下载文档原格式
英语语法大全学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy， morning, bag, ball，class， orange.2、代词（pron。
）：主要用来代替名词.如:who， she, you, it 。
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如:good， right， white， orange .4、数词（num。
)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one， two, three， first， second, third， fourth.5、动词（v。
）: 表示动作或状态。
如:am， is，are，have，see .6、副词(adv.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等.如：now， very,here, often, quietly， slowly。
7、冠词(art。
)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。
如：a, an， the.8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on， from，above, behind。
9、连词(conj。
）：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but， before .10、感叹词（interj。
.）表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh， well， hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语.1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么"。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么）”.主要由动词担任。
如:Jack cleans theroom every day. (杰克每天打扫房间）3、表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。
雅思写作形容词常用副词：Dramatically=coniderably 剧烈地Eceively 过度地Coniderably=ubtantially大幅度地fiercely=everely 激烈地,uperficially 表面上,virtually 实际上，greatly=highly 非常，大大地常用形容词：gorgeou 华丽的humane 人道的ignorant (of) 无知的impreive 令人印象深刻的inborn 天生的inconceivable 不可思议的indecent 不妥的;不检点的indifferent 冷漠的indipenable 不可或缺的inehautible 取之不尽的infectiou 传染性的inferior 较差的、低人一等的infirm (身体)弱的influential 有影响力的ingrain 根深蒂固的inhumane 不人道的innocent 无辜的inquiitive 兴趣广泛的inalubriou 破旧肮脏的intructive 富有教益的intellectual 有才智的interim 过渡的interperonal 人际的intimate密切的inviolable 不可侵犯的inward内在的irreparable 不可挽回的irritating 恼人的iolated (from) 隔绝的laudable 可赞誉的legitimate 合法的loyal 忠诚的luuriou 奢侈的magnanimou 宽宏大量的mature 成熟的mileading 误导的aburd 荒唐的addictive 上瘾的affectionate 有感情的aggreive 好斗的、有上进心的alert 敏锐的；警惕的arduou 费劲的artitic 艺术的authoritative 权威性的awkward 尴尬的balanced 平衡的cogent 使人信服的cold-blooded 冷血的cold-hearted 无情的confident 自信的contemptible 可鄙的corrupt 腐败的deliciou 美味可口的demanding 要求高的detrimental 有害的deviou 不诚实的、偏离正道的dihonorable 不光彩的diturbed 受到干扰的eccentric 古怪的economical 经济的enlightened 开明的；文明的evil 邪恶的eotic 异国的fallaciou 荒谬的fahionable 时髦的feaible 可行的fictitiou 虚假的fleile 灵活多样的fruitful 有成效的glamorou 富有魅力的luuriou 奢侈的magnanimou 宽宏大量的mirepreented 不如实叙述的money-oriented 向钱看的multilateral 多方面的obcure 晦涩的old-fahioned、out of date 过时的palatable 美味的perilou 危险的permiive 放任的、宽容的perniciou 恶性的、有害无益的pornographic 色情的potential 潜在的practical 实际的；务实的preferential 优惠的preing 紧迫的prevailing 占主导地位的；流行的profeional 专业的properou 繁荣昌盛的prudent 谨慎的、明智的pychological 心理上rational 理性的reentful 愤怒的revere 相反的rewarding 值得的ridiculou 荒谬的rigid 死板的、严格的rough 粗略的elf-contemptuou 自卑的habby 破旧不堪的heltered 受保护的ociable 好交际的ole 唯一的tern、trict 严格的treful 有压力的tringent 严厉的tylih 时髦的uperficial 表面现象的tempting 吸引人的traditional 传统的typical 典型的unadvied 轻率的unconcerned 冷漠的uneay 忧虑的、不自在的unethical 不道德的unfeeling 冷漠的unhealthy 不健康的unified 同一标准的unique 独特的unjut 不公平的uncrupulou 不道德的、肆无忌惮的unociable 不善于社交的unwholeome 不健康的utterly 完全；绝对地veing 令人烦恼的vivid 清晰的、生动的voluntary 自愿的vulnerable 易受伤害的well-grounded 有充足理由的wholeome 有益健康的常用的动词：abide by、obey、oberve 遵守abolih 废除abue 虐待；滥用acquire 获取adore 崇拜；爱慕allocate 分配alter 改变appeal to、attract 吸引approach 处理approve of 赞成arie 出现aroue 激发aume 假设、承担（责任）attach 重视；粘上attain、obtain、acquire 获取；得到attend 参加；就读ban 禁止bloom 开花boom 繁荣cenor 删减characterize 以。
雅思写作适合用在大作文中的7个高分副词1 （most）notably 尤其是（建议用在举例的时候）The house had many drawbacks, most notably its price. 这房子有很多缺陷，尤其是它的价格。
The divorce wouldbe granted when more important problems, notably the fate of thechildren, had been decided. 当更重要的问题，尤其是孩子们的命运被决定时，离婚就会获得批准。
2 realistically 从现实角度来看（用以强调尽管不希望，但所说内容却是真实的）Realistically, there is never one right answer. 实际上，从来没有一个正确的答案。
3 correspondingly 相应地As his political stature has shrunk, he has grown correspondingly more dependent on the army. 随着政治声望不断降低，他相应地变得更依赖于军队了。
4 considerably adv. 相当地；非常地Children vary considerably in the rate at which they learn these lessons. 孩子们学习这些课的速度差别相当大。
5 merely 仅仅；只不过(used meaning 'only’ or 'simply’ to emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying )It is not merely a job, but a way of life. 这不仅仅是一份工作，而且是一种生活方式。
They agreed to go merely because they were getting paid for it. 他们同意去只是因为他们会得到酬劳。
accordingly因此Accordingly, they believe that more money for agricultural research can lead to another green revolution.据此，他们相信，为农业科研投入更多的资金必然会出现另一次“绿色革命”。
