managing the high number of secondary turns, and the high secondary voltages. Due to these factors, core geometry, insulation methods and winding techniques are quite different than conventional transformer designs. Some areas of concern are: volts/turn ratings of the secondary wire, layer to layer insulating ratings, insulating material dissipation factor, winding geometry as it is concerned with parasitic secondary capacitance and leakage flux, impregnation of insulating varnish to winding layers, corona level and virtually all other conventional concerns such as thermal margins, and overall cost.The high voltage multiplier circuits are responsible for rectification and multiplication of the high voltage transformer secondary voltage. These circuits use high voltage diodes and capacitors in a "charge pump" voltage doubler connection. As with the high voltage transformer, high voltage multiplier design requires specific expertise. In addition to rectification and multiplication, high voltage circuits are used in the filtering of the output voltage, and in the monitoring of voltage and current for control feedback. Output impedance may intentionally be added to protect against discharge currents from the power supply storage capacitors.These high voltage components are typically insulated from ground level to prevent arc over. The insulation materials vary widely, but typical materials are: air, SF6, insulating oil, solid encapsulants (RTV,epoxy,etc.). The insulating material selection and process control may be the most important aspect of a reliable high voltage design.Control circuits keep all of the power stages working together. Circuit complexity can range from one analog I.C. to a large number of I.C.s and even a microprocessor controlling and monitoring all aspects of the high voltage power. However, the basic requirement which every control circuit must meet is to precisely regulate the output voltage and current as load, input power, and commandrequirements dictate. This is best accomplished by a feedback control loop.Fig.2 shows how feedback signals can be used to regulate the output of the power supply. Conventional regulation of voltage and current can be achieved by monitoring the output voltage and current respectively. This is compared to a desired (reference) output signal. The difference (error) between the feedback and reference will cause a change in the inverter control device. This will then result in a change of power delivered to the output circuits.In addition to the voltage and current regulation, other parameters can be precisely regulated. Controlling output power is easily accomplished by an XY = Z function, (VI = W), and comparing it to the desired output power reference. Indeed, any variable found within Ohm's law can be regulated, (resistance, voltage, current and power). In addition, end process parameters can be regulated if they are effected by the high voltage power supply (i.e.coatings,flow rates, etc.).III. High V oltage RegulationThe importance of a regulated source of high voltage and/or constant current is critical to most applications involving electrostatics. Variations in output voltage or current can have direct effects on the end results and, therefore, must be understood as a source of error. In high voltage power supplies, the voltage references that are used to program the desired output can be eliminated as a source of significant error by the use of highly stable voltage reference ICs. Typical specifications of better than 5ppm/C are routine. Similarly, analog ICs (op amps, A/D D/A's, etc.). can be eliminated as a significant source of error by careful selection of the devices.There remains one component, unique to high voltage power supplies, which will be the major source of stability errors: the high voltage feedback divider. As seen in Fig.1, the high voltage feedback divider consists of a resistive divider network.This network will divide the output voltage to a level low enough to be processed by the control circuits.The problem of stability in this network results from the large resistance of the feedback resistors. Values of >100 megOhms are common. (This is to reduce power dissipation in the circuit and reduce the effects of temperature change due to self heating). The large resistance and the high voltage rating requires unique technology specific to high voltage resistors. The unique high voltage resistor must be "paired" with a low value resistor to insure ratio tracking under changes of temperature, voltage, humidity and time.In addition, the high value of resistance in the feedback network means a susceptibility to very low current interference. It can be seen that currents as low as 1 X 10-9 amps will result in >100ppm errors. Therefore, corona current effects must seriously be considered in the design of the resistor and the resistor feedback network. Also, since much of the resistor technology is based on a ceramic core or substrate, piezoelectric effects must also be considered. It can be demonstrated that vibrating a high voltage power supply during operation will impose a signal, related to the vibration frequency, on the output of the power supply.IV. Auxiliary Functions Involves With the High V oltage Power Supply In many applications of high voltage, additional control functions may be required for the instrument. The power supply designer must be as familiar with the electrostatics application as the end user. By understanding the application, the power supply designer can incorporate important functions to benefit the end process.A typical feature that can be implemented into a high voltage power supply is an "ARC Sense" control. Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an arc sense circuit. Typically, a current sensing device such as a current transformer or resistor is inserted in the "low voltage side" of the high voltage output circuits.Typically, the arc currents are equal to: I = (E/R)————————————(1)where I = Arc current in amperes.E = V oltage present at high voltage capacitor.R = Output limiting resistor in ohms.The arc current is usually much greater than the normal dc current rating of the power supply. This is due to keeping the limiting resistance to a minimum, and thereby the power dissipation to a minimum. Once the arc event is sensed, a number of functions can be implemented. "Arc Quench" is a term which defines the characteristic of an arc to terminate when the applied voltage is removed.Fig. 4 shown a block diagram of an arc quench feature.If shutdown is not desired on the first arc event, a digital counter can be added as shown in Fig.5.Shutdown or quench will occur after a predetermined number of arcs have been sensed. A reset time must be used so low frequency arc events are not accumulated in the counter. Example: A specification may define an arc shutdown if eight arcs are sensed within a one minute interval.A useful application of the arc sense circuit is to maximize the applied voltage, just below the arcing level. This can be accomplished by sensing that an arc has occurred and lowering the voltage a small fraction until arcing ceases. V oltage can be increased automatically at a slow rate.(Fig. 6)Another feature which can be found in the high voltage power supply is a highly accurate current monitor circuit. For generic applications this monitor feature may only be accurate to milliamperes, or microamperes. However, in some electrostatic applications accuracy down to femtoamperes may be required. This accuracy can be provided by the high voltage monitoring circuits. However, the user of the power supply usually must specify this requirement before ordering.V. Generating Constant Current SourcesIn many electrostatic applications, a constant current created by corona effects is desirable. This can be accomplished in a number of unique ways. A constant current source can be broadly defined as having a source impedance much larger than the load impedance it is supplying. Schematically it can be shown as in Fig. 7:Practically stated, as R2 changes impedance there is negligible effect on the current through R1. Therefore, R1 and R2 have a constant current. In a single power supply application, this can be accomplished two ways. The first is to provide an external resistor as the current regulating device. The second is to electronically regulate the current using the current feedback control as shown in Fig. 2.In applications where multiple current sources are required, it may not be practical to have multiple power supplies. In this case, multiple resistors can be used to provide an array of current sources. This is typically used where large areas need to be processed with the use of electrostatics. Fig. 8 shows this scheme.VI. ConclusionThis paper presented information useful to electrostatic applications using high voltage power supplies. The high voltage power supply has concerns which differentiate it from conventional power supplies. The designer of high voltage power supplies can be a key resource for the user of electrostatics. Significant control features can be offered by the high voltage power supply.In addition, safety aspects of high voltage use requires important attention. High voltage sources can be lethal. The novice user of high voltage should be educated on the dangers involved. A general guideline for safety practices is found in IEEE standard 510-1983 "Recommended Practices for Safety in High Voltages and High Power Testing [4]".References:[1] C. Scapellati, "High Voltage Power Supplies for Analytical Instrumentation",Pittsburgh Conference, March 1995.[2] D. Chambers and C. Scapellati , "How to Specify Today's High Voltage Power Supplies", Electronic Products Magazine, March 1994.[3]D. Chambers and C. Scapellati, "New High Frequency, High Voltage Power Supplies for Microwave Heating Applications", Proceedings of the 29th Microwave Power Symposium, July 1994.[4]IEEE Standard 510-1983, IEEE Recommended Practices for Safety In High Voltage and High Power Testing.中文译文：高压静电电源应用Cliff Scapellati，工程副总裁摘要高压电源供应的关键组成部分是静电应用。
机械专业中英文对照英语词汇陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin 滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear 齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance 动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design 工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics 技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure 结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equ ation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear 螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内齿圈ring gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving 平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft。
机电一体化专业英语English Answer:Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary field that combines mechanical, electrical, computer, and software engineering to design, build, and operate systems. It has become increasingly important in modern engineering due to the growing demand for automated and intelligent systems.中文回答：机电一体化是一门综合了机械、电气、计算机和软件工程的交叉学科，用于设计、建造和操作系统。
