翻译理论知识概要1
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所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等于再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。
)3. 翻译是一个笼统的概念,可以有不同的角度分成多种类型:首先,就所涉及的语言而言,可以分为语内翻译(intralingual translation),指同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译;另一种为语际翻译(interlingual translation),指不同语言之间的翻译活动。
我们常说的翻译,包括我们本教程所谈论的翻译,都是指语际翻译。
第二,就其活动方式而言,翻译可分为口译(interpretation)和笔译(translation)两类。
口译一般指口头翻译,其基本方式有两种:一是连续传译(consecutive interpretation),又称即席翻译;二是同声传译(simultaneous interpretation)。
笔译就是笔头翻译,多用于社会科学,科学技术和文学艺术等文献资料的翻译。
第三,就翻译材料的文体而言,翻译可分为应用文体,科技文体,论述文体,新闻文体和艺术文体五大类。
第四,就处理方式而言,翻译可分为全译,节译,摘译,编译和译述等类。
4. Translation is an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language. It is no easy job, not so easy as it is supposed. Do not think that any one who knows a foreign language, say English, can invariably translate and translate well. No, not at all. Many can speak and write English well, but they cannot translate. And this difficulty is greatly multiplied by the wide difference in vocabulary and sentence construction between the Oriental and Occidental languages.5. English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the one hand, there are some similarities between the two languages, as in the word order of subject and predicate and that of transitive verb and object. On the other hand, there are lots of dissimilarities between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this, we have to be familiar with both languages, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary, grammatical relations and sentence construction between these two languages.6. I’ll see the children home tonight.The stupidity of his behavior was brought home to him.Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.Much is produced here for home market.He was born in England, but he now looks on Paris as his home.He’s at home with the classics.Is our next football match at home or away?Mrs. Hill is not at home to everyone except relatives.She did not feel at home in such a splendid house.The control level should be turned to its home position in time.The screw on the end cap must be driven home.The plane homed to its carrier under the guide of electronic navigation system.7. ①严复:信(faithfulness) 达(expressiveness) 雅(elegance)黄龙:信:忠实于原文内容。
翻译概论第二版知识点L1 中国翻译发展:1. The earliest historical documents 周朝《周礼》and《礼记》2. 汉代传译的《四十二章经》是佛经最早的中译本3. 东汉桓帝时,安世高——《明度五十校计经》是正式见于史籍记载的翻译佛经4. ZhiQian(支谦)extremely literal translation. follow the original intention of the authorwithout any embroidery" (因循本旨,不加文饰)5. Dao An (道安) literal translation translate according to the original without anyadditioin and deduction" (案本而传,不令有损言游字)Personal activity---official organization (fifth century )6. Kumarajiva (鸠摩罗什) He emphasizedthe accuracy of translation. free translation the firstto suggest translators sign their names to translated works.7. The First Peak of Translation in China :from the Sui dynasty (581-618) to the Tang dynasty(618-907) thoroughly studied translation theory.translators should: " (1) be faithful to the Buddhist doctrine, (2) be ready to benefit the readers (Buddhist believers), (3) concentrate on the translation of the Buddhist doctrine rather than translating for fame."8. 