精益六西格玛英文缩略语Lean Sigma Glossary / Abbreviation ListAcronym Definition Descriptionα Alpha The maximum risk or probability ofmaking a Type I Error. Thisprobability is always greater thanzero and is usually established at5%. The researcher makes thedecisions to the greatest level ofrisk that is acceptable for arejection of Ho.β Beta The risk or probability of making aType II Error, or overlooking aneffective treatment or solution tothe problem.μ Population mean Symbol used to describe theaverage for an entire populationσ Population standard deviation Symbol used for standard deviationof entire population. Measure ofthe spread of the process (width ofthe distribution).% R & R Gage % Repeatability andReproducibility Addresses what percent of the Total Variation is taken up by measurement error.Affinity Diagram A management tool that assistswith general planning. It makesdisparate language informationunderstandable by placing it oncards and grouping the cardstogether in a creative manner."Header" cards are used tosummarize each group.ANOVA Analysis of Variance Hypothesis test used to analyze thedifference in means between two ormore samples.Assessment A systematic process of collectingand analyzing data to determine thecurrent, historical or projectedstatus of an organization.Assignable Cause The name for the source of variationin a process that is not due tochance and therefore can beidentified and eliminated.Audit "The inspection and examination ofa process or quality system toensure compliance to requirements.Audit can apply to an entireorganization or be specific to afunction or production step." (Dr.Page 2 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020Joseph M. Juran)Baseline Measurement A beginning point based on anevaluation of the output over aperiod of time to determine how theprocess performs prior to anyimprovement effort.Benchmarking The process of finding and adaptingbest practices to improveorganizational performance.Best Practice A superior method or innovativepractice that contributes toimproved performance.BB Black Belt A process improvement projectteam leader who is trained andcertified in the Six Sigmabreakthrough methodology andtools and who is responsible forproject execution.Boxplot "A graphic summary of adistribution where the overalldispersion and the central tendencyor mean of the data arehighlighted." (Arturo Onnias) Brainstorming An idea-generating technique thatuses group interaction to generatemany ideas in a short time period.Ideas are solicited in anon-judgmental, unrestrictedmanner from all members of agroup.process. Designates a process stepthat the business requires to stay inbusiness.Capability The total range of inherent variationin a stable process. It isdetermined using data from controlcharts.Capability index A calculated value used to compareprocess variation to a specification.Examples are Cp, Cpk. Can also beused to compare processes to eachother.Cause An established reason for theexistence of a defect or a problem. C/E or C&E Cause and Effect Matrix Prioritization matrix used to assistin focusing in on the root causes ofprocess problems.Central Tendency The tendency of data gathered froma process to cluster toward a middlePage 3 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020and low values of measurement.Champion An upper level business leader whofacilitates the leadership,implementation, and deployment ofthe process quality initiative andbreakthrough philosophies.Charter A written commitment bymanagement stating the scope ofauthority for an improvementgroup. Resources, including timeand money, are specificallyaddressed.Checksheet A form for recording data on whichthe number of occurrences of anevent can be recorded as ticks orchecks.Code of Conduct Expectations of behavior mutuallyagreed upon by a team. (Also called"norms" or "rules of engagement.")inherent to the process and iscommon to all the data.CI Confidence Interval An interval that can be said, withX% certainty, to contain the trueprocess mean or standard deviation.“We are 95% confident that thetrue process mean is in thisinterval.”Conformance The state of meeting and/orexceeding customer requirementsand expectations.Consensus A state where everyone in the groupsupports an action or decision, evenif some of them don't fully agreewith it.Consensus Decision A decision made after all aspects ofan issue, both positive and negative,have been reviewed or discussed tothe extent that everyone openlyunderstands, supports andparticipates in the decision.Control Keeping a process withinboundaries; minimizing thevariation of a process.Control Chart A problem solving statistical toolthat indicates whether the system isin or out of control, as determinedby computed control limits.Control Limits "Defines natural boundaries of aPage 4 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020levels" [upper control limit (UCL),and lower control limit (LCL)defined on a control chart]. (J. R.Russell)benefits of plans. Can be used forcomparing the financial outcomes ofdifferent actions and determining ifa particular action makes sensefinancially.COPQ Cost of Poor Quality Cost associated with poor qualityproducts or services. Examples:Product inspection, Sorting, Scrap,Rework, and Field Complaints.Cp Process Capability Index A calculated value used to compareprocess variation to a specification.Can also be used to compareprocesses to each other.CPD Customer Percent Defective The percentage of products orservices that are successfullycompleted on the first attemptwithout requiring remedial action orrework.Cpk Process Capability Index – notcentered A calculated value used to compare process variation to a specification. Can also be used