随着对自动化和智能系统需求的不断增长，它在现代工程中变得越来越重要。
Components of Mechatronics.The core components of mechatronics include:Sensors: Collect data from the physical world.Actuators: Convert electrical signals into physical movement.Controllers: Process sensor data and generate control signals.Software: Designs and implements control algorithms.Applications of Mechatronics.Mechatronics has a wide range of applications, including:Industrial automation: Assembly lines, robotic welding, and automated material handling.Automotive systems: Engine control, brake systems, and advanced driver assistance systems.Aerospace engineering: Flight control systems, navigation systems, and life support systems.Medical engineering: Surgical robots, diagnostic instruments, and prosthetics.Benefits of Mechatronics.Mechatronics offers several benefits over traditional engineering approaches:Increased productivity: Automated systems can work faster and more accurately than humans.Improved quality: Automated systems can produce products with consistent quality.Reduced costs: Automated systems can eliminate the need for manual labor and reduce maintenance costs.Enhanced flexibility: Mechatronic systems can be easily reconfigured to adapt to changing requirements.Challenges in Mechatronics.Despite its advantages, mechatronics also faces some challenges:Complexity: Mechatronic systems can be highly complex, making design and implementation difficult.Cross-disciplinary nature: Mechatronics engineers must have knowledge in multiple engineering disciplines.Integration: Integrating different components from different disciplines can be challenging.Career Prospects in Mechatronics.The demand for mechatronics engineers is expected to continue to grow in the coming years. Mechatronics engineers can work in a variety of industries, including automotive, manufacturing, aerospace, and medical engineering.中文回答：机电一体化的组成部分。
一篇机电一体化的英语论文及翻译第一篇：一篇机电一体化的英语论文及翻译A Systems Approach for Modelling Mechatronics SystemsBassam A.Hussein Production and Quality Engineering Department, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, NorwayReceived on December 3,1997ABSTRACTThis paper presents a unified approach based on utilizing multidimensional arrays in order to model the physical and logical properties of mechatronics systems.A mechatronics system model consists of two interacting submodels.A submodel that describes aspects related to energy flow in the physical system, and another submodel that describes aspects related to information flow in the control system.The multidimensional array based approach of modelling provides us with the possibility to use one terminology and the same formalism for modelling both subsystems.The consequence of using the same formalism is that simulation of the mechatronics system can be performed using only one simulation environmentKeywords: Mechatronics, System, Modelling1.INTRODUCTIONMechatronics system is defined as the synergetic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics, and intelligent computer control in the design and manufacturing of industrial products and processes [5].The components of mechatronics systems must be designed concurrently, that is, the constraints imposed on the system by each discipline must be considered at the very early stages.Therefore, proper system design willdepend heavily on the use of modelling and simulation throughout the design and prototyping stages.The integration within a mechatronics system is performed through the combination of the hardware components resulting in a physical system and through the integration of the information processing system resulting in an intelligent control system [7].The mechatronics system then, is the result of applying computer based control systems to physical systems.The control system is designed to execute commands in real time in order to select, enhance, and supervise the behavior of the physical system.The only possible way to guarantee that these control functions will keep the behavior of the whole system within certain boundaries before we actually build it, is to create a model of the real system that takes into account all the imposed constraints by both the hardware and software components.This implies that a model of the real system must be powerful enough to capture all the properties of mechatronics system.That includes;the dynamic, static, discrete event, logic, as well as cost related properties of the real system, a task we believe, defies any fragmented approach of modelling.In this paper we present a unified approach for modelling mechatronics systems.This unified approach utilizes geometric objects or multidimensional arrays to formulate models of mechatronics systems.The multidimensional array based approach of modelling provides us with the possibility to use the same formalism for a large variety of systems [2,3,4,9].The consequence of using the same formalism is that simulation of mechatronics systems can be performed using only one simulation environment.2.MODEL STRUCTUREIntuitively speaking, a model that describes the dynamicbehavior of a given system can not be used to investigate the static behavior of the very same system.Therefore, in order to capture all aspects, we need a variety of models, each one of them encapsulates some aspects of the real system.We will consider the mechatronics system model as a set of connected submodels, each submodel corresponds to some realizable