玄奘:将佛经由梵文译成汉文,而且把老子著作的一部份译成梵文,成为第一个把汉文著作向国外介紹的中国人Contribution to theory: set down the famous translation criteriathat translation "must be both truthful and intelligible to the populace."( 既須求真,又須喻俗,意即忠实、通順)Aiming to achieve an intelligibility of the translation for the target language readers9. P3. 明清之际的科技翻译Western Christian missionaries (利玛窦...)Assisted by Chinese collaborators ( 徐光启、李之藻)利玛窦、徐光启:《几何原本》、《测量法义》,利玛窦、李之藻《同文算指》,利玛窦:论语、孟子、大学、中庸——拉丁文第二次翻译高潮(1) The subject of translation shifted from Buddhist scriptures to scientific and technologicalknowledge;(2) translators in this period of time were mainly scientists and government officials whowere erudite scholars, and the western missionaries who brought western knowledge to China.10. the 3rd peak :from the mid 19th century to May 4th Movementemphasis on Western works of social soiences, military sciences and literature11. 林则徐(1785-1850):Geography (Gazette of the Four Continents 《四洲志》);李善兰(1811-1882):Geometry《几何原本》;严复:《天演论》、《原富》;林纾:《茶花女》,《块肉余生述》,《黑奴吁天录》《鲁滨逊漂流记》12. Translation in Modern period (1919-1949 ):focus on the translation of Karl Marx's(1818-1883) and Lenin's (1870-19224) works on socialist and communist theories (社会主义和共产主义), and the translation andre-translation of western literature.朱生豪:莎士比亚戏剧全集张谷若:德伯家的苔丝》和《还乡》,哈代的《无名的裘德》、狄更斯的《大卫·考坡菲》P7,鲁迅,矛盾,郭沫若,付东华,傅雷,林语堂13. 杨必:玛丽亚?埃杰窝斯的《剥削世家》,翻译萨克雷(W. M. Thackeray)的Vanity Fair(《名利场》杨宪益和戴乃迭:《红楼梦》《老残游记》《离骚》《儒林外史》《鲁迅选集》《奥德修纪》《卖花女》许渊冲:翻译了《诗经》、《楚辞》、《李白诗选》、《西厢记》、《红与黑》、《包法利夫人》、《追忆似水年华》等众多名著。
《翻译》课程理论汇编(基本概念)1.1 翻译的概念一般地,我们将翻译定义为:将一种语言(口语或笔语形式)(译出语)转换或创造为另一种语言(译入语)。
翻译是一种非常复杂的人类高级语言活动,这种活动的整个过程是很难以图示、语言等其他方式阐释清楚的。
不同领域、不同派别的学者对翻译有着不同的定义。
1.1.1 语言学家对翻译的定义语言学家将翻译视为一种语言活动,同时认为,翻译理论属于语言学的一个部分,即研究译出语和译入语的转换关系。
解释如下:(1)Catford(1965:20)认为,翻译是译出语和译入语间的文本等效转换。
(2)Nida 和Taber(1969:12)认为,翻译是译出语和译入语间意义和形式上的最紧密联系转换。
(3)Newmark(1982/1988:5)认为,翻译理论源自于比较语言学,属于语义学的一部分,而所有语义学的研究课题都与翻译理论息息相关。
1.1.2 文化角度对翻译的定义从文化角度来看,翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换,同时是文化的交流,尤其是“文化间交流”。
通常我们把这一术语又改称为“文化间合作”或“跨文化交际”等。
Shuttleworth 和Cowie(1997:35)认为,与其说翻译是两种语言之间的符号转换,不如说是两种语言所代表的两种文化间的转换。
译者在处理涉及语言文化方面的译务工作时,认为任何一种语言中都饱含着其文化中的相关元素(比如:语言中的问候语、固定搭配等),任何文本都存在于特定的文化环境中,同时,由于各语言所代表的多元文化差异很大,语言间的转化和创造性生成模式千变万化。
Nida 认为,对于一个成功的翻译工作者而言,掌握两种文化比掌握两种语言更为重要,因为语言中的词汇只有在特定的语言文化环境中才能具有正确的、合乎文化背景的义项。
王佐良先生指出(1989),翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化,还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
不仅如此,还要不断的将两种文化加以比较,因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。
翻译理论知识点总结翻译是指将一种语言的文字转换成另一种语言的过程。
在这个过程中,翻译者需要考虑很多因素,比如语言的语法结构、词汇选择、语言习惯等。
翻译理论是研究翻译过程的学科,它探讨了翻译的原理和方法,为翻译工作者提供了理论指导。
本文将对翻译理论的一些重要知识点进行总结,希望能对翻译工作者有所帮助。
一、翻译的定义翻译的定义是翻译理论研究的出发点。
翻译是指将一种语言的文字转换成另一种语言的过程,目的是使得目标语言读者能够理解源语言的信息。
翻译的对象可以是各种类型的文本,比如文学作品、科技论文、商业合同等。
翻译的过程包括解读源语言文字的意思、选择合适的词汇和语法结构、组织语言篇章等。
二、翻译的类型翻译的类型根据不同的标准可以进行分类。
按照翻译的形式可以分为口译和笔译;按照翻译的用途可以分为文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译等;按照翻译的对象语言可以分为中译英、英译中、中译法、法译中等。
不同类型的翻译有不同的特点和要求,翻译者需要根据具体的情况选择合适的翻译方法和策略。
三、翻译的原则翻译的原则是指在翻译过程中需要遵循的准则和规范。
翻译的原则包括忠实原则、通顺原则、信达原则等。
忠实原则要求翻译者要忠实于源语言的表达,不得随意增加、删减或变换原文的意思;通顺原则要求翻译的语言要通顺自然,不得出现生硬、拗口的表达;信达原则要求翻译的目的是让目标语言读者能够理解源语言的信息,不得出现歧义或误导。
四、翻译的方法翻译的方法是指翻译者在具体的翻译实践中采取的手段和策略。
常见的翻译方法包括直译、意译、游移译等。
直译是指尽可能地保持源语言文字的形式和结构,对词句进行逐字逐句翻译;意译是指根据目标语言的语言习惯和表达习惯,对源语言的意思进行调整和转换;游移译是指在直译和意译之间进行灵活地跳跃,根据具体的翻译情况选择合适的翻译方式。