accurately准确地【参见】形容词accurate inaccurateIn that situation only human beings can express the meaning of those proverbs clearly and accurately using the foreign languages.在那种情况下只有人能用外语清楚准确地表达那些谚语的意思。
actively积极地【参见】形容词activeBut by this means students frequently fail to participate in class actively. 但是通过这种方式，学生们经常无法积极参与课堂活动。
actually事实上Actually, every coin has two sides.事实上，任何事情都有两面性。
again再If this continues for several years, the grass never grows again and the land becomes a desert.这种情况如果再持续几年，那么，草就再也长不出来了，土地也就变成了沙漠。
alone独自地【参见】形容词lonelyhowever，no single country can save the environment alone.但是，没有任何一个国家能单独拯救环境。
already 已经For example, the end of the world’s fuel is already within sight.例如，世界燃料资源匮乏已近在眼前。
雅思考试常用单词:形容词副词篇absurd 荒唐的addictive 上瘾的affectionate 有感情的aggressive 有上进心的alert 敏锐的；警惕的arduous 费劲的artistic 艺术的authoritative 权威性的awkward 尴尬的balanced 平衡的cogent 使人信服的cold-blooded 冷血的cold-hearted 无情的compassionate 富有同情心的compatible 兼容的complicated 复杂的confident 自信的contemptible 可鄙的contributive 有贡献的corrupt 腐败的delicious 美味可口的demanding 要求高的describle 值得要的detrimental 有害的devious 偏离正道的dishonorable 不光彩的disturbed 受到干扰的eccentric 古怪的economical 经济的enlightened 开明的；文明的evil 邪恶的exotic 异国的fallacious 荒谬的fashionable 时髦的feaible 可行的fictitious 虚假的flexile 灵活多样的fruitful 有成效的glamorous 富有魅力的gorgeous 辉煌的humane 人道的ignorant(of) 无视的；无知的impressive 令人印象深刻的inborn 天生的incompatible 不调和的incompatible 不和适宜的inconceivable 不可思议的indecent 不妥的；不检点的indifferent 冷漠的indispensable 不可或缺的inexhaustible 取之不尽的infectious 传染性的inferior 低人一等的infirm （身体）弱的influential 有影响力的ingrain 根深蒂固的inhumane 不人道的initially 首先innocent 多管闲事的inquistitive 有害无益insalubrious 有教育意义的instructive 智力的intellectual 中间的；过渡的interim 人际关系的interpersonal 密切的intimate 不可侵犯的inviolable 内在的inward 不可挽回的irreparable 不可抵抗的irresistible 不可挽回的irritating 恼人的isolated(from) 隔绝的laudable 可赞誉的lavishly 大方的legitimate 合法的loyal 忠诚的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的mature 成熟的misleading 误导的misrepresented 不如实叙述的money-oriented 向钱看的multilateral 对方面的nourishih 有营养的obscure 晦涩的old-fashioned/out of date 过时的palatable 美味的perilous 危险的permissive 宽容的；许可的pernicious 有害无益的pornographic 色情的potential 潜在的practial 实际的；务实的preferential 优惠的pressing 紧迫的prevailing 占主导地位的；流行的professional 专业的prosperous 繁荣昌盛的prudent 明智的psychological 心理上rational 理性的resentful 愤怒的reverse 相反的rewarding 值得的ridiculous 荒谬的rigid 严格的r ough 粗略的self-contemptuous 自卑的shabby 破旧不堪的shelrered 受保护的sociable 好交际的sole 唯一的stern/strict 严格的stressful 有压力的stringent 严厉的stylish 时髦的superficial 表面现象的tempting 吸引人的time-honored 久享盛名的traditional 传统的typical 典型的unadvised 轻率的uncompromising 不妥协的unconcerned 冷漠的uneasy 不自在的unethical 不道德的unfeeling 冷漠的unhealthy 不健康的unified 同一标准的unique 独特的unjust 不公平的unsrupulous 肆无忌惮的unsociable 不善于社交的untimely 不和适宜的unwholesome 不健康的utterly 完全；绝对地vexing 令人烦恼的vivid 形象的voluntary 自愿的vulnerable 易受伤害的well-grounded 有充足理由的wholesome 健康的。
雅思写作常用副词形容词总结常用副词：Dramatically=considerably 剧烈地Excessively 过度地Intensively 广泛地initially 首先specifically 具体的说Mainly=primarily=chiefly=mostly,主要地properly=appropriately,适度地increasingly 越来越understandably 可以理解地,overwhelmingly 占绝对优势地,instantly 立即、快速地,clearly 清楚地radically 根本上、彻底地,merely=just=only, unnecessarily没必要,impulsively 冲动地,especially 特别地,entirely =completely=totally 全部地partly 部分地merrily 愉快地mentally 精神上、心理上(psychologically) , academically学术上的,physically 身体上、生理上,generally 通常、总的来看,seemingly 表面上看,strikingly 明显地,Utterly=completely, 完全地somewhat=a little,moderately 一般地、适度,intensely=deeply 强烈地Considerably=substantially大幅度地fiercely=severely 激烈地,superficially 表面上,virtually 实际上，greatly=highly 非常，大大地常用形容词：gorgeous 华丽的humane 人道的ignorant (of) 无知的impressive 令人印象深刻的inborn 天生的incompatible 不兼容的、不调和的inconceivable 不可思议的indecent 不妥的;不检点的indifferent 冷漠的indispensable 不可或缺的inexhaustible 取之不尽的infectious 传染性的inferior 较差的、低人一等的infirm (身体)弱的influential 有影响力的ingrain 根深蒂固的inhumane 不人道的innocent 无辜的inquisitive 兴趣广泛的insalubrious 破旧肮脏的instructive 富有教益的intellectual 有才智的interim 过渡的interpersonal 人际的intimate密切的inviolable 不可侵犯的inward内在的irreparable 不可挽回的irritating 恼人的isolated (from) 隔绝的laudable 可赞誉的legitimate 合法的loyal 忠诚的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的mature 成熟的misleading 误导的absurd 荒唐的addictive 上瘾的affectionate 有感情的aggressive 好斗的、有上进心的alert 敏锐的；警惕的arduous 费劲的artistic 艺术的authoritative 权威性的awkward 尴尬的balanced 平衡的cogent 