to compare processes to each other.root cause of a problem.Critical Characteristic A characteristic dependent on thefunctioning of budget constraints,competitive edge and/or customersatisfaction of the product.Critical Dependencies The interrelationships existingwithin or among processes that areprimary drivers of defects or errorsin a product or service.CPIV Critical Process Input Variable The vital few process input variablesthat have the greatest effect on theoutput variable(s) of interest.They are called “X’s”, normally 2 – 6true critical variables.Cross Functional A term used to describe individualsfrom different organizational unitsor functions that are part of a teamto solve problems, plan, and developsolutions affecting the organizationas a system.CVA Customer Value Added Term used in Value Analysis of aPage 5 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020that the customer is willing to payfor.CT Cycle Time The average time from a unitentering the process until it iscompleted as a finished good.CTQ Critical to Quality A requirement that a customervalues is considered Critical toQuality. What the customer paysfor.Defect Any instance or occurrence wherethe product or service fails to meetcustomer requirementsDefect Opportunity A type of potential defect on a unitof throughput (output) that isimportant to the customer (i.e.Specific fields on a form that createsand opportunity for error that wouldbe important to the customer).See also DefectsDMAIC Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve,Control5 steps during a Six Sigma projectDMADV or DMADVI Define, Measure, Analyze, Design,Validate or Define, Measure, Analyze,Design, Verify, ImplementNew process design tool.Commonly used acronym for Designfor Six Sigma methods.DOTWIMP Defects, Overproduction,Transportation, Waiting, Inventory,Motion, ProcessingSeven wastesDPMO Defects Per Million Opportunities The number of defects in everymillion opportunities. By takinginto account opportunities fordefects, and not just defects, we cancompare processes of differingcomplexity.DPU Defects Per Unit The number of defects in a unit orproduct. This measure does nottake into account the number ofopportunities for defects, just thenumber of defects.DOE Design of Experiments An efficient method ofexperimentation which identifies,with minimum testing, factors (keyprocess input variables) and theiroptimum settings that affect themean and variation.Empowerment Act of placing accountability,authority, and responsibility forprocesses and products at thePage 6 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020not a person is truly empowereddepends on their acceptance ofresponsibility and accountability,their capabilities, and theseriousness of the consequences.be.External Failure Nonconformance identified byexternal customers.Y = F(x1, x2, x3, ……)F Function relating process inputs toprocess outputsFMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Method used in measure tounderstand risks of failure in aprocess.Fire Fighting "The activity of getting rid ofsporadic quality troubles andrestoring the status quo." (Dr.Joseph M. Juran)FPY First Pass Yield The percentage of products orservices that are successfullycompleted on the first attemptwithout requiring remedial action orrework.cause(s) of a problem and showingthe relationship of causes byrepeatedly asking the question"Why?"Gage bias (Accuracy) The difference between the true orreference value and the observedaverage of multiple measurementsof the identical characteristic on thesame part.Gage repeatability The variation in measurementsobtained with one measurementinstrument when used several timesby one appraiser while measuringthe identical characteristic on thesame part.Gage reproducibility The variation in the average of themeasurements made by differentappraisers using the samemeasuring instrument whenmeasuring the identicalcharacteristic on the same part.Gap Analysis The comparison of a currentPage 7 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020condition to the desired state.Goal "A broad statement describing adesired future condition orachievement without being specificabout how much and when."(Government Performance andResults Act of 1993)project team leader who is trainedand certified in the Six Sigmabreakthrough methodology andtools and who is responsible forproject execution. Typically workson smaller scoped projects thanBB’s.odifference. This statement isassumed true until sufficientevidence is presented to reject it.“If p is low, Ho has to go”H a Alternate Hypothesis A statement of change or difference.This statement is considered true ifHo is rejected.Hawthorne effect Every change results (initially, atleast) in increased productivity.Often occurs early in a project,where process participants realizethe process is under study.Histogram A graphic way of summarizing databy plotting possible values on oneaxis and the observed frequenciesfor those values on the other axis.It helps one visualize the centraltendency and dispersion of the data.House of Quality A product-planning matrixdeveloped during quality functiondeployment that shows therelationship of customerrequirements to the means ofachieving these requirements. Thematrix indicates the impact each ofthe means has on one another.Implementation A structured approach thataddresses all aspects (who, what,when, where, why, and how) ofincorporating improvements intothe process or system.Improvement The organized creation of beneficialchange; the attainment ofunprecedented levels ofPage 8 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020improvement range fromincremental to major; e.g.,"breakthrough" improvement.I/O Input Output Type