aspects.In this regard, the term connected was used to emphasize the dependency between the variables in these submodels.Throughout the process of modelling, we shall distinguish between the following concepts, see Figure 1.Decomposition: in order to handle the complexity of mechatronics systems, they should be decomposed into subsystems.This decomposition is carried out on a multilevel fashion until we reach the basic elements that constitute the total system.The primitive system model: is a description of the system in the disconnected state.It expresses the relation between the variables in the individual elements when the bonds between these elements are removed.By this model we isolate a specific behavior;static, dynamic, etc., in each element.A pair of local variables defines the behavior of a given element locally.The Connected system model: is a description of the same system after taking the internal constraints into account.The internal constraints within the system are given by the way the local variables are connected or related directly as well as indirectly by the variables of the connected system.The connected system model resembles the actual structure of the real system.The applied sources are generated due to interaction between the system and its environment.They could be seen as the external constraints imposed on the system or even inherent constraints in the form of stored energy in system elements.3.APPLICATIONEXAMPLE Consider, the manufacturing system shown in Figure 2.The system consists of a boring spindle powered by a direct current motor.The feed forward motion of the boring spindle is carried out by means of a hydraulic linear actuator.The hydraulic actuator is powered by a constant pressure hydraulic pump.The volumetric flow in the hydraulic circuit is controlled by a servo valve [8].The above manufacturing system has the following specifications: The positions of boring spindle are sensed by three micro breakers.Breaker(B)which indicates that the boring spindle is at the rear position.At the rear position the rapid phase valve(I)will be switched on in order to allow a rapid forward motion(F)and the signal(S)will switch on the spindle motor.Breaker(M)indicates that the boring spindle has reached the feeding position.At this position the rapid phase valve will be switched off in order to start a controlled feed forward motion.This motion is regulated by the servo valve(St).Breaker(€)which indicates that the boring spindle has reached its final position, at this position and the backward motion(R)will begin, simultaneously the rapid phase valve(I)will be switched on in order to allow a rapid backward motion.It is also specified that the rotating speed of the spindle motor should be kept at 3000 rpm.during boring the work piece and the feed forward speed must be kept at 2cm/sec under all loading conditions.Our objective is to set up a complete model of the given system using multidimensional arrays and to carry out necessary experiments on the model to verify that specifications are satisfied.3.1 Physical System ModellingWhen modelling physical systems, we are concerned with modelling the evolution of the physical variables that lives within this system.The decomposition of the physical system is shownin Figure 3.The groups of basic physical elements are classified into three categories: Generalized resistor: examples of this category are;electric resistor, mechanical damper, and hydraulic resistor.Generalized capacitor: examples of this category are;electric capacitor, mechanical spring, and hydraulic reservoir.Generalized inductor examples of this category are;electric inductor, mechanical mass, and hydraulic inductor.Breaking down the physical system into subsystems and further into basic elements will provide us with a sharp insight about the evolution of the physical quantities within each subsystem, yielding to better understanding of the modes and the states that each subsystem would attain.The advantages of having such insight will become visible during the design phase of a local control system.Modelling can be considered as the opposite procedure of decomposition.The difference is that, in decomposition, we divide the system into independent physical entities, while in modelling we reconnect the models of these physical entities.Therefore, modelling can be seen as the procedure of connection.In modelling, we start at the bottom level of this hierarchy and move upwards.At each level, we propagate from a primitive system model to a connected system model.In the succeeding level, the primitive system model would then be established by aggregating the connected system models from the former level as shown in Figure 4.At the bottom level of each subsystem, the primitive system model will be established by utilizing the governing equation or the fundamental law of each individual element.That fundamental law, such as Newton's law or Ohm's law, describes the local behavior of that element.Direct and indirect connections that resemble the internal constraints within the boundaries of eachsubsystem define the transformation from the primitive system model to the connected system model.For systems with linear connections such as direct current servomotor, the internal constraints are given by one connection object, the velocity object(V).The velocity object is a 2-dimensional array, the rows in that array correspond to the variables in the primitive system(local variables)and the columns correspond to the variables in