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◎教学大纲◎基础写作课一、课程说明（一）课程性质基础写作课是高等师范教育文科专业的必修课程，是汉语言文学专业主干课程之一。
1999年，在实施素质教育的教学改革中，写作课被确定为汉语言文学专业的核心课程（见西北师大《本科教学计划》）。
本课对提高学生的书写能力和文化素质有重要意义。
（二）教学目的高师基础写作课教学目的有四条：一是传授写作知识，二是提高写作能力，三是培养写作素质，四是学会写作教学。
通过教与学，使学生了解、掌握写作学科的基本原理和社会常用文体的知识,提高书面文字表达能力及相应的写作文化素质,并在“学会写”的同时，“学会教写”，掌握中学作文教学、作文指导和作文批改的基本方式和方法。
（三）教学内容本课内容分理论部分和文体部分。
理论部分包括材料采集、主题提炼、结构安排、语言使用、思路拓展和表达方式等方面的基本常识。
文体部分包括消息、通讯、报告文学、散文、文学评论、杂文、演讲稿、学术论文、广告与说明书、调查报告、计划与总结、行政公文等文体的写作方法和要求。
（四）教学时数本课在汉语言文学专业本科一年级阶段开设。
经调整后的写作课为90课时，第一学期讲授教材的基础理论部分，第二学期讲授文体常识部分。
（五）教学方式1、以理论为指导，以例文为借鉴，以训练为途径，以提高写作能力为中心；2、贯彻精讲多练的原则，加强操练环节，每学期的习作操练以3—8次为宜（单项训练可灵活穿插）；3、根据写作能力提高的逻辑程序，采取分阶段、分目标、分项、分格的教学和训练方法；4、根据不同阶段和不同教学环节的需要，适时引导学生走向社会，深入实践，收集材料，调查研究，提高实际的写作能力。
5、习作评改可采用教师全收全改、教师就有代表性的作文重点批改与讲评、学生自己修改、学生相互评改等多种形式。
（六）考试目的与考试要求考试目的：1、检查学生对基础理论和基础知识理解、掌握情况；2、检测学生实际的书面写作能力；3、促使学生学习写作的热情，为将来从事语文教学和社会工作打好基础。
现代大学英语中级写作课程教案第一章：课程概述1.1 课程目标本课程旨在提高学生的英语写作能力，使之能够熟练运用英语进行表达和交流。
通过本课程的学习，学生将能够掌握英语文章的基本结构，运用恰当的写作策略，并且能够写出内容丰富、条理清晰、语言准确的英语文章。
1.2 课程内容本课程将涵盖英语文章的各类体裁，包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等。
课程内容将包括写作技巧的讲解、写作实践、同伴评审和自我修正等环节。
1.3 课程安排本课程共计30课时，每课时45分钟。
课程将分为10周进行，每周安排3课时。
第二章：英语文章结构2.1 导言部分讲解导言部分的写作技巧，包括如何吸引读者的注意力，如何清晰地提出文章的主题等。
2.2 主体部分讲解主体部分的写作技巧，包括如何组织论点，如何使用恰当的例证和支持等。
2.3 结尾部分讲解结尾部分的写作技巧，包括如何总结文章的主要观点，如何给出结论等。
第三章：写作策略与技巧3.1 写作策略3.2 语言表达技巧讲解如何使用恰当的词汇和句式，如何进行句子的连接和过渡等。
3.3 修辞手法讲解如何使用修辞手法，如比喻、拟人、对比等，以增强文章的表现力。
第四章：同伴评审与自我修正4.1 同伴评审讲解如何进行同伴评审，包括如何给出建设性的反馈，如何从同伴的作文中学习等。
4.2 自我修正讲解如何进行自我修正，包括如何识别和改正自己的写作错误，如何提高自己的写作能力等。
第五章：写作实践与案例分析5.1 写作实践布置写作任务，让学生进行实际的写作练习，培养他们的写作能力。
5.2 案例分析选取优秀的作文案例进行分析，让学生了解优秀的写作特点，从而提高自己的写作水平。
第六章：叙述文写作6.1 叙述文特点讲解叙述文的基本特点，包括时间顺序、人物、情节等。
6.2 叙述文写作技巧讲解如何构建吸引人的叙述文，包括如何创造生动的人物形象，如何设置紧张的情节等。
6.3 案例分析与写作实践分析优秀叙述文案例，学习其写作技巧。
大学英语写作课讲义（一）中国地质大学（武汉）外语学院许峰Step One Writing Correct Sentences1.The Simple Sentence (简单句)A simple sentence contains but one subject and one predicate. (一个简单句仅有一个主语和一个谓语。
)e.g. John loves Mary.The subject may consist of two or more nouns, and the predicate may consist of two or more verbs. The former is called a compound subject; the latter is called a compound predicate, Thus, a simple sentence may have many nouns or many verbs; or it may have many words or phrases modifying the subject or predicate; but it has only one subject and one predicate.(主语可包含两个或更多的名词，谓语可包含两个或多个动词，分别称为复合主语和复合谓语。
这样，一个简单名子中可有多个名词或动词，也可有修饰语，但它仅有一个主语和一个谓语。
) e.g.John and Henry love Mary.John and Henry love Mary and her sister.John and Henry love Mary and her sister and give them money.2.The Compound Sentence (并列复合句)A Compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and , or ,nor ,but , for, yet. Each clause in a compound sentence must have a subject and a verb, is of equal importance, and can stand alone. (并列复合句是由两个或两个以上的独立分句组成，由并列连接词如and, or ,nor ,but , for ,yet等连接。
第一章写作的主题第一节主题的含义及其生成一、写作与主题二、主题的定义主题是写作者在说明问题、阐述道理、表现生活以及对生活的认识、感受时，通过全部文章内容所表现出来的基本观点或核心思想。
三、主题的生成从写作主体与写作客体的关系中追溯第二节主题的要求一、主题在文章中的地位及作用主题的地位：有了主题，才能确定文章的体裁和表达方式，才能选择和剪裁文章的材料，才有可能形成趋向完整的写作思路，才有可能将意化的思维转化为物化的作品。
主题的作用：决定着作品的确立与深化，决定着作品的精神品格的层次。
二、主题的基本要求：正确、深刻、集中1、立意要正确2、提炼主题要深刻3、反映主题要集中第三节主题的确立一、限制主题：大处着眼、小处着手、以小见大二、深化主题：挖掘其思想和理论深度第二章写作的材料第一节材料的含义和作用一、材料的概念广义：指大量的直接来源于生活中的事实和现象，以及来源于书本的一些理论和知识狭义：指经作者选择而写进文章中的那部分现象和事理。
二、材料与素材和题材的关系广义的写作材料分为素材与题材。
题材来源于素材，与素材有着紧密的内在联系；题材又不同于素材，与素材有着质的区别。
素材：未加工整理题材：对素材进行加工改造三、文学作品的材料和实用性文章的材料的不同特点1、要求的真实性不同2、所处的地位不同3、选材的范围不同4、情感性与实录性的不同四、材料的作用1、材料是形成主题的基础2、材料是表现主题的手段3、材料可充实文章的内容第二节材料的搜集与整理一、搜集材料的方法1、观察和感受2、调查和采访3、阅读和查找4、上网检索二、怎样整理材料1、鉴别真伪、分辨优劣2、分门别类、科学管理第三节材料的选择和使用一、材料的选择（原则）1、真实2、典型3、新颖二、材料的使用（方法和步骤）1、材料的剪裁2、材料的聚合第三章文章的结构第一节文章结构的概念和特点一、结构的双重含义宏观结构：指文章的总体构思和框架，包括各个部分、段落之间的关系以及文章总的顺序。
⼤学写作课程课后习题答案Unit 1Part III Follow-up Exercises3. write a focused topic sentence for the following subjects:1) looking for jobsA person can look for a job in several ways.2) penguinsPenguins resemble human beings in many respects.3) personalityOne’s personality plays an important role in foreign language learning.4) weatherLiving in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.4. Read the following paragraphs and write a topic sentence for each of them in the space provided.Paragraph 1: All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions. Paragraph 2: There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.5. Read the following paragraphs and 1) underline the topic sentence of each paragraph, and 2) mark out the sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraph.1) topic