五、翻译的难点翻译的难点是指在翻译过程中可能遇到的困难和问题。
常见的翻译难点包括语言障碍、文化差异、语域差异等。
翻译学导论知识点总结一、翻译学的概念和对象翻译学是研究翻译的一门学科,研究翻译的理论和实践,目的是探讨翻译的规律和原理,提高翻译质量,服务翻译实践。
翻译的对象包括语言、文化和交际。
语言是翻译的原材料,文化是翻译的背景,交际是翻译的目的。
因此,翻译学是一个跨学科的学科,涉及语言学、文学、文化学、语言哲学、认知心理学等多个领域。
二、翻译的定义和分类翻译是指将一种语言的表达形式转换为另一种语言的过程。
根据翻译的形式和功能,可以将其分为口译和笔译。
口译是指口头传译,包括同声传译和依文传译。
笔译是指书面传译,包括文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译等不同领域的翻译。
三、翻译的原则和方法翻译的原则包括忠实原则、通顺原则、美观原则和适用原则。
忠实原则是指要保持原文的意思,不偏离原意;通顺原则是指要保持译文的自然流畅;美观原则是指要保持译文的文体风格;适用原则是指要考虑译文的使用环境。
翻译的方法包括直译、意译、音译、转换和增译等不同的翻译手段。
四、翻译的难点和技巧翻译的难点包括语言结构和文化差异。
语言结构是指不同语言的语法和词汇差异,文化差异是指不同文化的价值观和习俗差异。
翻译的技巧包括对原文的理解和对译文的表达。
对原文的理解包括对语言和文化的理解,对译文的表达包括对语言技巧和修辞手段的应用。
五、翻译的目的和价值翻译的目的是传播信息、促进交流和增进理解。
翻译的价值在于促进文化交流、增进国际合作和促进文明进步。
翻译能够帮助人们了解不同的文化和语言,促进跨文化交流,促进世界各国之间的合作与交流,有利于促进世界和平与发展。
六、翻译的发展趋势和现状随着全球化的发展,翻译在国际交流中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
翻译行业也得到了迅猛发展,不仅有了口译和笔译的专业人员,还有了各种翻译软件和互联网平台。
翻译技术的发展也使得翻译质量得到了提高,翻译工作更加高效和便捷。
七、学习翻译学的意义和方法学习翻译学有利于提高语言水平、增进跨文化交流和促进国际合作。
Lesson 1教学时数:4学时教学重点:翻译的概念、标准、过程、分类和译者素质;中国翻译史简介;摸底练习考核要求:掌握基本的翻译理论知识1. 翻译的概念什么是翻译?回答这个问题由于人们认识的角度不同,所以答案也就不一。
下面是部分翻译理论家对翻译的定义,由此可见人们在翻译性质认识上的差别:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)Translation may be defined asfollows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL). (Catford)Translation is a process in which the parole of one language is transferred into the parole of another with the content i.e. meaning unchanged. (Barhudarov)翻译是一种创造性的工作,好的翻译等于创作,甚至还可能超过创作。
(郭沫若)翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
(孙致礼)2.翻译的类别翻译的种类可从不同的视角来分类。
一般说来,翻译可从5种不同的角度来分类:1)从译出语和译入语的角度来分类,翻译可分为本族语译为外语外语译为本族语;2)从涉及到的语言符号来分类,翻译分为语内翻译(intralingualtranslation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)和符际翻译(intersemiotic translation);3) 从翻译的手段来分类,翻译可分为口译(oral interlingual translation)、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译(machine translation);4) 从翻译的题材来分类,翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of Englishfor science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation);5)从翻译的处理方式来分类,翻译可分为全译(full translation)、摘译(partial translation)和编译(translation plus editing)。
翻译理论知识概要第一部分:翻译术语1. Definitions of translationTranslation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe.Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.(1). Linguistic Views on TranslationTranslation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts.Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language)by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language). (Catford,1965: 20).Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber,1969:12).Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics;all questions of semantics relate to translation theory.(Newmark,1982/1988:5).(2). Cultural Views on TranslationIn the cultural approach,translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures,i.e.translation is an "intercultural communication"; hence the terms of "intercultural cooperation", "acculturation", and "transculturation".Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages {Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:35).A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997:35).For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 2001:82).翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化, 还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