the connected system(global variables).Thus, the velocity object is a transformation from the global variables in the connected system model to local variables in the primitive system model.The model of the physical system is set up by aggregating diagonally the connected system models of the hydraulic subsystem and the boring spindle.Modelling the physical system resulted in a set of different all algebraic equations [7].In a state space form, the behavior of the physical system is given by: y = ~(A , x , u , ~)Where(x)is the set of initial state variables,(u)is the set of input sources,(A)is the state transition matrix for the physical specific control function of truth or falsehood(1 0).3.2 Control System Modelling Before a control algorithm can be designed and implemented we need a description of its required properties or behavior.A precise and comprehensive mathematical model of the properties of the control system could be expressed by employing logic notation.This mathematical model provides us with means to reveal the inconsistency and conflicts in the control system and to verify that the control system meets design specifications.In order to carry out all control functions outlined in problem description, the control system should be decomposed into three subsystems.A process controller subsystem, which will be responsible to issue start and stop commands for the differentphysical entities and two continuos controllers.One controller for the servo valve in the hydraulic subsystem in order to regulate the feed forward motion of the hydraulic actuator.The second controller is for the servomotor in order to regulate the angular speed of the spindle motor.The decomposition is shown in Figure 5.The functions of each subsystem are described by a set of logical arguments or rules.Each of these logical arguments could be considered as a subsystem that can be decomposed further into a number of factious logical elements.These elements could be literally anything that could carry a logical variable that assumes either the stateof truth or falsehood(1 0).These elements represent the primitive system model of aspecific control function.The procedure of modelling the control system will also move upward along the hierarchy until a total model is obtained as shown in Figure 6.In the primitive system model, the connections between the logical variables are defined by three connection objects.In classical logic, they are referred to as basic logical connectives.The group of basic logical connectives includes;conjunction(AND)，disjunction(OR), and negation(NOT).We propagate to the connected system model by aggregating the logical variables in the primitive system using the above logical connectives.A connected subsystem is nothing else but the truth table of a logical argument expressed in a multi-dimensional array form.The number of axes in that array should be equal to the number of variables, therefore all repeated axes must be fused together by the method of colligation.The connected system expresses all the possible states of the system after imposing the internal constraints on the structure by connecting its individual elements.The behavior of the control system could be represented in the following forms = f(p , , i , n).Where,(0)is a set of input variables that is external constraints due to interaction with the environment.(P,)is the state transition matrix of the control system expressed in multidimensional array format.(s)is a set of output variables.The index(n)is analogues to a time index in that it specifies the order of a given state.3.3 Model of The Total SystemSince both systems utilize different types of signals internally, then intuitively speaking, the only possible interface between the physical and the control system model will take place externally, through the environment by means of the impressed sources.In the above manufacturing system, we can distinguish between two ways of interface between the physical and the control system.Discrete interface: takes place in the process controller when the purpose of the control system is to coordinate asynchronous tasks to satisfy system requirements.For example, when an event command “start the spindle motor” is issued by the process controller, the spindle motor starts rotating.The process of rotation itself is controlled by the lower level controller(continuos controller).Continuous interface: takes place locally on lower level control schemes when the purpose of the control system is to keep the behavior of the physical system within given boundaries such as implementing speed control.The resultant system model in this case is said to be a hybrid system model.The identifying characteristics of hybrid systems are that they incorporate both continuos dynamic behavior, i.e., the evolution of physical quantities governed by differential and algebraic equations(y = f(A , x , u , r)), and discrete event dynamic behavior governed by logic equations:(s = f(p , , i , n)).A total model can be obtained by generating a simple interface between the physical system model and the control system model.Theinterface will be consisting of two simple memoryless mapping functions(a)and(p)[l].The first map(a)converts the controller output(s)into a constant incremental input to the physical system as follows: u(i)= a(s n)The second map(p)converts the physical system output into a set of input logic variables to the control system as follows: i= p(y(r)), as shown in Figure 7.What we have gained so far is