sentencesParagraph 1: The world had enjoyed many benefits from the invetnion of the telephone. Paragraph 2: I had a terrible morning today.2)sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraphParagraph 1: Many people do not like writing letters to each other. And nowadays, the Internet has brought us more convenience.Paragraph 2: I heard that he was also very strict with his own children.6. Pick out the topic sentence from the following group of sentences and restore the logical sequence of the others and decide where to put the topic sentence.Topic sentence: 5) Generally speaking, there are many attractions of living in a city.Logical sequence of the sentences: 5, 7, 4, 1, 6, 9, 8, 3, 2.7. Put the following words and phrases in the blankets; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) First of all(2) Secondly(3) By and by(4) In addition(5) In short8. Read the following paragraph and find out what techniques have been used to achieve coherence.1) repetition of key words : junk food, students2) use of transitional signals: for one reason, also, as a result, however3) use of pronouns: they, their, thisUnit 2Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Here is a list of events in time order with a given topic sentence. Organize them into a coherent paragraph by using linking devices and making some necessary alternations.Topic sentence: When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual.1) , when 2) 3) As soon as 4) , 5) 6) Meanwhile, 7) Finally, 8) After 9), 10) and 11) Ad 12) , 13) Then 14) 15)4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and completer the table.Logical sequence of the sentences:4, 10, 5, 12, 3, 7, 15, 9, 14, 2, 11, 8, 13, 6, 1Topic sentence: My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.Concluding sentence: Although we were very tired at midnight, we agreed that our two-day vacation at Disney World was one of the best we had ever had.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) Then (2) morning (3) afternoon (4) Then(5) After that (6) when (7) already (8) afterPart III Follow-up Exercises3. logical sequence of the sentence:3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 5, 2Relationship: Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical space.4. Read the following passage and 1) underline the space signals in it; 2) discuss how effectively they help to achieve coherence.1) in above in front of under through behind2) The central focus is “a shocking experience.” To support the main idea, the writer uses a lot of descriptions and organizes these details according to the space relationship, and thus coherence is achieved.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) into(2) crosses(3) In the center of(4) Outside(5) inside(6) On the front(7) over(8) down(9) lined with(10) At the rear6. Disscuss in what order this paragraph is developed.This paragraph is developed in a circular order, i.e. from east to north, and then to southPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of process analysis it is organized; 2) complete the table.1) Pattern: description with supplementary explanations.2) the tableSteps of the processStep 1 Wooden casks are first interconnected and then stacked in tiers.Step 2 Young sherries are poured into the casks at the top wheras the mature sherries are drawn out of the casks at the bottom.Step 3 Different sherries are constantly mixed up.Result of the effortStep 1 noStep 2 One third of the content is drawn out of one cask in any one year.Step 3 Special characteristics of the different sherries are maintained year after year.4. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) with(2) while(3) slowly(4) Gradually(5) with(6) By this time(7) Suddenly8) final(9) ending(10) applause5. Task OneThe following paragraph is written according to the type of the exclusive description of process. Work in groups to identify 1) procedures of the festival in Japan; 2) linking devices that connect these procedures.Procedures of celebrating the festival:Step 1: Prepare and lay out food; make the special lanterns.Step 2: Keep dancing and singing overnight.Step 3: Throw the food and lanterns into a river or sea.Step 4: Watch the lanterns drifting way.Linking words and phrases that connect these procedures:Firstly, also, afterward, then, signals the endPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following two paragraphs and 1) decide in which pattern of