使人信服的cold-blooded 冷血的cold-hearted 无情的compassionate 富有同情心的compatible 兼容的complicated 复杂的confident 自信的contemptible 可鄙的corrupt 腐败的delicious 美味可口的demanding 要求高的detrimental 有害的devious 不诚实的、偏离正道的dishonorable 不光彩的disturbed 受到干扰的eccentric 古怪的economical 经济的enlightened 开明的；文明的evil 邪恶的exotic 异国的fallacious 荒谬的fashionable 时髦的feasible 可行的fictitious 虚假的flexile 灵活多样的fruitful 有成效的glamorous 富有魅力的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的misrepresented 不如实叙述的money-oriented 向钱看的multilateral 多方面的obscure 晦涩的old-fashioned/out of date 过时的palatable 美味的perilous 危险的permissive 放任的、宽容的pernicious 恶性的、有害无益的pornographic 色情的potential 潜在的practical 实际的；务实的preferential 优惠的pressing 紧迫的prevailing 占主导地位的；流行的professional 专业的prosperous 繁荣昌盛的prudent 谨慎的、明智的psychological 心理上rational 理性的resentful 愤怒的reverse 相反的rewarding 值得的ridiculous 荒谬的rigid 死板的、严格的rough 粗略的self-contemptuous 自卑的shabby 破旧不堪的sheltered 受保护的sociable 好交际的sole 唯一的stern/strict 严格的stressful 有压力的stringent 严厉的stylish 时髦的superficial 表面现象的tempting 吸引人的time-honored 久享盛名的traditional 传统的typical 典型的unadvised 轻率的uncompromising 不妥协的unconcerned 冷漠的uneasy 忧虑的、不自在的unethical 不道德的unfeeling 冷漠的unhealthy 不健康的unified 同一标准的unique 独特的unjust 不公平的unscrupulous 不道德的、肆无忌惮的unsociable 不善于社交的untimely 不和适宜的unwholesome 不健康的utterly 完全；绝对地vexing 令人烦恼的vivid 清晰的、生动的voluntary 自愿的vulnerable 易受伤害的well-grounded 有充足理由的wholesome 有益健康的常用的动词：abide by/obey/observe 遵守abolish 废除abuse 虐待；滥用accommodate 供给acquire 获取adore 崇拜；爱慕allocate 分配alter 改变appeal to/attract 吸引approach 处理approve of 赞成arise 出现arouse 激发assume 假设、承担（责任）attach 重视；粘上attain/obtain/acquire 获取；得到attend 参加；就读ban 禁止blossom 开花boom 繁荣censor 删减characterize 以……为特色charge 收费cherish 珍视claim 宣称coexist 共存coincide with 与……相符collect 收集commute 来回往返于condemn 谴责consult 咨询contaminate 污染contribute to 贡献、有助于crack down on 打击cultivate 培养defy 不服从；藐视degenerate 退化degrade 降低…身份；侮辱…的人格depreciate 贬值deprive (of) 剥夺desert 抛弃detect 侦查deter 阻止deteriorate 退化、恶化determine 决定disclose 揭露discourage 使气馁diversify 使多样化divert 使分心dominate 支配drop out 退学；放弃eliminate 消除endanger 危害enlighten 启发enrich 丰富entertain 招待；娱乐evaluate 评价evolve 演变exaggerate 夸张exert 施加（压力）expel 排出；开除explore 探究expose 揭露give full play to 充分发挥guarantee 保证；担保hamper 妨碍；牵制hinder/impede/block/hamper 阻碍idealize 使理想化identify 辨认ignore 无视；不理睬imitate 模仿impair 危害；伤害impose强制实行confine/place restrictions on/restrict/limit 限制incur 招致；引发inflict 使遭受打击inherit 继承innovate 改革创新invent money in 投资install//fix/set up/erect 安装lavish 浪费maltreat 虐待maximize 最大化minimize 使最小化mould/build 塑造neglect 忽视oblige 强迫observe/follow 遵从overcome 克服（困难）participate 参与perform 履行；表演please 取悦preserve 保留；保护prohibit 禁止publicize 宣传pursue 追求quit 放弃quote 引用refine 精炼reflect 反映reform 改革refresh 使恢复regulate 管制；调控rehabilitate 修复、改造reject 排斥relax 放松release 释放render 给予represent 代表resort to 速诸于；采取restore 重建；恢复restrain 约束retain 保留roam 闲逛sacrifice 牺牲shirk 逃避shun 回避signify 表示；意味Spoil宠坏indulge 沉溺spread 传播steer 驶向；掌舵stick to 坚持stimulate 刺激stipulate 规定substitute 代替supervise 监督control 控制surpass 超过survive 生存threaten 威胁tolerate 忍受treasure 珍视trigger 引发underestimate 低估undermine 逐渐削弱、破坏unload 取出、推卸责任vanish 消失wither 凋谢；萎缩wreck 摧毁。
副词常用的：actually 实际上；真实地[ Actually, it bores me stiff. ] totally 完全地[ I totally agree. 我完全同意。
] eventually 最后[ so that amazing progress eventually occurs in short periods.] recently 最近[ has recently come into fashion ] absolutely [ 是, 当然是; 正是如此Do you think so? Absolutely. 你是这样想吗? 当然是。
] largely 很大程度上，大部分[largely depend on ]basically 基本上currently 现在，当前，普遍地，通常地probably 大概，或许surely 确切地[i'd surely be a hippie child] personally 就自已而言，亲自地seriously 严肃地, 认真地, 严重地表时间：afterwards 然后后来, later 稍后随后, eventually 最后终于, hence 从此今后from this time/from now 从此今后directly 直接地立即, quickly 很快地, shortly 立刻不久, soon 不久马上nowadays 现今, presently 目前不久, lately 近来的, 表频率：constantly, continuously 不断地经常地repeatedly 重复地再三地, frequently 经常地, occasionally 偶尔地, seldom 很少不常, rarely 很少地, yearly, monthly, weekly 表逻辑：accordingly 相应地In accordance; correspondingly. likewise 同样地照样，* The food was excellent, (and) likewise the wine. 菜好极了, 酒也是.* I'm going to bed and you would be well advised to do likewise. 我要睡觉了, 你最好也睡吧. accordingly 因此, consequently 因此, hence 因此, thereby 因此由此merely 只不过仅仅merely a flesh wound. 仅仅是皮肉伤furthermore, moreover, besides nevertheless, nonetheless; however 仍然* He is often rude to me, but I like him nevertheless. 