establishing a consistent and complete mathematical description of mechatronics system model by using arrays to identify the properties of the whole system.The interface between the submodels is kept as simple as possible by employing simple mapping functions.4.SIMULATION Considering that the whole system is at rest and the boring spindle is at the rear position and the user has just pressed start button.The combination of input signal from the breakers and from the interface with the physical system will cause the control system to attain a new state and consequently a new set of output logical variables will be generated.This combination of output signals will cause the boring spindle to start moving forward in a rapid phase motion(uncontrolled motion).At the same time the spindle motor will be switched on and start rotating.However, since the spindle motor has not yet reached the feeding position, this rotation speed will remain unaffected by the servo motor control algorithm.Simulation for the angular velocity of the spindle motor is shown in Figure 8.It is shown from Figure 8 that the spindle motor will attain a constant rotation speed of 3173 rpm.after a transient period of about 5 seconds.The spindle motor was simulated assuming zero load torque on the spindle that is because the boring spindle has not yet reached feeding position.The objective of the control system will be to keep spindle motor within 3000 r.p.m.under all loadingconditions.Simulation of the linear speed and the differential pressure of the hydraulic actuator is shown in Figure 9.I t shows that the rapid phase velocity of the actuator is about 6cm/sec.The system will continue to operate within the boundaries shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9 until i t receives a new set of input sources.That set will be initiated when the boring spindle reaches position M.Due to the signals generated from the interface with physical system, which is no longer at rest, combined with a new set of signals from the micro breakers.The control system will attain a new state and generate another set of output signals to be interpreted by the mapping function and converted into new input physical signals.In this case, the boring spindle will go from rapid phase motion(6cmkec)to a controlled feed forward motion in such way that the feed forward motion will be kept at 2cm/sec, and the rotating speed of the spindle motor should be reduced from 3173 r.p.m.to be within 3000 r.p.m.under all loading conditions.The actuator linear velocity will be controlled by the servo valve controller algorithm.And the boring spindle motor will be controlled by the servo motor controller algorithm.Assuming that the servomotor is subjected to cosine load torque given by(q = 2 x cost)and the hydraulic cylinder is subjected to load force given by(F ~= 0.0s x c o s t).Simulation results are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 1 1.The simulation shows that the output speed of both the spindle motor and the actuator cylinder are kept within the boundaries specified by control algorithm.5.CONCLUSIONSA systems approach that utilizes multidimensional arrays for modelling mechatronics systems has been proposed and presented in this paper.The array approach provided us with a powerful mathematical representation of the real system.Byutilizing multidimensional arrays we set up two submodels embodying the physical and the logical properties of mechatronics system.The interface between these two submodels is kept as simple as possible by employing a simple mapping functions.6.REFERENCESAntsaklis, et.al.1993, Hybrid system modelling and autonomous control systems.Hybrid systems workshop, Technical university of Denmark.Bjrarke, 0., 1989, Manufacturing systems theory A geometric approach to connection.Tapir-TrondheimFranksen, Ole I., 1992, The geometry of logic, from truth tables to nested arrays.The 4th international symposium on systems analysis and simulations.BerlinHarashima, et.al.1996, Mechatronics-What is it, why, and how?.IEEWASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol.1, No.Hussein, B.A., 1997, On modelling mechatronics systems.NTNU report, Trondheim, Norway Isermann, R., 1996, Modelling and design methodology for mechatronics system.IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol.1, No.Mprller, G.L, 1995, On the technology of array based logic.Ph.D.dissertation Electric power engineering department, Technical University of Denmark建立机电一体化模型的系统方法Bassam A.Hussein 生产和质量工程部，挪威科技大学，师大，挪威特隆赫姆1997年11月3日摘要本文介绍了一个统一的基于利用多维阵列以模拟物理和逻辑机电系统的性能。
机电一体化专业英文自我介绍English:I am a graduate student majoring in Mechatronics Engineering, a field that combines mechanical and electrical engineering, as well as computer science. I am passionate about robotics, automation, and control systems, and I have acquired a solid foundation in both hardware and software aspects of this interdisciplinary field. I have completed various projects related to mechatronics, such as designing and building a small-scale robotic arm, programming PLCs for industrial automation, and developing control algorithms for autonomous vehicles. I have also interned at a mechatronics company, where I gained hands-on experience in troubleshooting and maintenance of electromechanical systems. I am eager to continue expanding my knowledge and skills in mechatronics, and I believe that my background in engineering and programming makes me well-equipped to succeed in this field.中文翻译:我是一名机电一体化工程专业的研究生，这个领域结合机械工程、电气工程和计算机科学。