examplification each one is organized; 2) complete the outline for paragraph B.1) Paragraph A follows Pattern 2, which uses one extended example to illustrate the controlling idea. Paragraph B follows Pattern 1, which uses several examples to illustrate the topic sentence.2)The outline for paragraph B:Topic sentence: Working in an apple plant was the worst job I ever had.Examples:1. First of all, the work was physically hard.Specific details:1) For ten hours a night, I took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2) Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice, and they were heavy.2. The second bad feature of the job was the pay.Specific details:I was getting the minimum wage at that time, $1.25 an hour, plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3. The worst feature of the apple plant job was the working conditions.Specific details:1) During work we were limited to two 10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch.2) The steel floors of the trucks were like ice; the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding sentence: I felt humiliated by the poverty that forced me to do such a bitter job.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of exemplification the text is written. Logical sequence of the sentences:3, 6, 1, 8, 2, 4, 7, 5,Pattern: It follows Patten 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) For example(2) Furthermore(3) In still another instance(4) Even(5) his(6) these(7) contemporary6. If you want to write a paragraph to prove that some of the laws in Masssachusetts seemridiculously funny in today’s world, pick out the effective examples you will use form among the listed seven examples. Examples 2, 3 and 5 are relevant and specific. They are effective examples that can be used. Examples 1 and 7 are not specific, though relevant.Examples 4 and 6 are completely irrelevant. They don’t refer to a Massachusetts law.7. Read each group of the following examples, then write a topic sentence.1) Topic sentence: I’ve never seen a girl as lazy as Arena.2) Topic sentence: English teachers are applying different means to teach English language.3) Topic sentence: Americans have been decreasing their working hours since the early 1900s.4) Topic sentence: My father has been a generous man to his children.Uint 6Part III Follow-up Exercises3. To write a definition paragraph, the first step is usually to place the term in a class or category, and then describe what you think are the special features that distinguish the term from all the other members in the class. Now fill in the table by putting the terms in an appropriate category. SubjectRepublicClass: a form of governmentCharacteristics: in which power resides in the people (the electorate)WolfClass: a large, dog-like carnivorous mammalCharacteristics: with yellowish or brownish gray and coarse fur, erect pointed ears, and a bushy tailJazzClass: a style of musicCharacteristics: that features improvisation and performancepersistenceClass: a kind of qualityCharacteristics: not giving up even during rough times4. Read the following definitions and discuss what problems each has and then improve them.1) ,2) The expression “is where” and “is when” should not be used to begin the main part of a definiton. The linking verb “is”should be followed by a noun, a pronoun or an adjective. Improved: 1) A stadium is a structure or building in which sports spectaculars are held.2) Socialism is a theory or system of community organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production, capital, land and so forth, in the community as a whole.3) This is a circular definition, a practice of defining a term with the term itself.Improved: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, from a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide.4) The subject is defined in a language equally or more complex than the original.Improved: surreptitious means “secret.”5) Exemplification is mistaken for definition; the examples are good for clarification, but they do not define.Improved: Political conservatives are people who are dedicated to preserving the existing conditions, such as WilliamF.Buckley, Jr., and Pat Robertson.6) It is a generalization rather than a precise definiton, for the concept is defined with characteristics without being first put under a class or category.Improved: Hearing aids are a kind of device which enables deaf people to hear sounds such asnormal speech.5. Task OneRestore the logical sequence of the following sentences to form a well-ordered definition. Logical sequence of the sentences: 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 6,Task ThreeRead again the sentences in the arrangement you have established and fill in the following blanks. -- The purpose of the paragraph is to explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalent.-- The two main characteristics of machismo are courageous behavior and earthy sexuality.-- Also is the transitional word that leads you from the first characteristic to the second one.6. Following are a topic sentence and some supporting points for a paragraph that defines “rudeness.” Please plan out and write the secondary supporting details using the methods you have learned in this unit to develop the definition.Unit 7Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of cause and effect it is organized;2)complete the table.1) pattern: single effect and multiple causes.2) causes(1) got drunk at the party(2) had taken the drug of Accutane(3) adolescent depressionEffect:Bart Jr’s suicide4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of cause and effect the text is written. Logical sequence of the sentences:2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5,Pattern of cause and effect:single effect and multiple causes.5.Task one. The following paragraph is written in a cause-and-effect pattern. Work in groups to identify 1) the topic under discussion; 2) points covered in terms of cause and effect.Topic: Society itself may be producing the distortions of personality, mental illness, and emotional instability.1)society’s compartmentalizing2)society’s competitive demands3) inability to rebelEffectDistortions of personality, etc.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Complete the following outlines for paragraps of classification. Keep in mind the principles of classification.1) Topic: University Students’ EntertainmentTopic sentence: Uni versity students’ entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes place. Division:a) entertainment at homeb) enterainment on campusc) entertainment elsewhere2) Topic: Roles of Young Married Women in SocietyTopic sentence: The average young married woman in today’s society has her life divided into three different roles. Division:a) the role of lifeb) the role of motherc) the role of self3) Topic: NeighborsTopic sentence: Neighbors fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards you.Division:a) those who are friendlyb) those who are indifferentc) those who hate you5. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and complete the outline.Logical sequence of the sentences:7, 3, 10, 9, 1, 5, 8 ,4, 2 ,11, 6,Subject: Christmas giftsTopic sentence: Christmas gifts can be divided into three groups, according to their after-Christmas fate.Division:a) those that are welcomed and put into use very soonb) those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc) those that you banish as soon as possible.Concluding sentence: By New Year’s Day, you have either used, stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts.6. Put the following words and phrase in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) types(2) Though(3) Finally(4) however(5) Even though(6) Before(7) third(8) If(9) Then(10) thesePart III Follow-up exercises3. Read the following paragraph and 1) decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast it is organized; 2) complete the table.Pattern: point-by-pointSubject 1: Western HomesPoint:Room function: Each room has its own function.Table: Each home has several tables for different functions.Door: Western homes have fixed, hinged doors.Subject 2: Japanese HomesPoint:Room function: One room serves all the functions.Table: One low table serves all the purposes.Door: Japanese homes have lightweight sliding doors.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 8, 7, 1Pattern of comparison and constrast: subject by subject5. Put the following words in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) similar(2) although(3) difference(4) identical(5) again(6) while(7) But(8) difference(9) consistency(10) completelyPart III Follow-up Exercises3. The following incomplete paragraph leads you to make your own generalization. On the basis of the examples given, writea conclusion of the paragraph.General Statement: The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed press.5. Presenting sufficient details to develop a generalization is one of the basic concerns in paragraphing. The use of a three-level outline is usually helpful. Please complete the outline by arranging the ideas given in the box and providing supporting details.A. Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity.(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2) misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB. TV serials or dramas may oversimplify complex social and psychological problems.(1) enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2) giving a false picture of realityC. Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1) too many commercials(2) an insult even to the intelligence of a moronGeneralization: In brief, it is harmful and damaging for children to watch too much television.6. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice while some may not be used.(1) Thus(2) When(3) also(4) however(5) Moreover(6) indeed(7) also(8) Yet(9) and(10) ThusPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Analyze the following sketch and decide how the character is described.The description centers on one trait of personality: Uncle Amo’s being ordinary and average in life.4. Read the following passage and 1) find out how many techniques appear in it and which of them stands out; 2) complete the table.There are obviously three methods used: comparison (1), generalization (2,4), and cause-effect (3).The one that stands out is generalization.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Choose some of the following subjects and turn them into thesis statements. Pay attention to4. Read the following composition carefully and then point out the details that are not relevant to the thesis statement.1) For example, some people don’t like to stay at home after work.2) I once stopped drinking for a while.3) The world we live in is changing every day.4) And the price of tobacco has been going up on the international market.5) A lot of people have successfully given up smoking now.5. Read the following composition carefully and answer the following questions.Questions1) What is the thesis statement? And where is it?The thesis statement is “there are minor differences between them in three areas.” It is the second sentence in the first paragraph.2) What is the function of each of the paragraphs in terms of organizational pattern? And what3) How does the composition achieve coherence?By repetition of key words: difference, British English, American English.By using transitional words and phrases: in terms of, in addition to, second, third, generally speaking.6. Complete the following two tasks.Task OneFill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word or phrases.(1) usually(2) often(3) Since(4) on the other hand(5) also(6) but(7) AlthoughTask TwoUnit 13Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Tell which of the following sentences use the technique of “telling” and which use the technique of “showing” in narrating what happened.Sentences that tell: 1, 3, 6Sentences that show: 2, 4, 55. Rearrange the following sentences in a chronological order to tell a story.Logical sequence of the sentences:8, 3, 7, 1, 5, 9, 13, 2, 6, 12, 4, 11, 106. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; change the form where necessary. Some can be used more than once.(1) While(2) in the morning(3) in the evening(4) While(5) until(6) while(7) before(8) at six o’clock(9) As soon as(10) Unfortunately(11) What’s more(12) After(13) the next morning(14) later(15) Luckily(16) until(17) at last。
智慧树知到《大学写作(山东联盟)》章节题答案智慧树知到《大学写作(山东联盟)》章节测试答案第一章1、一次完整的写作过程至少要包括两个过程，即()。
A.“想”和“写”B.“草稿”和“构思”C.“写”和“改”D.“搜集材料”和“构思”答案:“写”和“改”2、在创意写作理念中，自由写作的基本原则是()。
A.重视构思B.不停顿C.不思考D.不修改答案: 不停顿,不思考,不修改3、理性训练和感性培养是提高写作能力的两个重要方面。
A.对B.错答案: 对4、无论是虚构写作还是非虚构写作，都必须从写作实践中进行学习。
A.对B.错答案: 对5、所谓有表现力的文字就是多用好词好句，形容词比名词好，动词基本没有表现力。
A.对B.错答案: 错6、从丰富个体体验来说，写作过程就好比一个人将个体经历体验了两次，会获得更深、更广的体验和感受。
A.对B.错答案: 对7、白乐天《长恨歌》云：“峨嵋山下少人行，旌旗无光日色薄。
”沈括指摘说：“峨嵋在嘉州，与蜀路全无交涉”，意思是说白居易在此诗中是犯了地理知识错误。
请依据相关知识说明：白居易诗歌中是根据( )原则进行写作的，而沈括则是根据( )原则进行了批评。
A.艺术真实，客观真实B.艺术真实，理论真实C.客观真实，想象真实D.客观真实，理论真实答案: 艺术真实，客观真实第二章1、叙述的目的是( )。
A.形成有意义的顺序B.记流水账C.再现一个画面D.制造悬念答案: 形成有意义的顺序2、能够抓住主要特征简单勾勒，像电影的全景镜头，给人以整体印象的叙述方式是( )。
A.顺叙B.倒叙C.概叙D.插叙答案: 概叙3、叙述时保持明确的倾向性是指( )。
A.像中心思想一样明确表达出来B.用语言、细节、故事本身体现出来的C.文章的开头就直接说出来D.按照自然的时间顺序进行叙述答案: 用语言、细节、故事本身体现出来的4、单一的事件罗列在一起并不能构成叙述，必须要在事件之间建立一种逻辑关联，才能构成有意义的顺序，这个过程就是( )。