他时常对我粗鲁无礼, 但我还很喜欢他. In spite of sth; 尽管，regardless 无论如何continues to work regardless. 不顾后果地继续工作表语气：actually, definitely, undoubtedly,absolutely normally, generally, wholly 完全地彻底地likely 或许很可能, virtually 事实上实质上,naturally, necessarily 必要地, similarly 类似地同样地simply 简单地conversely 相反地颠倒地respectively 逐个地分别的, individually 个别地* speak to each member of a group individually 对组里每个人逐个地说. separately 个别地单独地roughly 概略地大致地, somewhat 稍微有点表程度：Approximately 近似地，大约，大概, nearly 几乎,差不多Largely 在很大程度上，大半地，主要地, mainly, 大部分地，主要地mostly 大部分，主要地，多半, primarily 主要地，首要地，本来，首先,Increasingly 日益，越来越多地，不断增加地, , partly,Scarcely 仅仅，几乎不，决不,表方位（通常也都可作形容词,或部分介词）：aside 往旁边pull the curtain aside 把帘子拉向一边alongside 旁边stood with a bodyguard alongside, backwards/backward 都可作副词stepped backwards 向后踏步a backward view （作形容词时不能用backwards ）good （好的） bad （坏的） small （小的） big （大的） hugry （饿的） full （饱的） little （少的） high （高的） short （矮的，短的） tall （高的） long （长的） old （老的，旧的） new （新的） young （年轻的） many （许多的） much （许多的） beautiful （漂亮的） nice （美好的） early （早的） late （迟的） right （正确的） wrong （错误的） busy （忙的） free （空闲的） lazy （懒的） bored （无聊的） heavy （重的） light （轻的） blind （盲的） special （特别的） kind （善良的） happy （高兴的） sad （伤心的） fast （快的） fun （有趣的） scary （吓人的） different （不同的） same （同样的） round （圆的） great （伟大的） 颜色：black （黑的） white （白的） blue （蓝的） purple （紫的） pink （粉的） yellow （黄的） orange （桔黄的） green （绿的） brown （棕色的） grey （灰的） gold （金色的） 天气：sunny （晴朗的） windy （多风的） cloudy （多云的） rainy （多雨的） snowy （多雪的） 描写： able 有才干的，能干的active 主动的，活跃的 （torpidity ，active 的反义词 ） adaptable 适应性强的（ inadaptable ，adaptable 的反义词） adroit 灵巧的，机敏的（ clumsy ，adroit 的反义词） aggressive 有进取心的 （ingressive , aggressive 的反义词）alert 机灵的ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的amicable 友好的analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办事仔细的（careless ， careful 的反义词 ） candid 正直的 （unjust ， candid 的反义词 ）charitable 宽厚的competent 能胜任的confident 有信心的（ diffident ， confident 的反义词）conscientious 认真的，自觉的considerate 体贴的 constructive 建设性的 contemplative 好沉思的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富创造力的 beneath 在…之下* They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. downwards 向下downdard 形容词 , forth * from that day forth 从那天起 ,forward 向前地 * set the clock forward. 把表向前拨inwards 向内地 , outwards 向外地 nearby 附近的 ,northea st 东北地 , northwest 西北的 , southeast 东南地 southwe st opposite 在对面的 They sat opposite at the table.outdoor s 在户外在野外 overhea d 在头顶 look overhead 向上看 oversea s 海外 sideway s 向侧面地 J underground 地下的underneath 在下面 * the underneath of a car西南地 形容词cute 可爱的dashing 有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的dedicated 有奉献精神的devoted 有献身精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的discreet （在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的dutiful 尽职的dynamic 精悍的earnest 认真的well-educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的enthusiastic 充满热情的expressive 善于表达faithful 守信的，忠诚的forceful （性格）坚强的frank 直率的，真诚的friendly 友好的frugal 俭朴的good 好的generous 宽宏大量的genteel 有教养的gentle 有礼貌的handsome 英俊的hard-working 勤劳的hearty 精神饱满的honest 诚实的hospitable 殷勤的humble 恭顺的humorous 幽默的impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的initiative 首创精神have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋hard working 勤奋的intellective 有智力的intelligent 理解力强的inventive 有发明才能的，有创造力的just 正直的kind-hearted 好心的knowledgeable 有见识的learned 精通某门学问的liberal 心胸宽大的logical 条理分明的loyal 忠心耿耿的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的motivated 目的明确的negative 消极的objective 客观的open-minded 虚心的orderly 守纪律的original 有独创性的painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的practical 实际的precise 一丝不苟的persevering 不屈不挠的positive 积极的punctual 严守时刻的purposeful 意志坚强的qualified 合格的rational 有理性的realistic 实事求是的reasonable 讲道理的reliable 可信赖的responsible 负责的self-conscious 自觉的selfish 自私的selfless 无私的sensible 明白事理的sincere 真诚的smart 精明的spirited 生气勃勃的sporting 光明正大的steady 塌实的straightforward 老实的strict 严格的stupid 愚蠢的ugly 丑陋的。