of process map that includesprocess steps and their inputs andoutputs.Inspection Process of measuring, examining ortesting a product service againstsome requirement to identifynonconformance before it reaches acustomer.Internal failures "Product failures that occur beforethe product is delivered to externalcustomers." (Dr. Joseph M. Juran) ISO International Standards Organization ISO9000 is an internationalstandard for documentation ofstandardized processes.JIT Just In Time A concept where an item isdelivered, just-in-time, where andwhen it is needed.Kaizen In the business world, The wordKaizen has been utilized by theJapanese to characterize a businessstrategy involves everyone in anorganization working together tomake improvements 'without largecapital investments'Kanban "A communications tool in the'just-in-time' production and controlsystem. A kanban, or signboard, isattached to specific parts in aproduction line signifying thedelivery of a given quantity. Whenall parts have been used, the samesign is returned to its origin where itbecomes an order for more."(Kaizen Institute)KJ Jiro Kawakita Name of a noted Japaneseanthropologist. Created methodfor summarizing and characterizinglarge quantities of anthropologicaldata gathered during hisexpeditions.KPIV Key Process Input Variable The vital few process input variablesthat have the greatest effect on theoutput variable(s) of interest.They are called “X’s”, (normally 2 –6)Page 9 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020They are called the “Y’s”, (usually1). May be process performancemeasures or productcharacteristics.expected variability. Pointsoutside of control limit should beinvestigated to determineassignable cause. Formula is(process sample mean – 3 x samplestandard deviation). 99% of theprocess variation falls within thelower and upper control limits.Little’s Law CT = CT * THmeasurement customer is willing toaccept. Lower limit of customerrequirement.MBB Master Black Belt A person who is “expert” in SixSigma breakthrough techniques andproject implementation. MBBsplay a key role in training andcoaching Black Belts.Measurement System The complete process used to obtainmeasurements. It consists of thecollection of operations,procedures, gages and otherequipment, software, and personnelused to assign a number or value tothe characteristic being measured. MSA Measurement System Analysis Method to understand the capabilityof the measurement system.Metric A measurement, taken over a periodof time that communicates vitalinformation about a process oractivity. A metric should driveappropriate leadership ormanagement action. Physically, ametric package consists of anoperational definition,measurement over time andpresentation.MTB Minitab A statistical software program usedto assist in data analysis.study that impact your Y’s. A graphicway of depicting variation within asingle entity, machine or process, orbetween entities (produced at thePage 10 of 16 Printed: 9/1/2020the study of process inputs andoutputs in a passive mode (naturalday-to-day process).Multi-vari Chart A graphic way of depicting variationwithin a single part, machine orprocess, or between parts(produced at the same time or overtime). Allows the study of processinputs and outputs in a passivemode (natural day-to-day process).Multivoting A structured voting process used toreduce a large number of items,usually ideas, to a more manageablenumber for further processing oranalysis.NGT Nominal Group Technique A tool for generating a list of ideasor opportunities (allows individualsto express their opinion). Votingand ranking determine priorities. NVA Non-Value Added Term used in Value Analysis of aprocess. Designates a process stepthat is not required by the businessor the customer.Normal distribution A continuous, symmetrical, bellshaped frequency distribution forvariable data.variations that fluctuate outside thecomputed control limits. Thiscondition normally indicates theprocess is not operating as desiredor that external factors have beenintroduced. A process "out ofcontrol" is not stable and thereforeis not predictable.p p-value Test statistic used in Hypothesistesting. “If p is low, Ho has to go.”P/T Precision to customer tolerance ratio Addresses what percent of thetolerance is taken up bymeasurement error.Includes both repeatability andreproducibility.Paradigm A set of rules and regulations thatdefines boundaries and tells what todo to be successful within theseboundaries.Pareto Chart A statistical method ofmeasurement to identify the mostdifferent measurement scales; e.g.,frequency, cost, etc. It directsattention and efforts to the mostsignificant problems.PPM Parts Per Million Same as DPMO.PDSA Plan Do Study Act Plan-Do-Study-Act: a structured,cyclical methodology for developingand implementing actions of anytype: Plan for the action bycollecting and analyzing data anddeveloping alternatives; Do,implement the selected alternative(preferably on a small scale); Study,evaluate results and compareexpected values; Act, standardizeaction and/or start over. (ShewhartCycle, Deming Wheel)Prevention A quality assurance strategy thatattempts to identify and correctunacceptable service or productcharacteristics during the design,development or production phases.or a condition occurring in a randomtrial.Process The combination of people,equipment, materials, methods, andenvironment that produce output –a given product or service. It is theparticular way of doing something.Process map A step-by-step pictorial sequence ofa process showing process inputs,process outputs, cycle time reworkoperations, and inspection points. POV Process Output Variable The outputs of interest, sometimesreferred to as the