不仅如此, 还要不断地把两种文化加以比较, 因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。
翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。
人们会说:他必须掌握两种语言; 确实如此, 但是不了解语言当中的社会文化, 谁也无法真正掌握语言(王佐良,1989)。
(3).Literary Views on TranslationTranslators who hold this view believe that translation is an artistic recreation or a recreated art. Some modern Western scholars from the literary school take literary translation to be "the manipulation or rewriting of the source texts".文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的映象完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中, 在翻译过程中追求语言的艺术美, 再现原作的艺术性。
用茅盾的话说, 是"使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受"。
语言是塑造文学形象的工具, 因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。
文学语言的特征, 诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝练、准确、风趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悦耳、民族特点、地方色彩, 还有行业习语、民间的俚语、谚语等等, 都是作家根据塑造形象的需要, 从现实生活中提炼创造出来的。
文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的, 翻译要保存原作风格特点, 因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、简洁精美、词情并茂(《译学辞典》2004: 291)。
(4). Semantic Views on TranslationThis view focuses on the semantic equivalence between the two languages,as well expressed by Eugene Nida(1986):"Translating means translating meaning".Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark,1988:5).Semantic translation: the translator attempts,within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language,to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author (Newmark,1982:22).In semantic translation, greater attention is paid to rendering the author's original thought-processes in target language than to attempting to re-interpret source text in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting (Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:151).(5).Functional Views on TranslationFunctionalists believe that translation is a specific form of human action with a certain purpose, a kind of linguistic service provided to the society.Translators should take into account the needs of the client, the reader as wellas the purpose or use of the translation:It is not the source text, or its effects on the source-text recipient, or the function assigned to it by the author, that determines the translation process, but the prospective function or purpose of the target text as determined by the initiator's,i.e.client's needs (Baker,2001:236).(6).Communicative Views on TranslationThis approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a social context.Communicative translation:the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers (Newmark, 1982:22).Communicative translation is generally oriented towards the needs of the target language reader or recipient. A translator who is translating communicatively will treat source text as a message rather than a mere string of linguistic units,and will be concerned to preserve source text's original function and to reproduce its effect on the new audience (Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:21).The above views help us to understand the complex nature of translation. Since there are many factors which affect the translation process, translation is a complicated human activity.。