雅思写作大作文常用副词，形容词短语各种的，不同的：a variety of/a great diversity of / dissimilar / all sorts of /multifarious/an assortment of/separate/multitude of/mixed大量的，许多的： a tremendous amount of/a great deal of/an abundance of充足的，足够的： sufficient/adequate/ample/enough/ teeming上升的: climbing/ascending/accelerating/increasing持续的 :durative/persistent/sustaining/unremitting/consecutive / continuous/successive/sequential永久的，持久的：permanent/perpetual/lasting/perdurable/abiding/everdur img/sempiternal无穷尽的，数不清的：numerous/countless/untold/exhaustless/inexhaustible极大的，巨大的:/tremendous/infinite/considerable/great非常的，极度的：exceeding/extreme/extraordinary/great/intense紧急的：imperative/urgent/crucial/vital重要的，重大的：dominant/meaningful/paramount/principal/be ofcritical/utmost importance in/significant卓越的，显著的：prominent/eminent/distinct/marked/remarkable/conspicuo us/brilliant毫无意义的：meaningless/skimble-‐skamble/insignificant/nonsensical/purportless优秀的，极好的：excellent/exclusive/optimum/optimal/admirable典型的，有特色的：typical/representative/characteristic/distinctive有远见的，明智的：farseeing/sagacious/advisable不明智的：presumptuous/unadvisable/ignorant合适的，适当的：appropriate/opportune/relevant/ bring...in harmony不合适的，不适宜的：inapposite/incongruous/inappropriate不可改变的：immutable/unchangeable不可避免的：inevitable/unavoidable/ineluctable不能忽视的：undeniable/ignore不可挽回的：irreparable/ irreversibly辛苦的，费劲的：arduous/laborious/hard/difficult/formidable/ insurmountable谨慎的，认真的：scrupulous/prudential/meticulous痛苦的，悲惨的: miserable/painful空的，空虚的: empty/vacuous/blank/inane/vain通常，一般地 :ordinarily/usually/monly/customarily/generally暂时地,短暂地: for the time being/for a while / temporarily/transitorily连续地：constantly/continuously/in succession非常地，极：extremely/extraordinarily尤其，特别：especially/ particularly必定，当然 : be boundto/certainly/deservedly/definitely/undoubtedly/indeed/ inevitably最终地：in the long run/ultimately/ as a consequence/eventually仅仅，只有：exclusively/can only/merely/just无用地，无价值的：of no use/ invalidly不遗余力地: spare no pains to无与伦比地: more than unparalleled不情愿的: be reluctant to在很大程度上：in a great degree/scale至关重要的因素：be the exclusively causal factor of至关重要: play a pivotal /critical/ key/important/significant/irreplaceable/ crucial/ role可取之处, 长处: saving grace为了...起见，看在...的份上：for the sake批评与赞扬: disparage, downgrade, belittle, deprecate, denigrate, trivialize, discredit, critics, Criticism, praise, endorse, endorsement, in favor of, applaud, acclaim, appreciate, take something for granted, grateful, unthankful好，出色的: great, magnificent, fantastic, mind--‐blowing, fabulous, terrific, spectacular, splendid, brilliant, outstanding情况严重的： severe, grave, grievous, extreme, serious,,经典小词Tend to, progress, movement, development, in regard to, interms of, trigger, manage, benefit, regard, involve, rather, challenge, instead (of), share, alternative(ly), else, trade雅思考前能力水平测试（0元领课）考前测评了解真实的雅思水平。
雅思单词二、不及物动词部分prey vi./n. 捕食;被捕食的动物repent vi./vt. 悔悟，后悔invigilate vi. 监考prevail vi. 流行,盛行sprint vi。
全速奔跑；冲刺migrate vi。
迁移;移居aspire vi. 渴望hitchhike vi. 免费搭乘他人便车hover vi. （鸟)盘旋，翱翔,（人）逗留在附近徘徊crouch vi。
/n. 蹲伏erupt vi. 爆发；喷发proceed vi。
进行;着手cater vi。
供应伙食；为…提供服务,满足…的要求coincide vi。
恰好相合,同时发生;意见一致;位置重合，重叠glitter vi。
/n。
闪闪发光,闪光soar vi. 剧增;高飞;高涨;屹立gape vi. 张口，张开,裂开;n。
目瞪口呆yearn vi. 想念,渴望behave vi. 举动;表现；运转collide vi. 碰撞，互撞;冲突,抵触pry vi。
细查；探问resign vi. 辞职； vt。
放弃,辞去；（to)使顺从wrestle vi. 摔跤,角斗;斗争,努力deviate vi。
偏离，背离pine vi. 消瘦,衰弱;n. 松树retreat vi./n。
撤退decay vi./n。
腐烂；衰微meddle vi。
干涉,干预gush vi. 涌出,滔滔不绝地说;n. 迸发pounce vi. 突然袭击；抓住;n。
突袭,猛扑sprawl vi。
植物蔓生；城市无计划扩张loom vi. 隐隐呈现，赫然耸现；n。
织机,织造(术)vi. 相一致;相符合; vt。
授予,赠与;accordn. 一致，符合;（尤指国与国之间的）谅解lounge vi。
懒洋洋地倚、躺;闲逛;n. 懒洋洋的姿势;休息室opt vi. 选择,挑选stumble vi。
绊跌,绊倒；结结巴巴说话reign vi。
/n。
（君主)统治,存在，现存persist vi. 坚持；持续grumble vi。
雅思小作文常用词汇和表达1、趋势类词汇上升动词类：increase, go up, rise up, grow up, jump up, surge, shoot up, keep an upward tendency.下降动词类：decrease, go down, decline, fall down, drop, sink, dip, keep a downward tendency波动动词类：fluctuate持平动词类：remain the same, stabilize, remain stable, remain constant修饰动词的副词：slightly 轻微地，slowly 缓慢地，gradually 逐渐地，steadily 稳定地，rapidly 迅速地，moderately 温和地，轻微地，significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地，dramatically急剧地，drastically 急剧地上升名词类：increase, rise, growth, jump, surge下降名词类：decrease, decline, fall, reduction, drop波动名词类：fluctuation修饰名词的形容词：slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic, drastic2、极值类词汇和表达最高点：reach the peak/top/highest pointIncrease to the peak/top/highest point(所有上升类的动词都可以替换掉increase)最低点：reach the bottom/lowest pointdrop to the bottom/lowest point(所有下降类的动词都可以替换掉drop)占的最多：occupy/make up/take up/account for the largest proportion/number/percentage of …占的最少：occupy/make up/take up/account for the smallest proportion/number/percentageof …3、倍数的表达方式Double 是两倍/大一倍Increase/decrease three times 增长/减少了三倍4、大约的表达方式About/around + 数字数字+ or soApproximately + 数字5、常用的小作文的趋势句式表达句式一：变化主体/图画中主体+趋势动词+副词+时间区间Eg: The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000.The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980.The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940.句式二：There be + 形容词+ 表示趋势的名词+ in+ 变化的主体+ 时间区间Eg: There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000.There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980.There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.。