customerrequirements. They are called the“Y’s”, (usually 1). May be processperformance measures or productcharacteristics.Process Spread The extent to which the distributionof individual values of the processcharacteristic (input or outputvariable) vary; often shown as theprocess average plus and minussome number of standarddeviations. Other relatedmeasures of spread include therange, and variance.QA Quality Assurance Used to describe either a company’squality methods or qualitydepartment. Assurance is typicallymore proactive.Quality Audit "A systematic, independentexamination and review todetermine whether quality activitiesand related results comply withplanned arrangements and whetherthe arrangements are implementedeffectively and are suitable toachieve the objectives." (ASQCQuality Progress, Feb 92)QC Quality Control Used to describe either a company’squality methods or qualitydepartment. Control is typicallymore reactive.QFD Quality Function Deployment A system that translates customerrequirements (voice of thecustomer) into technicalrequirements for each stage ofdevelopment and/or production.R Range The difference between themaximum and minimum data pointsin a sample.R & R Repeatability and Reproducibility Repeatability: The variation inmeasurements obtained with onemeasurement instrument whenused several times by one appraiserwhile measuring the identicalcharacteristic on the same part.Reproducibility: The variation in theaverage of the measurements madeby different appraisers using thesame measuring instrument whenmeasuring the identicalcharacteristic on the same part. RSM Response Surface Methods Method for using DOE to optimizeprocess parameter settings.Allows for fine process adjustmentfor ultimate optimization.r b Rate of Bottleneck Process bottleneck rate or rate ofthe workstation having the highestlong term utilization in that process.Calculated by multiplying theSeverity of the Effect, theprobability of Occurrence of theFailure. RPN = S x O x DRTY Rolled Throughput Yield The multiplication of all theindividual first pass yields of eachstep of the entire process.s Sample Standard Deviation A measure of the average variationof a sample (width of thedistribution).SBTI Sigma Breakthrough Technologies,Inc. A consulting firm that specializes in Six Sigma implementation.SMED Single Minute Exchange of DieSIPOC SIPOC Map - Suppliers Inputs ProcessOutputs Customers Single page process map that shows the scope of the process your project is examining.SD Standard Deviation A measure of the spread of theprocess (width of the distribution). SOP Standard Operating Procedure Standardized procedure that isdocumented and used by all processparticipants.SPACER Safety, Purpose, Agenda, Code ofConduct, Expectations and Roles Meeting effectiveness technique. Every meeting should begin with review of safety procedures, meeting purpose, agenda, meeting code of conduct, meeting expectations and meeting roles.Spec Specification The customer requirement forjudging acceptability of a particularcharacteristic.or s Standard deviation A measure of the spread of theprocess (width of the distribution).Statistical control The condition describing a processfrom which all special/assignablecauses of variation have beeneliminated and onlycommon/random causes remain.Applies to both the mean (location)and standard deviation (spread). SPC Statistical Process Control Method that uses control charting tomanage a process as it occurs.Storyboard Technique to graphically display themethodology used and progressmade by a process action team; aboard, specifically designated todisplay informationTakt time The pace of the process required tomeet customer requirements.(Average work time / AverageDemand).Tampering The process of adjusting a stableprocess to try to compensate for aresult that is extra good, the outputthat follows will be worse than if thetamperer had left the process alone. TOC Theory of Constraints A management philosophy thatfocuses the organizations scarceresources on improving theperformance of the true constraint,and therefore the bottom line of theorganization.TCS Total Customer SatisfactionT, TH T o Throughput The average output of a productionprocess per unit of time.Average time it takes a single unitto traverse an empty productionprocessUCL Upper Control Limit Demonstrates upper limit ofexpected process variability.Points outside of control limitshould be investigated to determineassignable cause. Formula is(process sample mean + 3 *s).99% of the process variation fallswithin the lower and upper controllimits.USL Upper Specification Limit Highest acceptable value ormeasurement customer is willing toaccept. Upper limit of customerrequirement.U Utilization Utilization of any workstation,capital, process or line is usuallydefined as percent of time runningdivided by available time to run.VA Value Added Term used in Value Analysis of aprocess. Designates a process stepthat is deemed valuable either bythe business or the customer.VSM Value Stream Map Type of process map that showsproduct and information flow. Alsoshows process data.Variation Difference between individualmeasurements. Differences areattributed to common and/orspecial causes.VOB Voice of the Business Business requirementsWIP W o Work In Process The inventory between the start andend points of a production processor series of processes necessary toproduce a finished good.WIP level for which the processachieves maximum throughput.X Process Input variable In a Six Sigma project, wedetermine the inputs (X’s) thatimpact our process outputs (Y’s).or X-bar Sample mean Symbol used to describe theaverage of a population sample.determine the inputs (X’s) thatimpact our process outputs (Y’s).。