雅思口语10个副词助你词汇8分1 adroitly[ə'drɔitli]机敏地，灵巧地adv.The boss handled this situation adroitly. 我的老板灵活地处理了这个问题。
2 blatantly ['bleitəntli]公然地，露骨地adv.This is blatantly wrong. 这错得太明显了。
He was blatantly rude. 他也太粗鲁了。
3 listlessly ['lɪstlɪsli]无精打采地adv.She hadbeen watching TV and listlessly answering my questions. 她一直在看着电视，无精打采地回答着我的问题。
He pecked listlessly at his breakfast of egg and bacon. 早餐时，他无精打采，只吃了一点鸡蛋和咸肉。
A dog is lying listlessly at the foot of the wall like a snake, putting out its tongue in order to dissipate heat. 狗是在无精打采地躺在脚下的墙像一条蛇，把它的舌头，以便散热。
4 invariably[ɪn'veərɪəblɪ]始终如一地adv.When questioned, he invariably dummy up. 一问到他，他总是不吱声。
5 momentarily ['məʊm(ə)nt(ə)rɪlɪ; ,məʊm(ə)n'terɪlɪ]片刻地，短暂地，马上adv.When he came up out of the subway,he was momentarily disoriented. 当他走出地铁时，他暂时迷失了方向。
"My husband will be here momentarily," Sophia informed them.“我丈夫马上就到，”索菲娅告诉他们。
Dramatically=considerably 剧烈地Excessively 过度的Intensively 广泛的initially 首先specifically 具体的说Mainly=primarily=chiefly=mostly,主要地properly=appropriately,适度地increasingly 越来越understandably 可以理解, overwhelmingly 占绝对优势地,instantly 快速地,clearly, 清楚的radically 基本上, merely=just=only, unnecessarily 没必要,impulsively 冲动地,especially 特别地, entirely =completely=totally=entirely, 全部地partly 部分地merrily 愉快地mentally 心里上(psychologically) , academically学术上的,physically 生理上,generally 总的来看,seemingly 表面上看,strikingly 明显地,Utterly=completely, 完全地somewhat=a little,moderately 温和地,intensely=considerably 大量地,substantiallyfiercely=severely 激烈地,superficially 表面上,virtually 实际上，greatly=highly 非常，大大地When you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from bothYet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart.The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
Dramatically=considerably 剧烈地Excessively 过度的Intensively 广泛的initially 首先specifically 具体的说Mainly=primarily=chiefly=mostly,主要地properly=appropriately,适度地increasingly 越来越understandably 可以理解, overwhelmingly 占绝对优势地,instantly 快速地,clearly, 清楚的radically 基本上,merely=just=only, unnecessarily 没必要, impulsively 冲动地,especially 特别地,entirely =completely=totally=entirely, 全部地partly 部分地merrily 愉快地mentally 心里上(psychologically) , academically学术上的,physically 生理上,generally 总的来看,seemingly 表面上看,strikingly 明显地,Utterly=completely, 完全地somewhat=a little,moderately 温和地,intensely=considerably 大量地, substantiallyfiercely=severely 激烈地,superficially 表面上,virtually 实际上，greatly=highly 非常，大大地Absolutely 绝对的Exactly 完全正确Definitely 当然hopefulyFantastic=fabulous=great=good=awesome=wonderful=marvelous=gorgeous=amazing,棒极了，不可思议的Delicious=tasty=yummyAbsolutely！——绝对正确！Adorable! ——可爱极了！Amazing! ——太神了！Anytime! ——随时吩咐！Almost! ——差不多了！Awful! ——好可怕呀！After you—--你先About when---大约何时All set---一切准备就绪Behave----放尊重点Bingo! ——中了！Boring! ——真无聊！Bravo! ——太棒了！（多用于欢呼）Bullshit! ——胡说！Cheers! ——干杯！（呵呵，英国人干杯还经常要拉上他们的Queen）Congratulations! ——恭喜啊！Correct! ——对的！Crazy! ——疯了！Damn! ——该死的！（或者Damn it! 还算是比较文雅的说法……）Deal! ——一言为定！Definitely! ——当然！Disgusting! ——好恶心呀！Drat! ——讨厌！Encore! ——再来一次！Exactly! ——完全正确！Fantastic! ——妙极了！（Fabulous! / Amazing! 也是同样的意思，布莱尔特别喜欢说“Fabulous!”）Farewell! ——再见啦！Fifty-fifty! ——对半分！Foul! ——犯规了！Fresh! ——好有型！帅！God bless you!——保重！(特别用于对打喷嚏的人说，老外看到别人打喷嚏，会说：“God bless you!”)Gone! ——跑了！Gorgeous! ——美极了！（这个单词可以说是程度很高的，说一个人Gorgeous就是说他/她“光彩照人”“气度非凡”“美丽不可方物”那种程度）Great! ——太好了！Hey! ——嘿！（比较随便的打招呼……）Hopefully! ——希望如此！有希望的话...Horrible! ——好可怕！Hot! ——好辣！（英文还有一个“spicy”，也是辣，辣妹“Spicy girls”由此得名。
雅思托福形容词雅思托福考试中常用的形容词有以下几种：1. Difficult（困难的）：用于描述一项任务、题目或是学习过程中的困难程度。
例句：The TOEFL writing section is often considered difficult by many test-takers.2. Challenging（具有挑战性的）：意味着具有挑战性或能够引发思考。
例句：The IELTS speaking test can be quite challenging, as you need to think quickly and speak fluently.3. Essential（重要的）：表明某个事物或概念对学术或生活的重要性。
例句：Vocabulary is an essential component of both the IELTS and TOEFL exams.4. Comprehensive（全面的）：指某个主题或内容涵盖广泛且详尽。
例句：The TOEFL preparation course provides a comprehensive review of all four test sections.5. Accurate（准确的）：用来描述正确、精确以及无误的。
例句：To excel in the IELTS listening section, you need to be able to listen for accurate details in the audio passages.6. Effective（有效的）：表示某个方法或策略能够产生预期的结果。
例句：To improve your TOEFL speaking skills, it is necessary to practice speaking English with native speakers.7. Proficient（精通的）：表示某人在某个领域已经具备高级水平。
1.雅思口语常用的副词介绍1. hopefully 有希望的例句： This will help with my assimilation to a new culture and hopefully make new friends. 这样有助于我融入新的文化，并且有望交到新朋友。
可用场景：旅游类话题、媒体类话题2. approximately 大约例句： Our English teacher isapproximately in her thirties. 我们英语老师有30岁模样。
可用场景：人物类话题3. strangely 怪异地例句： Slowly and strangely, the place began to growon me. 真是不可思议，我渐渐地喜欢上这个地方了。
可用场景：地点类、旅游类话题可用4. luckily 幸运地例句： Luckily there was a taxi stand nearby. 幸好附近就有一个出租车候客处。
可用场景：事件经历类话题可用，比如一次迟到的经历，堵车的经历等等。
5. unfortunately 遗憾地例句： Unfortunately, Ihaven't seen him for several months since he attends university abroad. 很遗憾，自从他出国我已经好几个月没见过他了。
可用场景：朋友类话题，比如“一个多年不见的朋友”，“一个健谈的朋友”等等2.雅思口语Part 2话题范文Describe a street you like most. You should say:Where the streetWhat the street is likeWhy do you like going there参考答案：Well, I’d like to talk a bit about a street I go to on a daily basis. It’s located right in downtown Beijing, just a stone’s throw away from my place. So it’s pretty convenient for me to go there.Actually,the street is kind of special because on one side of it is a gorgeous lake and on the other side of is a range of upscale restaurants, cafes, boutiques and other stores. Every time I went there, I found the views on the lake spectacular.It is such an enjoyment to stroll along the street and feel the breeze on my face. I can taste the freshness of the air along the lake. Best place to wind down and ease the mind! Then on the other of the street, you can find a variety of shops and restaurants there. The restaurants offer a wide selection of foods and drinks. They serve not only local food but also exotic foods like those Italian restaurant featuring.It always makes my mouthwatering! Most of the restaurants there receive rave reviews from the customers.You know, these days we have many food and service rating apps on our phone.Apart from the variety of restaurants there, you can always go to the boutiques to see the latest trend in the fashion world and even buy some clothes at bargain price, cuz quite often,the stuff there offers discount. So you see, every time I went to that street with my friends, we always had a good time.3.雅思口语Part 1基本信息类词汇1. Hometown家乡2. Photograph 照片3. Park4. History历史5. Snacks零食6. Primary school小学7. Mobile phones 手机8. Public transport公共交通9. Memorizing记忆10. Teachers老师11. Dancing 舞蹈12. Countryside乡村13. Social network社交网络14. Public holidays 假期15. Teamwork 团队合作16. Book书籍17. Computer 电脑18. Toy玩具19.Staying up 熬夜20.Outside activities户外活动21. Handcraft手工22. Leisure time/ Relaxation 休闲时间23. Future plans 未来计划24. Bicycles自行车4.雅思口语Part 2类型的词汇(一)人物动物类1. A person whose job is useful to the society 一个从事有益于社会工作的人2. A person who likes travelling by plane喜欢乘飞机旅游的人3. A family member who spent the most time with you 跟你待时间最长的家人4. An old person you admire5. A person who has apologized to you一个向你道歉过的人6. An animal that you think is interesting有趣的动物(二)物品类1. Something you borrowed that was useful 你借过的有用的东西2. A product you bought which made you very happy3. A photo of yourself4. A piece of clothing that someone gave you(三)地点建筑类1. A house or an apartment you would like to live 你想住的房子2. A country that you have never been to but you want to go一个没去过但想去的3. A street that you know你熟知的一条街4. A place ( a village) you visited that has been affected by pollution 一个被污染的地方(四)事件经历类1. A time that you were looking at the sky 一次观看天空的经历2. A traditional festival in your country传统节日3. Your plan if you have one-day holiday 如果有一天的假期你会做什么4. A long walk you enjoyed 远足的经历5. An important conversation you had 一次重要的谈话6. A happy event that you had recently (or in childhood) 愉快的经历7. An article you read from magazine or Internet about healthy life 从杂志或网站上看到的关于健康的文章5.练习雅思口语的方法1. 听自己的发音如果你听不到自己的发音问题，要纠正就很难了。
雅思写作常用副词形容词总结常用副词：Dramatically=considerably 剧烈地Excessively 过度地Intensively 广泛地initially 首先specifically 具体的说Mainly=primarily=chiefly=mostly,主要地properly=appropriately,适度地increasingly 越来越understandably 可以理解地,overwhelmingly 占绝对优势地,instantly 立即、快速地,clearly 清楚地radically 根本上、彻底地,merely=just=only, unnecessarily没必要,impulsively 冲动地,especially 特别地,entirely =completely=totally 全部地partly 部分地merrily 愉快地mentally 精神上、心理上(psychologically) , academically学术上的,physically 身体上、生理上,generally 通常、总的来看,seemingly 表面上看,strikingly 明显地,Utterly=completely, 完全地somewhat=a little,moderately 一般地、适度,intensely=deeply 强烈地Considerably=substantially大幅度地fiercely=severely 激烈地,superficially 表面上,virtually 实际上，greatly=highly 非常，大大地常用形容词：gorgeous 华丽的humane 人道的ignorant (of) 无知的impressive 令人印象深刻的inborn 天生的incompatible 不兼容的、不调和的inconceivable 不可思议的indecent 不妥的;不检点的indifferent 冷漠的indispensable 不可或缺的inexhaustible 取之不尽的infectious 传染性的inferior 较差的、低人一等的infirm (身体)弱的influential 有影响力的ingrain 根深蒂固的inhumane 不人道的innocent 无辜的inquisitive 兴趣广泛的insalubrious 破旧肮脏的instructive 富有教益的intellectual 有才智的interim 过渡的interpersonal 人际的intimate密切的inviolable 不可侵犯的inward内在的irreparable 不可挽回的irritating 恼人的isolated (from) 隔绝的laudable 可赞誉的legitimate 合法的loyal 忠诚的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的mature 成熟的misleading 误导的absurd 荒唐的addictive 上瘾的affectionate 有感情的aggressive 好斗的、有上进心的alert 敏锐的；警惕的arduous 费劲的artistic 艺术的authoritative 权威性的awkward 尴尬的balanced 平衡的cogent 使人信服的cold-blooded 冷血的cold-hearted 无情的compassionate 富有同情心的compatible 兼容的complicated 复杂的confident 自信的contemptible 可鄙的corrupt 腐败的delicious 美味可口的demanding 要求高的detrimental 有害的devious 不诚实的、偏离正道的dishonorable 不光彩的disturbed 受到干扰的eccentric 古怪的economical 经济的enlightened 开明的；文明的evil 邪恶的exotic 异国的fallacious 荒谬的fashionable 时髦的feasible 可行的fictitious 虚假的flexile 灵活多样的fruitful 有成效的glamorous 富有魅力的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的misrepresented 不如实叙述的money-oriented 向钱看的multilateral 多方面的obscure 晦涩的old-fashioned/out of date 过时的palatable 美味的perilous 危险的permissive 放任的、宽容的pernicious 恶性的、有害无益的pornographic 色情的potential 潜在的practical 实际的；务实的preferential 优惠的pressing 紧迫的prevailing 占主导地位的；流行的professional 专业的prosperous 繁荣昌盛的prudent 谨慎的、明智的psychological 心理上rational 理性的resentful 愤怒的reverse 相反的rewarding 值得的ridiculous 荒谬的rigid 死板的、严格的rough 粗略的self-contemptuous 自卑的shabby 破旧不堪的sheltered 受保护的sociable 好交际的sole 唯一的stern/strict 严格的stressful 有压力的stringent 严厉的stylish 时髦的superficial 表面现象的tempting 吸引人的time-honored 久享盛名的traditional 传统的typical 典型的unadvised 轻率的uncompromising 不妥协的unconcerned 冷漠的uneasy 忧虑的、不自在的unethical 不道德的unfeeling 冷漠的unhealthy 不健康的unified 同一标准的unique 独特的unjust 不公平的unscrupulous 不道德的、肆无忌惮的unsociable 不善于社交的untimely 不和适宜的unwholesome 不健康的utterly 完全；绝对地vexing 令人烦恼的vivid 清晰的、生动的voluntary 自愿的vulnerable 易受伤害的well-grounded 有充足理由的wholesome 有益健康的常用的动词：abide by/obey/observe 遵守abolish 废除abuse 虐待；滥用accommodate 供给acquire 获取adore 崇拜；爱慕allocate 分配alter 改变appeal to/attract 吸引approach 处理approve of 赞成arise 出现arouse 激发assume 假设、承担（责任）attach 重视；粘上attain/obtain/acquire 获取；得到attend 参加；就读ban 禁止blossom 开花boom 繁荣censor 删减characterize 以……为特色charge 收费cherish 珍视claim 宣称coexist 共存coincide with 与……相符collect 收集commute 来回往返于condemn 谴责consult 咨询contaminate 污染contribute to 贡献、有助于crack down on 打击cultivate 培养defy 不服从；藐视degenerate 退化degrade 降低…身份；侮辱…的人格depreciate 贬值deprive (of) 剥夺desert 抛弃detect 侦查deter 阻止deteriorate 退化、恶化determine 决定disclose 揭露discourage 使气馁diversify 使多样化divert 使分心dominate 支配drop out 退学；放弃eliminate 消除endanger 危害enlighten 启发enrich 丰富entertain 招待；娱乐evaluate 评价evolve 演变exaggerate 夸张exert 施加（压力）expel 排出；开除explore 探究expose 揭露give full play to 充分发挥guarantee 保证；担保hamper 妨碍；牵制hinder/impede/block/hamper 阻碍idealize 使理想化identify 辨认ignore 无视；不理睬imitate 模仿impair 危害；伤害impose强制实行confine/place restrictions on/restrict/limit 限制incur 招致；引发inflict 使遭受打击inherit 继承innovate 改革创新invent money in 投资install//fix/set up/erect 安装lavish 浪费maltreat 虐待maximize 最大化minimize 使最小化mould/build 塑造neglect 忽视oblige 强迫observe/follow 遵从overcome 克服（困难）participate 参与perform 履行；表演please 取悦preserve 保留；保护prohibit 禁止publicize 宣传pursue 追求quit 放弃quote 引用refine 精炼reflect 反映reform 改革refresh 使恢复regulate 管制；调控rehabilitate 修复、改造reject 排斥relax 放松release 释放render 给予represent 代表resort to 速诸于；采取restore 重建；恢复restrain 约束retain 保留roam 闲逛sacrifice 牺牲shirk 逃避shun 回避signify 表示；意味Spoil宠坏indulge 沉溺spread 传播steer 驶向；掌舵stick to 坚持stimulate 刺激stipulate 规定substitute 代替supervise 监督control 控制surpass 超过survive 生存threaten 威胁tolerate 忍受treasure 珍视trigger 引发underestimate 低估undermine 逐渐削弱、破坏unload 取出、推卸责任vanish 消失wither 凋谢；萎缩wreck 摧毁。
